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| form of project organization where all communications flow through one central party that makes all decisions |
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aka Pert chart
- like a Gantt but adds what specific tasks need to be done for each other task to start |
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formal process which encourages teamwork and helps prevent disputes,
as opposed to hub and spoke model |
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| detailed quantity take off |
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| non standard service an architect may provide for an owner, lists exact quanitty for every item of construction |
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| architect qualified to provide this non-standard service to owner; inventories quantities and applies appropriate market costs |
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architect qualified to provide this non-standard service to owner; determines real cost of building over its useful lifetime
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| macro set of building laws controlling size and shape of a building on a given site |
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| more micro set of building regulations, particularly dealing with safety |
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| two parts of zoning codes |
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| indication of what use can be located in a zone |
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| allowable size and shape of building |
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| sometimes appearance is an inclusion of zoning |
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| the most area and best envelope configuration allowed by zoning codes |
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| tended to be more performance based and less perscriptive |
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| construction classification |
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| terms set out by building codes |
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| occupancy, assembly, storage, fireproofing, means of egress, max dead-end length |
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| determined by building codes |
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| requirements in suburban areas on top of codes and zoning; typically mindful of access, density, layout, sewate, utilities, water supply |
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| either advisory or mandatory laws, or incentives, which respect historical structures |
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| required by sellers of purchasers before zoning and building codes existed |
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| waiver to as-of-right zoning |
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| means of changing the profession |
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- teach architects added value
- improve professional education
- retake leadership in construction industry
- remake construction industry
- forge new relations
- sell ideas not time
-quantify value of better design |
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| defined what a profession is |
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- involves complex store of knowledge
- intellectural enterprise
- applies theoretical knowledge to problem sovle
- strives to add to stock of knowledge
- passes knowledge to novices
- organizes in peer reviews |
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| what you are allowed to call yourself |
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| what you are allowed to do |
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| required to earn license in most states |
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- prof degree from accredited school
- intern hours (practical experience)
- series of exams (AREs)
- assuring good character |
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| - intergrity, usefulness, reliability |
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| owners, design-professionals, constructors |
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| private client who build for themself |
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| private client who builds for someone else |
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- named for Jack Brook's from Texas
- passed by congress in 1970
- mandates architectures be selected for design quality and then fair price is assigned
(as opposed to granting job to arch with lowest bid) |
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| said "get the client not the project" |
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| two main functions of architects |
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| creators and construction administrators |
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| firms partnerting for project |
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| architectural trade specializations |
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| curtain wall, vertical transporation, roofing consultation |
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| consultants providing assistance with complexities of regulation |
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| building department, regulatory agency, expediting consultants, zoning or land-use attornies |
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| primary party in constructing |
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| traditional format of building |
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| negotiating money/job transaction |
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| loan with property as collateral |
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| loan that is paid out during construction process |
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| loan that is paid when construction is completed (mortgage) |
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| judges value of a property |
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| bank takes over ownership of property |
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| lender requires owner to put up some eprsonal funds |
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| should be that property value is greater than loan; otherwise, "underwater" |
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| issued by bank for permanent loan, promising upon agreed upon amount when project is complete |
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| hired by owners to help find funding on most favorable terms and of best rates |
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| aggreaation of banks and groups of mortagages |
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| hired when owner does not have in-house expertise to administer a large construction project |
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| independent testing organization |
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| Underwriter's Laboratory or US Bureua of Standards... testing of materials before they come into marketplace |
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| "get the project get the project get the project" |
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- know yourself
- learn about marketplace
- market your services (editorial coverage and paid advertising) |
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| standardized gov't form used to by architects in response to RFP |
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| process by insurance carrier to determine cost of carrying risk |
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| multi peril business owner's policy |
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| commerical general liability insurance |
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| business interruption insurance |
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| insurance for if business is prevented from continueing |
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| contractor's insurance & project insurance |
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| professional liability insurance |
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Definition
| covers claims. Also sometimes known as E&O insurance |
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| insurance company picks up when claim is made (this is the case for architecture, as oppsosed to occurence based) |
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| claims-made basis covers services you performed the current policy period |
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| three ways of incurring legal obligations |
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| contract, statues, common law |
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| architects act in professional manner and how a reasonably prudent archtiect would act under same circumstances |
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| to be successful in lawsuit, four things |
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Definition
| duty, breach, cause, damage |
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| construction claims, two kinds |
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| design errors, construction errors |
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| one party agrees to pay for liabilites of another (transfer of liability and acceptance of risk) |
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it is illegal to
- fix prices
- boycott competitor
- allocate business |
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| profit and loss statement |
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Definition
- like a movie
- income and expense statment
- income: fees, reimbursable expenses, rental income, investment income
- expense: salaries, consultant fees, rent, phone, equipment lease, insurance, delivery |
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| direct and indirect expenses |
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Definition
direct: attributable to specific project
indirectL costs of running office |
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| - income or expense considered as obligation occurs |
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| income or expense considered when actual transaction occurs |
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| assets and liability statment |
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-snap shot, determines net worth
assets: cash in bank, accounts receiable, equipment, real estate
liabilities: AP, loans, taxed |
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| when construction begins before drawings are done, contractor adds OH to architect to be reimbursed |
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| architect has contractor do work to max price on cost-plus basis |
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| valued to start a practice |
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| expertise, experience, execution |
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| company owned by its stockholders |
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| limited liability partnership/ corporation |
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| shield owners from liabilites of business nature but not from professional wrongdoing |
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| horizontal project organization... design, production, field |
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| vertical project organization... beginning to end |
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| -combines departmental and project methods of organization |
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| sole prime general contract |
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| owner retains one contractor to do all work |
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| owner has direct contracts with several different contractors |
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| scope of work, schedule, money, risk |
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| alternative to design-bid-build; owner hires CM; CM bids to contractors (but pure CM does not sign agreements with subs; does not actually hold contracts) |
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| when CM is not pure and signs contracts with subs; takes on a degree of risk |
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| greater fee because of additional complexities |
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| essentially reduce three parties to two (owner diesng and buids) |
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| variation on design build. owner hires design architect for schematic but does evertyhing else |
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| owner (usually developer) is also constructor; often hire architects but supervise all construction and act as GC but hire subs |
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rarest method
- most famous John Portman |
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| agreement between owner and architect |
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| architect's general services |
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Definition
- administer project
- consult regularly with owner
- research issues
- consider alternatives in design, material, systems and equipment |
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Definition
| above standard services for architect, requires additional fees |
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| design phasses of architecture services |
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Definition
- schematic design
- design development
- construction documents |
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Term
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Definition
| - energy audits, sustainability considerations, security designm indoor air quality concerns |
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- prepare outline specification (scope of work)
- review project schedule
- prepare statement of probable cost ( |
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| statement of probable cost |
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Definition
- part of schematic design pase:
estimate based on unit cost (per sq ft) add percent for escalation, design contingency, construction contingency |
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revision of schematic in more detail;
get client to sign drawings and schedules |
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| produce working drawings and prject manual |
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ASMEPS
architectural structural mechanical electrical plumbing sprinkler
plan elevation section detail (most general to most specific) |
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Definition
first part of project manual includes all business parts of agreement and contracts
invitation to bid letter, instructions to bidders (AIA A-701), bid form, form of contract, general conditions (AIA A-201), supplementary conditions (riders), unit prices, alternates, allowances, phasing requirements, general notes |
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| General Conditions of the Contract |
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- back end of project manual
- follow order of CSI
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| two ways to specify work in project manual |
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Definition
| prescriptive and performance |
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| technical section of project manual includesscope, related work, reference standards, submittals, warranties and guarentees, products, labor, execution |
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| detail drawings prepared by subs for all custom-made portions of the job, such as cabinet work adn duct work |
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| part of technical section of project manual. can include shop drawings, samples, schedules, cuts |
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General Conditions
- come with one year warranty from contractor |
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| advertising bidding process publicly (for instance, in gov't jobs) |
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| list of qualified appropriate bidders put togeher |
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Definition
schematic design
design dvlpt
construction documents
bidding and negotiations
contract adminsitration |
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Definition
| after CD phase; put out bids to contractors and subs |
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time between sending bidding documents and when bids are due
- architect aranges site visits fo contractors |
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| - architect periodically prepares aswers to questions sent during bid period |
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| once bids are opened, prepared by architect to help level bids for owners... compare on spreadsheet |
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| submitted by contractor with bid, obtained from insurance company; if contractor dosn't get bid insurance company pays difference between bid and next lowest bid |
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Definition
| contractor submits certified cheque with bid; if contractor fails to enter in agreement, owner gets security |
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last of five phases; 20% of arch's fee, but usually longest
- must not show favoritism as oversses contract between owners and contractors |
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| - at signing of owner/ contractor agreemen, each get three complete sets of these (working drawings, project manual, bid addenda, contract itself, ammendments or riders) |
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| when all contractor's obligations to owner are met |
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| occupancy allowed but punchlist not quite complete |
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| made by architect periodically to see contract work go done. |
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| - full time on site representative from architects office |
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| made by architect usually at time of substantial completion or final |
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| architects cannot satisfy state requirements for this. |
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| construction means and methods |
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| constructor's repsonsibilites; can do however they would like |
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| must be clearly stated in O/A agreement and O/C agreement so all parties have mutually agreed to standards |
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| important function of architect during construction |
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| shows submittals required, when sent, what action taken, etc. |
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| questions during construction sent by contractors, sent in writing and architect should answer in writing |
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| if RFI needs change, architect prepares this and gives to contractor |
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| contractor determines if NPC means difference in cost, presents to architect |
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| requisition for payment, prepared periodically by contractor... requisitiuoin certificate and continuation sheet... saying how CO changed sum |
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| fixed per cent of amunt due |
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AIA G701
AIA G702 Continuation Sheet |
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Definition
| values totalled by contractor, for requisition for payments |
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| all items of uncompleted or incorrectly done work |
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| guarentees, warranties, final waivers of liens |
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| traditional fee arragnments (3) |
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Definition
percentage of construction
fixed fee
time charges |
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Definition
| architects charge for limited services (for fairness, unlike buffet0 |
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Definition
| schematic design, design development, construction documents, bidding and negotiation, contract management |
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| changes in scope of services |
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Definition
| services architect is qualified but not expected to perform |
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| full amount paid to contractor, including changes and extras, but not architect and engineers fees, cost of land, any loans |
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| cost for contractor, architects, engineers, land, loans |
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set fee for defined amount of service
highly predictable but low level of flexibility |
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architect charges client on hourly basis
direct personal expense + OH + profit |
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form of charing fee for experienced architects,
mandatory plus customary benefits |
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| required for contract provisions |
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Definition
out of pocket expenses that architect pays to others for items relating to performing professional services
not included in fees |
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| important parameters of project listed at beginning |
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Definition
| parties, project description, budget, schedule, consultants |
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Definition
sketches, drawings, project manural, work products done by architect
owner pays and gets right to use all these documents but not to own them |
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Definition
both parties meet with mediator set up by AAA, build compromise
nonbinding: if both sides don't agree, can be appealed |
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| one party (suaully owner) cannot sue other two parties together |
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| indirect losses resulting from wrongdoing by one party |
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| accompanies signing of O/A agreement; allows architect to work at beginning on owner's capital; serves as protection |
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Owner/ contractor agreement
stipulated sum sole prime general contract
work is clearly defined and done for fixed, adeed-upon sum |
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Definition
Owner/ Architect agreement
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General Conditions
stipulated sum sole prime general contract
work is clearly defined and done for fixed, adeed-upon sum
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Definition
| - names, addresses of parties, description of project, speial terms, list of documents, |
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| in general coniditons (A201) what should be done if someone doesn't do as they were supposed to |
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Definition
when a contractor is expected to do something that is not normall expected
(ahem...) |
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Definition
| labor, materials, supervisions by competant superintendant, managment, direction to complete all work including mean and methods |
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Definition
| prior notice needed if before execution of agreement between O and C, it is expected some work will need to be done outside terms of agreement (or diff't people) |
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| developed field conditions or unforeseen field conditions |
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Definition
- provide CSKs
- PCO
- CO
CCD - construction change directive, gets signed off on by arch and owner |
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Definition
| period in which contractor must finish work |
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| if contractor fails to meet contract time period, must pay predetermined amount (or have deducted) |
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| as ooposed to contract time/ liquidated damages model, award or penalization of set amount per day for before or after final date |
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| acts of god, or anything outside control which extends contract period |
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| breakdown of contract sum; bid breakdown, agreed upon at start |
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Definition
| 10 percent of each item held by owner until completion of project |
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| certificate of final completeion |
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Definition
| issued by architect at end of project |
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Definition
| architect produces this between owner and contractor by adjusting final sum for continguencies |
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| covers workers hurt on job |
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| bonds purchased from insurance companies can cover some risks to owners |
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| claim field to owner by contractor/subs if something happens to project that disallows end (ie. bankruptcy) |
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| variety of issues that do not deserve their own section in general conditions |
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