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Professions in Health Care Unit 5 Exam
Notes over Body Structure and Health Maintenance
68
Health Care
12th Grade
10/29/2009

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Term
Anatomy

Definition

The study of the formation and structure of an organism

Term
Cytology
Definition

The study of the formation, structure, and function of cells

Term
Diffusion

Definition

The tendency of the molecules of a substance to move from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

Term
Enzymes

Definition

An organic catalyst produced by living cells but capable of acting outside cells or even in the vitro

Term
Filtration

Definition

The process of removing particles from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a membrane or other partial barrier

Term
Histocyte

Definition

A monocyte that has become a resident in tissue

Term
Histology

Definition

The study of the microscopic structure of tissue

Term
Homeostasis

Definition

The state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by the ever-changing process of feedback and regulation in response to external or internal changes

Term
Hydrostatic Pressure

Definition

The pressure of liquids in equilibrium and to the pressure exerted on liquids

Term
Metabolism

Definition

All energy and material transformations that occur within living cells; the sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism

Term
Osmosis

Definition

The passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates solutions of different concentrations

Term
Physiology

Definition

The study of the functions of the living organisms and its components and of the chemical and physical processes involved

Term
Protoplasm

Definition

A watery colloid that forms the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of cells; it is enclosed in a cell membrane that regulates exchanges of materials with the environment

Term
Cell

Definition

A mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus or nuclear material; the structural unit of all animals and plants

Term
Excretory

Definition

Pertaining to or bringing about the elimination of waste products from the body

Term
Organ

Definition

A body structure made of several tissues that all contribute to specific functions

Term
Organism

Definition

Any living thing, plant or animal

Term
Pathophysiology

Definition

The study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes.

Term
 Cell membrane 

Definition

The outer protective covering of the cell

Term
Cytoplasm

Definition

A semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus

Term
Organelles

Definition

Cell structures that help a cell to function; located in the cytoplasm

Term
Nucleus

Definition

A mass in the cytoplasm separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane; controls many cell activities.

Term
Chromatin

Definition

located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein

Term
 Genes

Definition

The structures that carry inherited characteristics

Term
Genome

Definition

The total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents

Term
Centrosome

Definition

located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus; contains two centrioles

Term
Mitochondria

Definition

rod-shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm

Term
Golgi apparatus

Definition

A stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm; produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell.

Term
Endoplasmic reticulum

Definition

A fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm. This network allows for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus, and also aids in the synthesis and storage of proteins.

Term
Vacuoles

Definition

Pouch-like structures found throughout the cytoplasm that have a vacuolar membrane with the same structure as the cell membrane.

Term
Lysosomes

Definition

Oval or round structures found throughout the cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials.

Term
Pinocytic vesicles

Definition

Pocket-like folds in the cell membrane that allow large molecules such as proteins and fats to enter the cell.

Term
Mitosis

Definition

A form of asexual reproduction where cells reproduce by dividing into two identical cells

Term
Meiosis

Definition

Process by which gametes use two separate cell divisions to produce four new cells

Term
Stem Cells

Definition

Have the ability to transform themselves into any of the body's specialized cells and perform many different functions

Term
Tissue

Definition

Formed when cells of the same type join together for a common purpose.

Term
Dehydration

Definition

Occurs if there is an insufficient amount of tissue fluid.

Term
Edema

Definition

Occurs if there is an excess amount of tissue fluid.

Term
Epithelial tissue

Definition

Covers the surface of the body and is the main tissue in the skin.

Term
Connective tissue

Definition

The supporting fabric of organs and other body parts.

Term
Nerve tissue

Definition

Made up of neurons; controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting messages throughout the body.

Term
Muscle tissue

Definition

Produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers.

Term
System
Definition

Organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function.

Term
Body Planes

Definition

Imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections.

Term
Transverse Plane
Definition

A horizontal line that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half.

Term
Superior
Definition

Body parts above other body parts

Term
Inferior
Definition

Body parts below other body parts.

Term
Cranial
Definition

Body parts located near the head

Term
Caudal
Definition

Body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal column

Term
Midsagital
Definition

Divides the body into right and left sides

Term

Medial

Definition

Body parts close to the midline

Term
Lateral
Definition

Body parts away from the midline

Term

Frontal Plane (coronal)

Definition

Divides the body into a front section and a back section.

Term
Ventral (anterior)
Definition

Body parts on the front of the body.

Term
Proximal
Definition

Body parts close to the point of reference

Term
Distal
Definition

Body parts distant from the point of reference.

Term

Body Cavities

Definition

Spaces within the body that contain vital organs

Term

Dorsal cavities

Definition

One long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body.

Term
Cranial cavity
Definition

contains the brain

Term

Spinal cavity

Definition

Contains the spinal cord.

Term
Ventral cavities
Definition

larger than the dorsal cavities; separated into two distinct cavities by the diagram

Term
Thoracic cavity
Definition

Located in the chest.

Term
Abdominal cavity
Definition

Contains the stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, appendix, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.

Term
Pelvic cavity
Definition

contains the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine.

Term
Orbital cavity
Definition

contains the eyes

Term
Nasal cavity
Definition

contains the nose

Term
Buccal cavity
Definition

Mouth.

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