Term
− FAR = total allowable floor area ÷ area of site
− 3.0 = total allowable floor area ÷ 100,000
− total allowable floor area = area of site x FAR
− total allowable floor area = 100,000 x 3.0 = 300,000
− half the site = are of site ÷ 2
− half of the site = 100,000 ÷ 2 = 50,000
− Stories quantity = total allowable floor area ÷ half of the site
− Stories quantity = 300,000 ÷ 50,000 = 6
− Result: a maximum-sized building on a site of 100,000 ft
2 with a 3.0 FAR can
have a maximum of six stories when half of the site is dedicated to parking |
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Definition
100,000 square foot site with a 3.0 FAR, how many stories will a
maximum-sized building be if half the site is set aside for parking? |
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Term
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Definition
FAR does NOT take into account setbacks, just the buildable area.
True/False |
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Term
A) Setback
B) Front Setback
C) Back Setback |
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Definition
A) The minimum distance a building must be placed from a property line.
B)Usually the greatest setback, this is the distance from the property line facing the street or the primary front of the property.
C) This is the distance from the
back of the lot, while the side setbacks are the distance from the side property lines. |
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Term
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Definition
| This sets up an imaginary inclined plane beginning at the lot line or the center of the street and sloping at a prescribed angle toward and over the lot. A building cannot extend into this plane. The purpose of the restriction is to ensure adequate light and air to neighboring properties and to the open space and streets around the land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Roads should have a max of _____% grade for drainage |
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Term
1. Local streets: lowest capacity + provide direct access to building sites.
2. Collector streets: higher capacity than local streets + connect local streets and arterial streets + not usually intended for through traffic.
3. Arterial streets: major continuous circulation routes that carry large amounts of traffic on two or three lanes + usually connect expressways + parking is usually not allowed + avoid direct access to building sites from arterial streets.
4. Expressways: limited access roads designed to move large traffic between, through, and around population centers. |
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Definition
| What are the four basic road categories? |
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Term
| Entrance location to a site is most desirable to be located on a collector street rather than an arterial street. |
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Definition
| Entrance location to a site is most desirable to be located on what type of street? |
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Term
1. at a minimum of 150ft to an intersection
2. a minimum of 80° angle to an intersection
3. avoid slight offsets to an intersection
4. avoid two-way intersections
see ballast for image |
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Definition
| Requirements for access entrance to site location in relation to intersections: |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum space (______ square feet) for a car? |
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Term
1 1/2% minimum to 5% max
(2% and 3% are preferred) |
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Definition
| Max and minimum drainage solve in parking lots? |
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Term
Double loaded configuration
Utilize a drive as a back up space |
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Definition
|
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Term
Require a back-up space
Appropriate for parking with few cars |
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Definition
| Dead end parking characteristics (2): |
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Term
90° parking:
Most efficient in terms of land use – 11 cars per 100 lineal feet of curb;
Most difficult for a driver to maneuver within;
Only configuration that allows for 2-way traffic.
60° parking:
Relatively economical
Less total width for either a single or double loaded layout
Allows easy access to and from parking spaces
One-way circulation pattern
9 cars per 100 lineal feet of curb |
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Definition
90° parking characteristics:
60° parking characteristics: |
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Term
45° parking:
Relatively economical
Less total width for either a single or double loaded layout
Allows easy access to and from parking spaces
One-way circulation pattern
8 cars per 100 lineal feet of curb
30° parking:
Least efficient
Uneconomical
One-way circulation pattern
5 cars per 100 lineal feet of curb |
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Definition
45° parking characteristics:
30° parking characteristics: |
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Term
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Definition
| This describes the location, form, and boundaries of land. These also describe all the special features of a site that are pertinent to sire development and building design. |
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Term
1. Survey title / property location / certification / date
2. Scale & compass orientation
3. Tract boundary lines, courses & distances
4. Adjacent property owners names
5. Bench mark with reference elevation
6. Location, type, size, flow of all that is existing on the property: structures, building, foundation, roads, meter box, hydrant, water & gas mains, sewers, utility poles, bodies of water, paved areas (surfacing type), flood plain max., right of way, trees with trunk over 8” in diameter and 3’ above ground, road elevation of all improved roads…
7. Elevations (vertical dimensions) through the site sufficient to develop a complete and thorough contour map or topographic contour lines of the site. |
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Definition
| A land survey provides the following information: |
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Term
1. Preliminary survey: basic information for the preparation of building plans.
2. Construction survey: describes the precise condition of the site and adjacent structures, and established base lines, benchmarks, and offsets.
3. Possession survey: it is made after the completion of construction to record the completed development, including site improvement, and structures. |
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Definition
| Surveying for building construction is done a three levels of details: |
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Term
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Definition
| This survey type is used for very large land areas. This survey takes into consideration the spherical shape of the earth, and describes large land areas with great precision. |
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Term
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Definition
| This survey is used for most site development work and assumes that the earth is a flat plane. |
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Term
Land survey: land parcels or sites general measurement and description.
Topographic Survey: contour lines – natural and manmade features and elevation.
Route survey: layout road and utility lines – used by civil engineers.
Hydrographic survey: describes and maps bodies of water for purposes of navigation, water supply, or water-related construction.
City survey: used for city planning.
Aerial survey: prepared using aerial photography – see photogrammetry.
Construction survey: provides a system of markers to determine the precise location of a building on its site.
Plat map: a land plan. A component of a survey, typically furnished by a civil engineer, and drawn to scale, it indicates the bearings and dimensions of property lines.
and all these are types of Plane Surveys |
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Definition
Describe these types of surveys:
Land Survey
Topographic survey
Route survey
Hydrographic survey
City survey
Aerial survey
Construction survey
Plat map |
|
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Term
| United Sates Survey System / Public Land Survey System / Rectangular Survey System |
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Definition
| The Land ordinance of 1785 was the beginning of this survey system. It is the most common land description for site boundaries in the US. It was used to survey and spatially identify land parcels before designation of eventual ownership, particularly for rural, wild or undeveloped land. This divided land that was not already surveyed into a grid system of meridians and parallels 24 miles apart. Find |
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Term
Metes and Bounds Survey System
Example: "beginning with a corner at the intersection of two stone walls near an apple tree on the north side of Muddy Creek road one mile above the junction of Muddy and Indian Creeks, north for 150 rods (rod is a unit of measurement) to the end of the stone wall bordering the road, then northwest along a line to a large standing rock on the corner of John Smith's place, thence west 150 rods to the corner of a barn near a large oak tree, thence south to Muddy Creek road, thence down the side of the creek road to the starting point." |
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Definition
| It is a method for describing a property in the form of a narrative. The property is described by beginning at a specific point on the property boundary and then describing the length and direction of the boundaries of the property, until the entire property is encompassed. |
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Term
Lot and Block survey System
The description must identify
1. The individual lot,
2. The block in which the lot is located, if applicable,
3. A reference to a platted subdivision or a phase thereof,
4. A reference to find the cited plat map (i.e., a page and/or volume number), and
5. A description of the map's place of official recording (e.g., recorded in the files of the County Engineer)
Example: The legal description of a 2.5 acres (10,000 m2) property under the Lot and Block system may be something like:
1. Lot 5 of Block 2 of the South Subdivision plat as recorded in Map Book 21, Page 33 at the Recorder of Deeds.
2. Some simple maps may only contain a lot and map number, such as Lot C of the Riverside Subdivision map as recorded in Map Book 12, Page 8 in the office of the City Engineer. |
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Definition
| It is a method used in the United States and Canada to locate and identify land, particularly for lots in densely populated metropolitan areas, suburban areas. |
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Term
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Definition
Methods of field measuring & recording to create an Existing building survey:
hand measuring, tape measure, traditional surveying equipment, EDM (electronic distance measurement), REDM (reflectorless electromagnetic distance measurement) – EDM & REDM are both laser based instruments |
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Term
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Definition
Methods of field measuring & recording to create an Existing building survey:
large format, film based view cameras to photograph facades. It produces a flat image with no perspective distortion from which dimensions can be scaled |
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Term
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Definition
Methods of field measuring & recording to create an Existing building survey:
it is similar to rectified photography except that it relies on digital photography and correction of optical distortion through computer software. |
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Term
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Definition
| The surveying of objects or spaces through the use of photography and associated software |
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Term
Stereophotogrammetry: uses 2 overlapping photographs in a computer program to produce a digital stereo image to produce 3D drawings
Convergent photogrammetry: uses multiple, oblique photographic images of an object taken at different angles in order to derive 3D models and measurements. This method requires surveyed reference points. |
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Definition
| There are 2 methods to photogrammetry: |
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Term
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Definition
| This uses laser beams which symmetrically sweep over an object or space to obtain 3D coordinates of points on the surface of the object or space being scanned. No surveyed reference points are needed. |
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Term
1. Climate: every site is affected by macroclimate & microclimate (temperature, wind intensity, humidity patterns, etc.)
2. Topography: land development is strongly influenced by the form of a site’s surface features (slope, elevation, landforms, etc.)
3. Soils: determine the soils capacity to support buildings, roads, and plant materials (soil type, moisture content, depth of bedrock, etc.)
4. Hydrology: refers to the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site (runoff rates, aquifer zones, drainage patterns, etc.)
5. Vegetation: plant types and patterns represent a major site resource and often determine the form of development.
6. Existing land use: consider manmade features on and around the site, such as structures, circulation systems, and activity patterns.
7. Sensory qualities: they are those intangible elements that affect people though the senses of sight, smell, touch, and hearing (scenic vistas, quality of light, characteristics of sounds, etc.)
8. Natural hazards: there are several natural elements that are potentially hazardous to a site and must be identified (earthquake fault zones, flood plains, poisonous plants, etc.) |
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Definition
| What is a list of some basic data that must be gathered and analyzed for a complete site analysis (8 things): |
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Term
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Definition
| The overall climate of the region and is reflected in the weather data available from the National Weather Service statistics. From this information, a region can be classified as cool, temperate, hot-arid, or hot-humid |
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Term
1. Site Latitude: the amount of solar energy that is received in a particular location in relation to latitude (the angular distance north or south from the equator of a point on the Earth's surface).
2. Site Elevation: as elevation increases, temperature decreases
3. Proximity to bodies of water: bodies of water reduce temperature extremes both daily and seasonal, on nearby land areas. The bodies of water act as a moderator. Big body of water = increase moderating influence on the climate.
4. Prevailing winds: winds can alter a climate whether it carries warm air, cold air, moisture…
5. Ocean currents: currents can be warm or cool
6. Mountain barriers: force prevailing winds to rise.
7. Clear/Cloudy Sky: clouds are like a blanket thus they can slightly alter the range of daily and seasonal temperatures. |
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Definition
| Macroclimate depends on what 3 things? and is influenced by what 4 things? |
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Term
Microclimate
Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heavily urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and reradiate that heat to the ambient air: the resulting urban heat island is a kind of microclimate. Microclimate information can be obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), by walking the site, or by studying the climate-influenced details of indigenous architecture |
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Definition
| The site specific modification of the macroclimate; it is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. |
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Term
1. Solar radiation (amount of solar radiation, duration of sunlight exposure, site slope)
2. Topography of site affected by wind velocity
3. Proximity to bodies of water
4. Ground surface materials (albedo and conductivity)
5. Trees (Modify air flow, obstruction of solar radiation, filtration of air-borne pollutants, photosynthesis, water evaporation)
6. Structures or manmade structures (alter air movement and reflect solar radiation and elevate temps)
7. Other climate considerations (human comfort zone, air pollution, noise, glare, ecosystem or ecological system and ecology, Ahwahnee Principles, sustainable design/ green building design, solar orientation) |
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Definition
| The microclimate of an area depends on 7 major things: |
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Term
| The altitude: the angle between the sun and the horizon. The amount of solar radiation received on the ground surface depends on the angle of the sun’s rays to the surface |
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Definition
| The amount of solar radiation is a function of what? |
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Term
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox |
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Definition
a) day that has the maximum hours of sunlight exposure – June 21 or 22 – lowest angle – depending on the site’s location, the sun rises and sets north of an azimuth through the site.
b) day that has the minimum hours of sunlight exposure – December 21 or 22 – highest angle - depending on the site’s location, the sun rises and sets south of an azimuth through the site.
c) day when the hours of sunlight equals the hours of darkness – March 21 -vernal equinox, September 21 - autumnal equinox – the sun rises and sets directly above the equator |
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Term
site slope
South-facing slopes receive more solar energy than level or north-facing slopes. |
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Definition
| This affects the amount of solar energy that a site receives |
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Term
In general in temperate climate the best microclimate for winds are on south or southeast facing slopes; in the middle of the slope or toward the top of the hill rather than at the very top or bottom of the slope.
@ windward side of hill (the side in the direction of the wind): great wind speeds & turbulent winds at crest
@ leeward side of hill (the side away from the wind direction): less turbulent winds & wind velocity is minimal known as the wind shadow. |
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Definition
| In temperate climates, what is the best microclimate for winds (location on a slope)? |
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Term
| Ground surfaces having low albedo and high conductivity moderate and stabilize the microclimate considerably such as grass, whereas high albedo and low conductivity such as pavement, are much hotter than what the macroclimate will produce. |
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Definition
| What combination of albeido and conductivity ail help moderate the microclimate? |
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Term
Albedo
LOW – 0 (grab, no reflection): flat black surface that absorbs all the heat and reflects none, ex: grass, vegetation.
HIGH - 1.0 (no grad, reflection): reflecting surface that absorbs no heat and reflects all the energy, ex: pavement, snow. |
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Definition
| (reflectivity) fraction of radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected. It is expressed as a number from 0 to 1.0. |
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Term
Conductivity
LOW conductivity ( keep energy): retard the passage of heat, ex: sand, natural materials
HIGH conductivity (release energy): lets heat pass through them quickly, ex: metals, concrete, masonry |
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Definition
| The time rate of flow of heat passes through a material. |
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Term
Temperature range: 63° and 71° in winter / 66° and 75° in summer
Humidity range: 30% to 60 % - 75% is uncomfortable regardless of the temperature |
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Definition
| What is the temperature and humidity range for the human comfort zone? |
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Term
− Air movement of 50 feet per minute - not noticed.
− Air movement of 50 – 100 feet per minute – pleasant.
− Air movement of 100 – 200 feet per minute – pleasant and noticeable.
− Air movement of 200 -300 feet per minute – drafty. |
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Definition
| What are the various levels of wind movement? |
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Term
Noise
Decibels
Sound levels are measured in decibels with a scale value of 1(threshold of hearing) to 140 (threshold of pain). One decibel is the smallest difference between two sounds that the human ear can detect. |
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Definition
| _____ is unwanted sound. And this is measured in ______. |
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Term
a) 50 - 60
b) 30
c) 85
d) higher than 85 |
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Definition
What are the:
a) comfortable noise level for the average person
b) comfortable noise level for recommended for sleep/study areas
c) the safety threshold
d) level causing hearing impairment if received over a prolong period |
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Term
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Definition
| It occurs when there are two sources of illumination of extremely different intensities. It is not a result of too must light, but rather too much contrast. |
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Term
Ecology
Ecology applied to site development means:
1) The need to understand the impact of construction on the surrounding natural environment – see EIS below
2) The need to be aware of the impact of smaller scale buildings on the surroundings, whether the environment is rural (impact on natural landforms, water runoff, wildlife, and existing vegetation) or urban (minimize noise, pollution, pay attention to building placement in relation to wind patterns, sunlight, glare, transportation system...) |
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Definition
| The study of living organisms in relation to their environment |
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Term
| EIS / Environmental Impact Statement |
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Definition
| The Environmental Policy Act of 1969 requires that for every major federal action that may significantly affect the quality of the human environment, the responsible official must prepare a detailed statement discussing the environmental impact of the proposed action, describe any adverse effects that cannot be avoided, and any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources that would be involved. What is this statement? |
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Term
| EIS / Environmental Impact Statement |
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Definition
Topic for this include items such as:
− A complete resource inventory of the existing conditions of the region and the project site
− A complete description of the proposed project, with an emphasis on its environmental impact
− The environmental impact assessment
− Alternatives to the proposed project
− Alternative process or methods
− Alternative configurations
− The no-action alternative
− Environmental and socioeconomics impacts of the proposed project that cannot be avoided |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1991, the Local Government Commission, a private nonprofit group in Sacramento, California, invited architects Peter Calthorpe, Michael Corbett, Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Moule, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Stefanos Polyzoides, and Daniel Solomon to develop a set of community principles that express new, sustainable land use planning ideas as a possible resolution to the existing pattern of urban and suburban development impairing the quality of life (air pollution, loss of open spaces, etc.). |
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Term
Community principles include having complete and integrated communities, a diversity of housing types, an ample supply of open spaces, encourage pedestrian and bicycle use, efficient use of water, and much more.
Regional principles include having a continuous system of greenbelt corridor, regional institutions and services located in the urban core, and much more
Implementation principles include having the local governments take charge of the planning process, plans should be developed through an open process… |
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Definition
| What are the 3 main principles of Ahwahnee Principles? |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is formed by a community of organisms (living animals and plants in a given area) and its environment. It may be a forest, a pond … |
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Term
− Simple ecosystem: if a particular species is destroyed, the simple/unstable system is likely to collapse
− Complex ecosystem: if a particular species is destroyed, the complex/stable system itself will form new relationships. Example: a forest. |
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Definition
| What are the two types of ecosystems? |
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Term
Contour Lines
Existing contour lines are dashed and new contour lines are solid. At the property lines, the contour lines must match up with the existing contours at adjacent properties or retaining walls must be built.
see page 89 of c's notes for image and different types of contour lines |
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Definition
| Graphic way to show the elevations of the land in a plan view. These are also used to make a slope analysis to determine the suitability of the land for various uses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines. This will vary depending on the steepness of the slope, the scale of the map, and the amount of detail required |
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Term
|
Definition
| This can be determined using the contour interval and the horizontal distance between any two contour lines. The resulting slope is represented as a percentage. |
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Term
Formula: d(vertical distance between contours), G (slope of land), L (horizontal distance between points of slope)→ G= (d / L) x 100%
Example: find the slope between point A (85ft) and point B (100ft), if the horizontal distance between them is 80ft.
− The vertical distance→ d = 100 – 85 = 15ft
− The slope → G =(d / L) x 100% = (15ft / 80ft) x 100% = (.19ft) x 100% = 19% |
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Definition
| Calculation for slope of land: |
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Term
0%-4%= usable for all types of intense activity + easy to build on;
4%-10%= suitable for informal movement + outdoor activity + can be built on without much difficulty
10%-25% = difficult to climb + use for outdoor activity + more expensive + more difficult to build on
25% or more = very steep slope + subject to erosion + very expensive to build on |
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Definition
| What are the slope categories for different types of uses? |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is the pulverized layer of the earth, formed by the erosion of rocks and plant remains and modified by living plants and organisms. |
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Term
LEVEL 1 TOPSOIL (organic + minerals)
LEVEL 2 MINERALS
LEVEL 3 ROCK (partially weathered & fractured)
LEVEL 4 BEDROCK |
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Definition
| What are the 4 levels of soil? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Soil type: rock particles low in plasticity. Excellent for construction loads, very good bases for building foundations, drainage, and for sewage drain fields. It is unsuitable for landscaping. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Soil type: same abilities as gravel, just that it has smaller granular particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil type: fine grained sedimentary soil composed of material smaller than sand but larger than clay. It is stable when dry or damp but unstable when wet. When frozen it swells, heaves and compresses under load. It can provide an adequate base for foundations if soil investigations show they are stable; building foundations and road bases must extend below it or they must be elastic enough to avoid damage. This type makes better foundations if they are mixed with other types of soils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil type: composed of smaller particles than silts. It expands when wet, and shrinks when it dries. It is also subject to slippage. It is poor for foundations unless it can be kept dry or they are mixed with other types of soils. It is also poor for landscaping and unsuitable for sewage drain fields or other types of drainage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil type: such as Peat consist of vegetable or other organic matter excellent for landscaping but unsuitable for building foundation and roads. Usually, these soils must be removed from the site and replaced with sands and gravels for foundations and roads. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is an unbroken mixture of sand, clay, and gravel? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What are soft rocks with a fine texture. They have the second highest bearing capacity? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What are rocks that have broken off of bedrock? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is solid rock that forms the earth’s crust. It has the highest bearing capacity of all soil types? |
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Term
| Soil tests are usually requested by the architect but paid for by the owner. They are typically referred to in the specifications for information only. However, soil tests are not part of the contract documents. |
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Definition
| Soil tests are requested by whom and paid for by whom? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The removal of undisturbed samples of the soil at regular intervals, usually a minimum of 4 borings is taken. |
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Term
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Definition
| 10ft trenches dug at the job site that allow visual inspection of the soil strata and direct collection of undisturbed samples; soil below 10ft cannot be directly examined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil treatment type that: increases the strength of the soil and prevent hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil treatment type that:if existing soil is unsuitable for building, the undesirable material is removed and new engineered fill is brought in, which should be compacted before building commences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Soil treatment type that: compacts existing soil |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil treatment type that: is on-site compaction using vibration, dropping heavy weights, or pounding piles into the ground and filling the voids with sand. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Soil treatment type that: involves preloading of ground with fill material to cause consolidation and settlement of the underlying soil before building. Once the required settlement has taken place, the fill is removed and construction begins |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil treatment type: a layer of sand or gravel can be placed on less stable soil and mixed in. |
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Term
| Proctor test / Proctor compaction test: it is named after the engineer Ralph R. Proctor (1933). |
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Definition
| The test is used frequently by geotechnical engineers to determine the optimum moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. |
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Term
| Proctor test / Proctor compaction test: it is named after the engineer Ralph R. Proctor (1933). |
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Definition
Procedure of this test involves: these laboratory tests generally consist of compacting soil at known moisture content into a cylindrical mould of standard dimensions using a compactive effort of controlled magnitude. The soil is usually compacted into the mould to a certain amount of equal layers, each receiving a number blows from a standard weighted hammer at a specified height. This process is then repeated for various moisture contents and the dry densities are determined for each. The graphical relationship of the dry density to moisture content is then plotted to establish the compaction curve. The maximum dry density is finally obtained from the peak point of the compaction curve and its corresponding moisture content, also known as the optimal moisture content
What test is this? |
|
|
Term
Bedrock 10,000 psf
Graded Gravel & Sand 3,000 to 12,000 psf
Compacted Sand / Compacted Fill 2,000 to 3,000 psf
Silt / Clay 1,000 to 4,000 psf |
|
Definition
| Maximum amount of pressure or load by soil type: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Additional storm water that does not steep into the ground. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The fraction of total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground. |
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Term
|
Definition
| If the runoff coefficient is greater than the capacity of the natural or artificial drainage from the site, ___________ must be constructed. |
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Term
Retention pond: [keep] it is used to manage storm water runoff to prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake, or bay. It is an artificial lake with vegetation at the perimeter, and includes a permanent pool of water in its design; it is designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity.
Detention pond / holding pond: [let go] it is a storm water management facility installed on, or adjacent to rivers, streams, lakes, or bays. It is designed to protect against flooding by storing water for a limited period of time while slowly draining the water out at a controlled rate to a downstream water body. |
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Definition
| What is the difference between Retention pond and detention pond? |
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|
Term
1. Slope the land (1/4”/ft minimum) around the building to drain surface water before it soaks into the ground near the structure;
[CJL / PPP Study Notes]
[Page 94 of 112]
2. Use gutters and drain pipes to collect water from the roof and decks to drain away water from the building;
3. French Drain / Subdrain: perforated drain tile set in a gravel setting bed laid around the footings 6” below the floor slab to collect water and carry it away to a storm sewer system for example;
4. Layer of gravel and waterproofing membrane against a wall or slab to relieve hydrostatic pressure.
5. Enclosed storm sewers that carry the runoff from the site to a municipal storm sewer system or to a natural drainage outlet such as a river.
(Note: large sewer systems require manholes for service access, located wherever the sewer changes direction, or a maximum of 500ft apart. Storm sewers are completely separate from sanitary sewers.)
(Important: Sanitary sewers and storm sewers usually take precedence in planning because they depend on gravity flow.) |
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Definition
| Subsurface drainage methods to minimize subsurface water: |
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|
Term
1. Sloping the land away from the building: areas for surface drainage require minimum slopes to provide for positive drainage
2. Modify the finish contours to divert water into natural drainage patterns or artificial drains
3. Use a Drain inlet: allows storm water to run directly into the storm sewer
4. Use a Catch basin: allows debris to settle instead of flowing down the sewer
5. Sheet flow: water that drains across a sloping surface, whether paved, grassy, or landscaped.
6. Gutters: built into roadways and parking areas
7. Ground swales: part of landscaping and channels |
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Definition
| Surface water drainage methods to minimize surface water: |
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Term
1. Building orientation (rectangular building with the long direction facing east-west);
2. Building shape (any building which maximizes the total area , e.g. a cube has the least surface for the volume contained);
3. Landscaping (use of deciduous trees or evergreens);
4. Building shading (horizontal or vertical shading);
5. Earth sheltering (burying a portion of a building underground);
6. Green roofs (extensive green roof – use soil less than 6” deep, intensive green roof – use ticker soil and support complex landscapes);
7. Air locks (vestibule entry system to prevent cold drafts from entering a building);
8. Insulation & weather sealing (air barriers, vapor barrier, cementitious foam…);
9. Glazing (use appropriate type of glazing system);
10. Double envelope (dynamic buffer zone - two glazed layers as the outer skin of a building);
11. Daylighting (knowing the daylight variables, take more advantage of day lighting with building design, window design, light shelves, and glazing selections). |
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Definition
| Energy Efficiency can be achieved through: |
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Term
1. Solar design (use the sun’s energy for passive solar design- solar energy is collected, stored, and distributed without the use of mechanical equipment- or active solar design – use mechanical equipment)
2. Wind (wind power to generate electricity)
3. Geothermal (use of ground surface heat pumps using the temperature of the earth)
4. Photovoltaic (direct conversion of sunlight into electricity) |
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Definition
| Alternative energy sources to improve a building’s sustainability while decreasing life-cycle costs: |
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Term
→ EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
→ OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration - it is designed to protect workers who handle ACM and other hazardous materials
→ Asbestos Containing Materials (ACM): regulated by EPA/OSHA/State/Local Agencies
→ Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): it is a standard that sets the number of asbestos fibers a worker can be exposed to.
→ National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP): an EPA regulation that dictates requirement of ACM removal before remodel/demo in order to prevent significant asbestos release into the air.
→ Asbestos Hazards Emergency Response Act (AHERA): an EPA regulation that handles asbestos found in K-12 schools, and requires that all facilities be inspected to determine the presence and amount of asbestos. |
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Definition
Define these terms:
EPA
OSHA
ACM
PEL
NESHAP
AHERA |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a natural mineral used commercially for their desirable physical properties. It became increasingly popular among manufacturers and builders in the late 19th century because of its sound absorption, average tensile strength, its resistance to fire, heat, electrical and chemical damage, and affordability. It was used in such applications as electrical insulation for hotplate wiring and in building insulation. The inhalation of these fibers can cause serious illnesses and long exposure to high concentrations of asbestos fibers is more likely to cause health problems. |
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Term
1. Chrysotile: white asbestos, accounts for about 95% of asbestos found
2. Amosite: brown asbestos
3. Crocidolite: blue asbestos |
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Definition
| What are the three most common types of asbestos found in buildings? |
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Term
| Health Hazards known to exist from asbestos exposure |
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Definition
1. Asbestosis: non cancerous chronic respiratory disease caused by accumulation of asbestos fibers in the lungs
2. Cancer of Lung, Stomach, and/or Colon
3. Mesothelioma: rare cancer in the thin membrane lining the chest and abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
→ this was originally used for spray fireproofing, sound proofing, pipe insulation, floor/ceiling tiles, mastic, etc.;
→ EPA banned spray application of this containing fireproofing materials in 1973;
→ Laboratory analysis is the only way to positively identify it
→ Owner is responsible for cost to identify and remove this
→ Removal of this is less of a concern if no children will be living in the building. |
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Term
→ Wet methods
→ HEPA vacuuming
→ Area isolation
→ Use of Personal Protective Equipment
→ Avoid sawing, sanding and drilling |
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Definition
| Methods to minimize/contain asbestos fibers during removal: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Toxic material once used in paint and other household products, found in contaminated air, water, soil, food, and consumer products. |
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Term
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Definition
→ Typically lead based paint that is in good condition is not a hazard
→ Children under 6 are at the greatest risk for lead poisoning
→ Most common sources for lead poisoning are by breathing or swallowing the following:
Deteriorating lead based paint
Lead contaminated dust
Lead contaminated residential soil |
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Term
| Health Hazards known to exist from lead exposure: |
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Definition
Children:
− Damage to brain and nervous system
− Behavioral and learning problems (e.g. Hyperactivity)
− Slowed growth
− Hearing Problems
− Headaches
Adults:
− Reproductive Problems
− High blood pressure
− Nerve disorders
− Memory/concentration problems
− Muscle/joint pain |
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Term
→ If disturbing more than 6ft2 of lead paint in homes, in child care facilities, or a in school built before 1978, the work must be done by contractors certified by the EPA to follow procedures for safe removal;
→ Contain work area;
→ Minimize dust;
→ Clean up thoroughly. |
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Definition
| Methods to minimize/contain lead during removal: |
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Term
| Conditional covenant / condition |
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Definition
Types of deed restrictions:
it is a clause that imposes a restriction on a buyer and specifies that if the restriction is violated, the title to the land will revert to the original grantor or his heirs. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of deed restrictions:
it is the right of one party to use a portion of the land of another party in a particular way, usually without compensation. An easement for a stated purpose may not be unilaterally modified for another purpose at a later date; if the original purpose was an easement of ingress, the person can only use it for that purpose and may not use it for any other |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of easements:
it allows a utility company to install and maintain lines above and below ground within the boundaries of the easement. No permanent structures can be erected within the easement without getting permission from the party holding the easement, although the land belongs to the property owner. |
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Term
| access easement / easement for ingress |
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Definition
Types of easements:
if one parcel of land is not served by a public road and another parcel separates the first parcel from the street, an access easement may be granted, which allows the public and the owner of the inaccessible land to cross. |
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Term
| Support easement / Party Wall Agreement |
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Definition
Types of easements:
it is for the construction of common party walls between properties. It is used in row housing, where a common wall is shared by two adjacent owners. Each owner owns half of the wall, but each has an easement of support in the other half of the wall. The arrangement cannot be revoked unilaterally. |
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Term
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Definition
Types of easements:
two private owners share the joint use of a strip of land between two houses, which has a property line running through it such as a driveway. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of easements:
protects views and prevents the development of land that is of scenic value to the public. Used be public agencies to control land use without the need to purchase large tracts of property. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of easements:
limit land use in large areas. Used be public agencies to control land use without the need to purchase large tracts of property. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of easements:
it is the legal right of one party or the public to traverse land belonging to another. In its most common form, it refers to the public land used for streets and sidewalks and its boundary usually corresponds to the property line of adjacent property owners |
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Term
| Historical facade easement |
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Definition
Types of easements:
can be established by a municipality to protect a historically valuable architectural façade in an area where redevelopment is occurring and where the existence of the facade is threatened. The municipality does not compensate the owner to preserve the façade. |
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Term
1. Natural resources (mining, forestry…)
2. Agricultural
3. Residential
4. Commercial
5. Industrial
6. Governmental
7. Institutional
8. Open space/conservation |
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Definition
| There are 8 basic categories of potential land use: |
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Term
1. Catchment area
2. Location
3. Topography
4. Cost |
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Definition
| Land use depends on its potential roles in a: |
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Term
1. a value per square foot or per acre
2. the concept of “highest and best use”
3. Location (market area, population density, special site features…)
4. Local market conditions (incl. demand for the land)
5. Potential profit-making use
6. Zoning
7. Access – vehicular access, proximity to transportation
8. Utilities – proximity to utilities
9. Topography |
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Definition
| Land values are generally based on: |
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Term
market approach / comparison method / market data approach
income approach / residual method
cost approach / allocation method
development method |
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Definition
| The four methods to determine land use; |
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Term
| Market Approach / Comparison method / Market Data Approach |
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Definition
| The most common technique for determining land value. This method reflects the market value most closely and is applicable to all land use, only if one of its requirements is met: sufficient data has to be available on comparable land being offered for sale at the same time of valuation. This approaches procedure requires that the surrounding region be investigated to find properties that have recently sold or are on the market that are similar to the property being valued; the property is then assumed to have the same value as that of the similar properties. Since no two properties are alike, adjustments will have to be made to reflect the unique nature of the property. |
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Term
| Income Approach / Residual method: |
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Definition
| It is used in highly developed areas with no vacant land where data of comparable parcels is not available. The basis is the potential the property has to yield a profit or income; value must be estimated on the potential income from site improvements. The potential income is estimated and then various expenses (taxes, insurance, maintenance…) are deducted. The resulting amount must be capitalized to estimate the current, total value of the property because potential income is usually figured on a yearly basis. |
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Term
| Cost Approach / Allocation method: |
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Definition
| It is used to determine the value of improved properties; the value of the land is estimated at its highest and best use. The cost to replace the building or add improvements is calculated by figuring out the estimated accrued depreciation and deducting it from the replacement cost or cost of the improvements. This adjusted amount is then added to the land value to get the total value of the property. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is used to value land that has a potential use for residential or industrial subdivision. This method depends on evaluating development cost. How? 1. Determine the selling price of individual lots, 2. Determine the cost to develop the subdivision, 3. Determine the period of time necessary to sell the developed lots, and 4. Determine the possible discounts of the net sale price |
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Term
|
Definition
| The first zoning ordinance was passed in |
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Term
|
Definition
This is the most common form of legal constraint on land development. It was originally an attempt to improve the problems of the rapidly expanding cities - crowding, factories built to close to housing and tall buildings blocking air and light-
and a way to regulate land use. |
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Term
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Definition
| What ruling initiated and validated the concept of zoning in suburbs with the rationale of public health, welfare, and safety. |
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Term
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Definition
| After what ruling did zoning become concerned with social and environmental issues, i.e. aesthetics |
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Term
1. The uses allowed on a parcel of land depending on the zoning district – residential,
commercial, and industrial occupancies with subdivisions within each of these;
2. The area of the land that may be covered with building – FAR;
3. The bulk/mass of the structures – FAR, setbacks, bulk pane restriction;
4. The distances the buildings must be set back from the property lines – Setbacks;
5. Parking and loading space requirements. |
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Definition
| Zoning primarily regulates: |
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Term
1. Segregation of permitted uses
2. Control of population density
3. Provision for parking and loading spaces
4. Influence on building form
5. Stabilization of property values
6. Prevents the proliferation of poorly planned developments |
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Definition
| Zoning regulations result in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of land that can be covered is determined by setting the maximum square footage allowed expressed as a ratio (1:1, 2:1…) or decimal fraction (0.1, 2.0…). FAR of 1:1 or 1.0 means that for every 1 square foot of land, an owner may build up to 1 square foot of building. This expresses the relationship between the amount of useable floor area permitted in a building (or buildings) and the area of the lot on which the building stands. It is obtained by dividing the gross floor area of a building by the total area of the lot. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of deed restrictions:
those covenants legally commit a buyer to perform certain duties in the future. Such covenants run with the land so that future owners of record will always be responsible to perform the same duties. Affirmative covenants are also used to require buyers of PUD’s and condominiums to make payments for the maintenance of common areas, association fee. Example: maintaining a fence, or roadway. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of deed restrictions:
it is a legal agreement used to protect or uphold a condition of use on a parcel of land. Its purpose is to maintain a desired uniformity of appearance, site development, and quality of construction, and prevent unfavorable land uses or structures, thus maintaining and even increasing the value of the development. They can be more effective than zoning in achieving and maintain aesthetics harmony and overall quality. Covenants are more difficult to alter than zoning. Deeds may contain covenants to limit the height, size, or appearance of a building. Covenants are legal and enforceable if they are reasonable and in the public interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any clause in a deed which restricts the future use of a parcel of land by the buyer of the land. This type of agreement is enforceable between buyer and seller, and sometimes third parties. Most of these are generally established for a certain period of years such as 10, 15, 20, or 30 years. |
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Term
It is subordinate to the 1st mortgage or trust deed;
It has a higher interest rate because the lender will have a greater difficulty in getting repayment should the mortgagor default on one or both debts.
Usually it has a “default in prior mortgage clause” – if mortgagor defaults in payment on a prior mortgage, the second mortgagee may pay the amount, add it to the loan, and immediately institute foreclosure. |
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Definition
| What are the differences between a 1st mortgage and a second mortgage or trust deed? |
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Term
| Payment default for trustee |
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Definition
| If the buyer ______________, the trustee has the right to foreclose the property (take possession of property) and sell it using the power-of-sale clause. |
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Term
1. Mortgagee transfers money to the Seller (principal: 80-90% of total price)
2. Mortgagor makes a down payment to Seller (10-20% of total price)
3. Seller gives a deed to the property to the Mortgagor
4. The Mortgagor transfers the title to the property to a fourth party, which is called the trustee by means of a trust deed.
5. Mortgagor makes loan payments to the Mortgagee - principal (80-90%) + interest - over an extended period of time (usually 10-40 years)
6. Mortgagor makes payments until the loan is paid off, at which time, the Mortgagee cancels the mortgage
7. The trustee, not the Mortgagee, transfers the title back to the Mortgagor, and the Mortgagor has clear title to the property.
see c's nots for image pg 70 |
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Definition
| Trust Deed / Deed of Trust procedure |
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Term
| Payment default for mortgage |
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Definition
| If _______ happens, the mortgagee has the right to foreclose the property (take possession of property) and sell it to recover its investment. If the mortgagee sells the property and the amount of money from the sale is in excess of the amount owed by the mortgagor, the difference goes to the mortgagor. |
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Term
1. Mortgagee transfers money to the Seller (principal: 80-90% of total price);
2. Mortgagor makes a down payment to Seller (10-20% of total price);
3. Seller gives a deed to the property to the Mortgagor;
4. Mortgagor makes loan payments to the Mortgagee - principal (80-90%) + interest - over an extended period of time (usually 10-40 years);
5. Mortgagor makes payments until the loan is paid off, at which time, the Mortgagee cancels the mortgage.
6. The mortgagee gives the Mortgagor a clear title to the property.
see c's notes for image pg 69 |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A contract by which a buyer of a property borrows money from a bank or other lender with which to purchase the property, and pledges the property as security for the loan |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Ownership:
[owner becomes a lessee by selling his property to the buyer and leasing it back from the same buyer, now the new owner → the original owner can still use the property + substantial tax benefits + avoid long term capital investment/ the new owner = investment + profit from rent] it is a form of leasehold. The owner of a piece of commercial or industrial property recovers the capital invested in the property, but at the same time retains the use of the property for the specified life of the lease. In other words, the seller sells an asset and leases it back from the buyer for the long-term; therefore, the seller continues to be able to use the asset but no longer owns it. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Ownership:
[owns nothing / right to use a property for a period of time with conditions] a lessee (person to whom the lease is granted) has the right to use a piece of property under certain conditions that are described in the lease, paid in rent – lease payments. A lessee can sublease - sell the right of use of the property to another - only if it is not prohibited in the terms of the lease. A lease exists for a specific period of time either with or without an option to renew. (Note: anything a lessee builds on the property reverts to the lesser upon expiration of the lease). |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Ownership:
[owns a share (not the land or structure) and his allowed to occupy a portion of a structure] the owner of a cooperative does not legally own a specific piece of physical property. He owns a share of stock in a corporation. The corporation owns the land and the structure. The owner of the share of stock is allowed to occupy some stated portion of the structure built upon the property. The share can be bequeathed, but for selling, usually, he must get prior approval from the other stockholders. Decisions relating to assessment for operating cost or repairs are made by an owner’s association. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Ownership:
[owns a portion of the structure] a buyer obtains a fee simple ownership of a portion of a structure, and usually a part of the shared service areas, land, and site improvements. Ownership of the land and public service areas are not shared. The owner of a condominium has a marketable title to the property, which may be sold to another person, mortgage, lease, or bequeathed to an heir. Each owner of a condominium pays her own property taxes and also a periodic fee for the maintenance of the service areas owned jointly. Decisions relating to assessment for operating cost or repairs are made by an owner’s association. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Ownership:
[owns land + structure] the owner has absolute title of ownership, which he can transfer by sale or bequest (will). |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Owners:
[this person acts on owner’s behalf] it is an owner who holds property in his own name for the benefit of another person, or group for whom he acts. Typically, this happens when a property is passed to someone who is unable to act in his own interest. The trustee is charged by law to act on behalf of this person or group and protect the interests of this person or group. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Owners:
[shared ownership / 1 dies = next of kin takes place, it goes on] it is a legal entity with rights and liabilities independent of those of the shareholders. If a shareholder dies, the share of the ownership of the corporation passes to the shareholder’s heirs, and the corporation continues unchanged. A corporation may own, or lease a property, or enter into any arrangement that is available to an individual. In the eyes of the law, a corporation is treated as an individual. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Owners:
[shared ownership / 1 dies = dissolved + assets split among the survivors] A group of owners. Each owner has a share in the ownership of the whole. Upon the death of one of the partners, the partnership may be dissolved and the assets distributed among the surviving partners and the estate of the deceased partner, according to the original agreement among the partners. |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Owners:
[shared ownership / 1 dies = survivor becomes sole owner] 2 or more owners. Each owner has a share in the ownership of the whole. The interest of each joint owner automatically passes on to the survivor upon one an owner’s death. Any of the joint owners may sell their share independently of the other owners; the purchaser will then assume the place of the seller. If the property is to be sold, all owners must sign the necessary papers. |
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Term
Ownership
*Note: regulation of property uses has several forms: the regulation of ownership of both, land and buildings, the regulation of land itself, and the regulation of the building of structures. |
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Definition
| This is the legal possession of property (land or buildings). This carries with it the right to use the property as one sees fit, subject to certain restrictions imposed by society using regulations*. Laws and regulations governing property rights of ownership are both, permissive and prohibitive. |
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Term
Biological
Perceptual
Demographic
Sociological |
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Definition
| What are the four planning considerations? |
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Term
Multiple nuclei pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 66 |
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Definition
Patterns of Land Use
While a city may have started with a central business district, similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are established near each other. These groupings influence their immediate neighborhood. Example: Hotels and restaurants spring up around airports, for example. The number and kinds of nuclei mark a city's growth.
It is a city composed of several distinct nuclei reflected by all or some of these factors:
1. Nuclei are similar in purpose as well as form – shopping center
2. Similar activities tend to group together for mutual benefit – offices + shipping + manufacturing
3. Activities have similar long distance transportation access (airport + highway)
4. Activities and land values influence one another |
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Term
Sector Pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 66 |
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Definition
Patterns of Land Use
This suggested that zones expand outward from the city center along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries. Land uses are portrayed by pie-shaped wedges radiating from the center of the city. This model however varies from city to city. Land values & housing costs are related to the pattern of the sectors |
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Term
Concentric Zone Pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 65 |
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Definition
Patterns of Land Use:
It is a series of concentric rings around an original central business district or original center. The rings are the results of progressive phases of growth. The pattern within each ring is determined by the type of urban transportation in predominant use during the zones development. The rings do not have precise boundaries; they blend one into the other.
It was the first model to give the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas/explain urban structures.
Transition Zone: commercial + residential mixed zone |
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Term
a) sector
b) concentric zone |
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Definition
| As a general rule older cities follow the _______ pattern and more recent cities follow the _________ pattern. |
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Term
Constellation
see's C's notes for image. pg 65 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
Series of urban development’s of approximately equal size and population located fairly close to each other but without a dominating center.
Example: US Midwestern cities |
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Term
Satellite
see's C's notes for image. pg 65 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
Constellation of urban developments, each with its own central core located around a major urban center. Often, the outer cores are connected with a road system called a beltway.
Example: Houston |
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Term
Sheet
see's C's notes for image. pg 64 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
Shape of an extensive urban area without specific focal points, well defined routes, or articulated form. It describes low density development
Example: St Petersburg, Tampa |
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Term
Ring Shaped
see's C's notes for image. pg 64 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
Linear form encircling an open undeveloped area, such as a body of water or a reserve
Example: cities of Holland |
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Term
Star Pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 64 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
Revolves around the urban core, and development follows radiating spokes of main highways or mass transit routes
It is a radiocentric form with open spaces, or low density agricultural bands, or fingers of development
Example: Baltimore, Chicago |
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Term
Radiocentric Pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 64 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
Large circular urban form with a series of radial bands of intense development emanating from the central core
Example: Washington DC |
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Term
Field Pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 64 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
It has no central focus or apparent overall organization scheme. Development takes place in an amorphous network of highways and natural features
Example: Los Angeles |
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Term
Expanding Grid /Rectilinear Pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 64 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
City is formed at the junction of 2 roads and laid out in the prevalent pattern. Growth simply follows the grid pattern until some natural feature, limiting population stops it. Usually found in smaller cities.
Example: Philadelphia |
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Term
Megalopolis
see's C's notes for image. pg 63 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
1) Two or more major urban centers near each outer grow together as the space between them is developed.
2) It is an extensive linear arrangement of cities. Those cities function separately; physically however they have continuity. |
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Term
Linear Pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 63 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
A city or several cities strong out in a continuous line and connected by a transportation spine.
Example: eastern seaboard in the USA |
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Term
Satellite Pattern
see's C's notes for image. pg 63 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
Variant of the cluster form. It has a dominant center. Each satellite is a regional civic, cultural and commercial center. Expressways and rapid transit systems connect the satellites to each other and to the central unban core. |
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Term
Cluster Form
see's C's notes for image. pg 63 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
It does not have a dominant center. Consists of varying centers of activity. Each center is served by an interconnected system of expressways and other arterial roads providing multi-directional travel through the region connecting the cluster centers with each other and with the urban core. |
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Term
Finger Plan
see's C's notes for image. pg 63 |
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Definition
Development Growth Pattern:
Development occurs along corridors of public transit and automobile expressway routes |
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Term
1. Re-planning of NY state by Wright & Stein to utilize land resources rationally & distributing urban and rural population workably = conserving natural resources, restoring damaged landscapes, rebuilding obsolete cities or towns, accommodating future growth
2. Developments of technique of metropolitan planning in NY through the Regional Planning Association of NY |
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Definition
| Natural resource conservation and management, 1920’s consisted of: |
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Term
| City of Reston, Virginia by Robert Simon, 1964 |
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Definition
| What concept was influenced by the Radburn city plan. It was the first modern post-war planned community, and features a series of underpasses that promote travel on foot |
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Term
| Frank Lloyd Wright, Broadacre City, 1932 |
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Definition
| Who's concept had cities with vast open spaces = every home situated on at least 1 Acre of land |
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Term
| Le Corbusier, Contemporary City, 1922 |
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Definition
| Who's concept with cities with vast open spaces →office & housing towers surrounded by large green spaces |
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Term
| Radburn, NJ, Henry Wright & Clarence Stein |
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Definition
| Who's environmental design concept geared towards technology, it introduced a circulation network that included a separate pedestrian system and a street pattern that prevented through automobile traffic. (see Urban Concepts) |
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Term
| The city of Radburn in New Jersey, based on the Garden City and Superblock Concept, is also an example of the maturation of environmental design concepts in the 1920’s. Designed by Henry Wright and Clarence Stein, Radburn further develops the idea of adjusting to the growing use of the automobile. Radburn is a satellite commuter of Manhattan, but with its own work places, commercial center, schools, parks… it introduced a circulation network that included a separate pedestrian system and a street pattern that prevented through automobile traffic. |
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Definition
| Environmental Design Concepts geared towards technology: |
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Term
| World Columbian Exposition |
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Definition
→ Held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.
→ The prototype of what they thought a city should be
→ Showed desirable results could be achieved through organized efforts
→ Designed to follow Beaux Arts principles and French neoclassical architecture based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. |
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Term
| World Columbian Exposition |
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Definition
| This was held in Chicago and was designed by architects Daniel Burnham and John Root, and by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. This grouped classical buildings symmetrically around formal courts of honor – White City, reflecting pools, and large promenades. It started the City Beautiful movement in the United States and revived interest in urban planning. The expo resulted in having civic center’s organized around formal parks, a proliferation of classical public buildings, and broad tree-lined parkways and streets. |
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Term
| City Beautiful Movement Concept |
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Definition
| The goal of this concept was to improve urban habitability and appearance, as well as social betterment for all. Another part of this concept revolved around using environmental design concepts geared to industrial technology. Importance was given to the management and conservation of natural resources, as well as the development of techniques for metropolitan planning. |
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Term
Examples of superblock concept
see image in c's notes page 60 |
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Definition
The following are examples of:
1. Radburn, New Jersey, by Henry Wright: large piece of land that limited the intrusion of the automobile. The superblock was surrounded by a continuous street and vehicular access was provided with cul-de-sacs.
2. Chandigarh, India by le Corbusier
3. Brasilia by Lucio Costa & Oscar Niemeyer. |
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Term
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Definition
| This concept is an outgrowth of the New Town Concept stating that new communities can be built away from the crowding and ugliness of existing cities. It minimizes the impact of the car on housing and allows the development of pedestrian circulation and park space within the block. A variation of the superblock concept is the Planned Unit Development or PUD. |
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Term
1. No major traffic arterials or through routes should pass through residential neighborhoods
2. Use cul-de-sac, curvilinear layouts, and low volume roadways to preserve a quiet and safe residential atmosphere
3. The population of a typical neighborhood should be around 5,000
4. The neighborhood focal point will be the elementary school, centrally situated on a common green space, which would serve as a community center of neighborhood activity. This principle would facilitate the main proposal of the concept.
5. The neighborhood should be designed for a density roughly 10 families per acre and occupy 160 acres of land
6. There should be shopping facilities, churches, library, and a community center in conjunction with the school. 10% of the area should be allocated to recreation. |
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Definition
| Clarence A. Perry formulated this concept through 6 principles: |
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Term
Tony Garnier
Architect/City Planner |
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Definition
Wrote Une Cité Industrielle which suggested that functions of a city could be separated by zoning into four categories: leisure, industry, work, and transportation
Was developed in response to the industrial revolution
Schools and vocational schools are placed near the industries they’re related to, and there are no churches or government/ police buildings so man can rule himself.
Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete
Designed innovative building block with free standing houses
Enormous open spaces. There are few squares or parks
Trees are incorporated into important streets
Designed Hall Tony Garnier in Paris, Lyon-1905 |
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Term
Sir Ebenezer Howard
Writer/Parliament Record keeper |
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Definition
Wrote Garden Cities of To-morrow which describe a utopian city where people live harmoniously with nature, the basis for the Garden City Movement.
The book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents). He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram (pictured), which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country |
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Term
Pierre Charles L’Enfant
Architect/Civil Engineer |
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Definition
Designed the layout of the streets in Washington DC
Submitted plans for the federal city in Washington DC that followed Baroque planning elements including grand radial avenues, sight lines, ceremonial spaces, and respect of natural contours of the land. The two most important buildings on the avenues were to be the houses of Congress and the White House.
Visual connections would be made down avenues to ideal sites throughout the city, including buildings, monuments, and fountains
Was dismissed of his duties and city plan was awarded to surveyor Andrew Ellicott, who's revisions became the basis for the development
In 1901 a partial redesign of the capital used L’Enfant plans, including the development of the national mall where his largest avenue was originally intended. |
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Term
Daniel Hudson Burnham
Architect/Urban Planner |
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Definition
Director of works and designed the general plan of the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago
Designed one of the first skyscrapers: the Masonic Temple Building, which was 21 stories tall, and a skeleton frame
Designed the Flatiron Building in New York and Union Station in Washington DC, as well as the Monadnock, Reliance Building, and Rookery offices
Prepared the Plan of Chicago which laid out plans for the future of the city to controlled growth and suggested that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park
Helped with the McMillan Plan which led to the overall design of the national mall in Washington DC |
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Term
Clarence Samuel Stein
Architect /Urban Planner/Writer |
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Definition
Major proponent of the Garden City Movement in the USA
Collaborated with Henry Wright to design Rayburn, New Jersey a garden suburb noted for its superblock layout and for the total separation between the automobile and the pedestrian. |
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Term
Henry Wright
Landscape Architect |
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Definition
Major proponent of the garden city, an idea characterized by green belts and created by Sir Ebenezer Howard
Wright became one of the core members of the Regional Planning Association of America, along with Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, and Benton MacKaye, and it was this association that led to Wright's most well-known work. |
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Term
Lewis Mumford
Historian/Author |
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Definition
Believed that what sets humans apart from animals is not our use of tools, but our use of language/symbols.
Critical of urban sprawl and argued that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for social problems seen in western society. Argues that urban planning should emphasize organic relationships between people and their living spaces
Said the medieval city should be the basis of the ideal city.
Modern cities are too much like Roman cities (a sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse. |
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Term
Frederick Law Olmstead
Journalist/Landscape Architect |
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Definition
“The father of Landscape Architecture”
Famous for designing Central Park and Prospect Park as well as many parks throughout the country |
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Term
Clarence Arthur Perry
Planner/Writer |
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Definition
A strong advocate of the Neighborhood Unit – neighborhood community and recreation center
Wrote The Neighborhood Theory which served as a framework to design functional, self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities. |
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Term
Patrick Geddes
Biologist / Town Planner |
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Definition
Responsible for introducing the concept of region to architecture
Believed that by changing spatial form, it would be possible to change the social structure as well
Emphasized the preservation of human life and energy rather than superficial beautification. The happiness, health, and comfort of all residents are more important than the roads and park for the rich.
He coined the word “conurbation”: a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area. |
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Term
Ludwig Hilbersimer
Architect/Urban Planner |
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Definition
Taught at the Bauhaus
Wrote City Plan which emphasized street hierarchy including safety for children to walk to walk to school while increasing the speed of vehicular circulation
Developed studies for the new town center which was a dissolution of major cities and a complete penetration of landscape and settlement
In order to create a sustainable relationship between human’s industry, and nature, human habitation should be built in a way to secure people against disaster and crisis |
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Term
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Definition
| Kevin Lynch concept that refers to the ease with which parts of the city can be recognized and organized into a coherent pattern. It is the basis of orientation- e.g. maps, streets signs… |
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Term
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Definition
| Kevin Lynch concept that links the urban scale with the community scale. It is the quality of environment that gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in the mind of a given observer. Example: Paris can be considered to be an imageable city, the hills of San Francisco are part of the image of the city in the minds of most people who visit or live there. It is a vital tool for orientation, way-finding, and general well-being. |
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Term
Urban Legibility
Imageability
Image of the City |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Kevin Lynch concept where each individual constructs a mental picture of his or her environment that may be stable in overall form, but is forever changing in detail. |
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Term
1. Paths
2. Edges
3. Districts
4. Landmarks
5. Nodes |
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Definition
| Kevin Lynch discerned 5 elements for structuring mental images of the environment that exist as mixtures and overlaps: |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move. They are the predominant elements of most of our environmental images since other elements are arranged along, or related to paths. (Pedestrian walkway, highway when travelling on it, a river…). |
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Term
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Definition
| They are linear elements other than paths that form boundaries, terminations, or separations between two districts or that break continuity. (Shoreline, a wall, a highway when seen from a far…). They may be either solid or penetrable. Note: when 2 districts are joined at an edge, it forms a seam. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are 2D areas that people perceive as having some common, identifying character and that they can enter. (A college campus, a residential neighborhood, an industrial area…). |
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Term
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Definition
| They are prominent visual features that act as points of references and people cannot enter them- they are viewed from the exterior. Landmarks help identify an area, and so serve to orient people (A tower, a monument, a natural feature, a central plaza…). |
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Term
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Definition
| They are strategic centers of interest that people can enter. Nodes are types of landmarks, distinguished by their functions. (A plaza, financial district…). |
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Term
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Definition
Who's concept is as follows:
Defensible Space & Creating Defensible Space, encompasees ideas about crime prevention and neighborhood safety. The theory also argues that an area is safer when people feel a sense of ownership and responsibility for that piece of a community. Newman’s describes a range of environmental design elements that use the basic concepts of surveillance, territoriality, and real and symbolic barriers to reduce crime. |
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Term
1. Territoriality: the idea that one’s home is sacred – it is mine therefore I will protect it;
2. Natural Surveillance: the link between an area's physical characteristics and the residents' ability to see what is happening;
3. Image: the capacity of the physical design to impart a sense of security;
4. Milieu: other features that may affect security, such as proximity to a police substation or busy commercial area. |
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Definition
| Oscar Newman's concept revolves around 4 factors that make a defensible space: |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a relatively small area in which a number of people live in close proximity and share similar needs and desires in housing, social activities, and other aspects of day-to-day living |
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Term
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Definition
| The original concept of a neighborhood as part of city planning was developed by |
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Term
Meridians
Principal meridians serve as basis of grid layout and guide meridians are all others |
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Definition
| What are the north-south lines on a survey system? |
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Term
Parallels
Base lines: parallels that serve as basis
Standard parallels: all others |
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Definition
| What are the east-west lines that follow the lines of latitude of the earth in a survey. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the row of townships running north south on a survey? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the row of townships running east west on a survey? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the 24 mi square bounded by parallels and meridians which is then divided into 16 townships? |
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Term
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Definition
| In a survey, what is the 6 miles on one side and divided into 36 sections? |
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Term
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Definition
| In a survey, what is a 1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres further divided into quarter sections ? |
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Term
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Definition
| In a survey, what is .5 mi square further divided into 4 more parcels? |
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Term
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Definition
| What population density does a collective transit system need? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the max distance to walk to a public transit stop? |
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Term
Local: 15-30
Express bus: 40-60
Rail 40-70 |
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Definition
What are the speeds for:
Local bus (short trips in city/long trips in burbs)
Express bus (between medium density areas)
Rail (between areas with high density) |
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Term
| one in each corner and one in the middle |
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Definition
| Boring requirements for: open warehouse |
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Term
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Definition
| Boring requirements for: large structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Boring requirements for: uniform conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Boring type that involves: the drilling of a test hold to locate bedrock beneath very compact soil.
A pipe is driven into the soil while water forces the material to the surface. It can penetrate all materials other than rock. |
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Term
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Definition
Boring type that involves: soil testing that uses an auger drill big fastened to a rod to bring the soil
to the surface. Most efficient in sand and clay because the bit is easily obstructed. It
has limited depth |
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Term
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Definition
| Boring type that involves: an intact cylindrical sample is extracted by drilling through all types of soil including bedrock. Very reliable and expensive |
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Term
Most economical
Delivers load directly to soil.
Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity. |
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Definition
Characteristics of foundation type:
Spread footing |
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Term
Very expensive
Typically it’s only used when the strata is weak,
It acts as one continuous foundation. |
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Definition
Characteristics of foundation type:
mat foundations |
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Term
holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured.
They’re basically really, really deep spread footings! |
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Definition
Characteristics of foundation type:
belled caissons |
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Term
like Belled Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into the strata.
Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces. |
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Definition
Characteristics of foundation type:
socketed caissons |
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Term
2-3x cost of spread footings.
Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata |
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Definition
Characteristics of foundation type:
end bearing piles |
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Term
Driven into softer soil.
Friction transmits the load between pile and soil. !
Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil! |
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Definition
Characteristics of foundation type:
friction pile |
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Term
3 sf
13 sf
7 sf
3 sf
5' - 0" wide min
6' - 10' wide min |
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Definition
Pedestrian circulation.
What is the area for each of the following:
area of a person
easy movement
crowd movement
no movement
sidewalks
collector walks |
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