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Programming
Problem Solving
53
Computer Science
Professional
02/13/2014

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Term
WHAT IS A PROBLEM????
Definition
A matter that needs a solution
Term
How to solve the problem???
Definition
How to approach the problems. What information do you need.
Term
What kind of problem it is?
Definition
Mathematical? Logical? Patterns / series
Term
GOALS?
Definition
Goals can be anything that you wish to achieve
 Ex: If you are hungry & you want to eat
Term
BARRIERS?
Definition
Barriers are obstacles that prevent the immediate
achievement of goals.
 Ex: There is no food; trip to the market
Term
Stages of Problem Solving
Definition
Problem Identification
Structuring the problem
Looking for possible solutions
Making a decision
Implementation
Monitoring / Seeking Feedback
Term
Problems can be represented by:
Definition
Chain Diagrams- sequence of events
 Flow Charts- includes branches and decision points
 Tree Diagrams- Decision tree, multiple choices
 Listing - Listing the elements of a problem can also help to
represent priorities, order and sequences in the problem.
Term
Brainstorming
Definition
Commonly used technique for generating a large number of ideas in
a short period of time
 Usually practiced in groups
Term
Divergent & Convergent Thinking
Definition
Recalling possible past solutions
 Subsequent process of narrowing down possibilities in arriving at an
action plan
Term
Making a Decision
Definition
Information on each suggestion
Risk assessment
Pros & Cons analysis
Term
Implementation involves:
Definition
Being committed to a solution
Accepting responsibility for the decision
Identifying who will implement the solution
Resolving to carry out the chosen solution
Exploring the best possible means of implementing the solution
Term
Ways of obtaining feedback include:
Definition
Monitoring
Questionnaires
Follow-up phone calls
Asking others who may have been affected by your decisions
Term
Computing
Definition
Computers can also do these activities
But, we need to give them all the instructions
Term
Types of computing
Definition
Mathematics – Formula oriented
 Decision making
 Repeated computing
Term
Logic
Definition
study of the principles of correct reasoning
Term
How to build logic?
Definition
Identify problem
Start building the thinking patterns
Apply common sense
Break down into multiple steps
Apply the thinking patterns
Represent the logic pictorially for better understanding
Term
Automated Computing
Definition
Preparing the machines to ‘think’
Teaching the machines ‘how to think’
We need to feed a sequence of thinking patterns
Thinking Patterns vs Computer Instructions
Term
What is a Computer Program?
Definition
Sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task
Term
Two forms of programming?
Definition
Source Code form – Human-readable form
Executable form – Computer can directly execute the instructions
Term
What does a computer understand?
Definition
Binary only zeroes and ones (0’s and 1’s)
Term
Categories of Computer Language
Definition
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High Level Language
Term
Procedural Languages
Definition
Early high-level languages
Examples include C, COBOL, Fortran, LISP, Perl, HTML,
VBScript
Term
Object Oriented Languages
Definition



Examples of OOP languages include C++,Visual Basic.NET

and Java.

Term
Phases of Computer Programs
Definition

Writing

Translation or Compilation

Execution

 

Term
Compiler
Definition
Special system level software
Converts the entire source code into object code
Some compilers will create a new file with the extension
.obj
This object file contains machine-dependent instructions
But this is still not in executable format
Term
Interpreting
Definition
programs are translated line-by-line instead of all at
once (like compiled programs)
Interpreted programs generally translate quicker than
compiled programs, but have a slower execution speed
Term
Program
Definition
Sequence of instructions
Written in a specific language
Written to solve a specific problem
Contains many types of statements
Programmers follow the syntax
Term
Source Code
Definition
Written in high level language
The file contains the program
The extension of the file name depends on what language
you use
Java source code has the file name extension .java
C source code has the file name extension .c
Term
Object Code
Definition
The compiled code
The compiler generates another file
Generally, the extension of the file would be .obj
Error free code
Contains machine-dependent instructions
Humans usually cannot understand
Term
Executable Code
Definition
Runnable code, file extension is .exe,You can copy this to another machine
Term
Source Code
Definition
Written in high level language
The file contains the program
The extension of the file name depends on what language
you use
Java source code has the file name extension .java
C source code has the file name extension .c
Term
Linkers
Definition
Combines object file with set of library files
Generates a single executable file
Term
Loaders:
Definition
System software
Loads the executable code into memory
Part of the Operating system
Prepares the code for execution
Term
Pseudocode
Definition
Statements are written in simple English.
One of the most popular representations of an algorithm
Term
Read
Definition
used when the algorithm is to receive the input from a record on a file
Term
Get or Input
Definition
used when the algorithm is to receive input from the keyboard.
Term
Example of Get and Read pseudocode
Definition
Read students name
Get system date
Read number_1, number_2
Get tax_code
Term
A program can receive information
Definition
Read, Get,Input
Term
A program can put out information
Definition
Print used when the output is to be sent to the printer
 Writeused when the output is to be written to a file
 Put, Output, Displayused when the output is to be written to
the screen
 Promptrequired before an input instruction Get, causes the
message to be sent to the screen which requires the user to respond,
usually by providing input
Term
A program can perform arithmetic calculations
Definition
Compute and Calculate
Term
Problem SOlving Principles
Definition
Understand the problem
Device a plan to solve it
Carry out the plan
Review the results
Term
Developing a Program
Definition
Analyze the problem
Design the program
Code the program
Test the program
Term
Modular Programming
Definition
an independent, self-contained section of code that
performs a single task.
Term
Hierarchy Chart (HIPO Chart
Definition
A HIPO Chart (“Hierarchy of Inputs, Processes & Outputs”) is similar to
an organization chart – it shows what modules exist and how they are
related.
Term
Coding
Definition
done in a high level language i.e. C, Java, COBOL, etc. It is
important to prepare a solid algorithm at the time of designing, before
beginning to write a program.
Term
Internal Documentation
Definition
Comments are used by programmers in a program to explain to the
reader the logic and decision processes. Comments are ignored by the
interpreter or compiler.
Term
External Documentation
Definition
includes a user’s guide and, typically, a
more technical system administrator’s guide.
Term
Testing
Definition
The stage after Coding is the Testing phase. The test planning and
documentation activities are carried out much prior to the testing phase
Term
There are two phases of testing:
Definition
Alpha Testing: This testing is performed by the users within the
organization developing the software is passed for Beta testing.
Beta Testing: This testing comes after alpha testing and can be
considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the
software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience
outside of the programming team
Term
Types of Errors
Definition
Syntax Error: A syntax error is encountered at the time of coding
due to incorrect use of high level language. For ex: forgetting
punctuation or a miss spelt keyword. The program cannot be
compiled or executed without correcting the syntax error.
• Logical Error: An error is called logical when the code is
executed but does not produce the expected result. It does not
contain any syntax error and even compiles successfully, but fails
during the execution of the program. For ex: use of incorrect
formula or incorrect sequence of statements, infinite loops etc.,
would cause logical errors.
Term
Structured programming
Definition
A method for designing and coding programs in a
systematic, organized manner.principles of top-down design, modularity sequence, repetition and selection
Term
Selection
Definition
selectively execute statements
 Called a branch, it requires a condition to determine when to
execute statements
Term
Repetition
Definition
repeat statements more than once. The
program will continue to loop until a condition is met
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