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| common behaviors that guide society |
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| Rules that make society better |
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| Written down laws agreed upon by society |
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| whether in succession or not |
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| An act designed to repay (as an injury) in kind, or to return like for like, especially to get revenge |
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| An often-prolonged series of retaliatory, vengeful,or hostile acts or exchange of such acts |
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| You can do as you please, you make your own decisions in life, not destiny |
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| The european word meaning "lex salica" (the custom of atonement for wrongs against a victim by payment to appease the vitim's family) |
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| administration of punishment became the responsibility of the king |
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| The act of repaying in kind, such as " an eye for an eye" |
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| Any physical pain inflicted short of death; common methods include crucifixion, whipping, torture, mutilation, branding, and caning |
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| A philosophic movement of the 18th century marked by a rejection of traditional social, religious, and political ideas and an emphasis on rationalism |
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| An essay of crimes and punishment |
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| Written by Cesar Beccaria, was first to transition the thinking from punishment to corrections for offenders |
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| the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings |
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| jeremy bentham's argument that the main objective of an intelligent person is to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain; it was believed that an individual's behavior could be influenced in a scientific manner. |
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| First penitentiary created in philadelphia by the quakers |
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| Montesquie and voltaire challenged the "elite notions of law", human flaws, punishment moderated as much as possible. |
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| Wrote "an essay on crimes and punishment"(1764) Beccaria's argument was punishments should serve the greatest good for the greatest #of people, crime is an injury to society |
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| "hedonistic calculus" to reform a man, we must maximize pleasure over pain as much as possible. Inprisonment should stress discipline not pain. |
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| Prior to penn's arrival, american colonies corporal and capital punishment dominated (english model) Penn's quakers beliefs brought the concept of more humanitarian treatment that laid the foundation for the penitentiary |
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| the system of prison discipline using isolation or solitary confinement with both a work requirement and moral and religious instruction |
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| Prison model consisting of small individual cells, large work areas for group labor, and enforced silence |
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| An instituion for younger offenders that requires education and training, conditional release, and potential revocation of parole |
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| Was a hybrid of pennsylvania and auburn models. Elmira was comprable to a college campus. Taught education, vocational training, and rehabilitation |
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| Post-civil war prisons: the south |
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| the "new slaves" states tried to compensate by "leasing out" prisoners to companies. South's agrarian economy exploited cheap labor |
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| Any penal instituation whose main objective is the use of inmate labor to produce marketable products for prison profit |
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| The passage of the Hawes-Cooper Convict Labor Act in 1929 allowed states to remove the interstate commerce nature of prison-made goods and to prohibit the sale of such goods in their state, even if the goods were produced in another state. |
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| a United States Act of Congress that made it unlawful to knowingly transport in interstate or foreign commerce goods made by convict labor. |
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| over 2 million people currently incarerated in U.S. prisons. |
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| Body of ideas and practices that pertain to the processing of offenders as determined by law orrectional ideologies in the u.s. |
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| the dispensing or receiving of reward or punishment especially in the hereafter |
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| The hope that a criminal sanction will stop potential offenders by inflicting suffering on actual offenders |
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| Consequences of mass inprisonment |
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| over-crowding in prisons, burden on tax payers. |
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| which provided guidelines for ensuring that similar crimes received similar punishments, Congress also enacted mandatory minimum sentences for certain crimes and drastically increased punishments for repeat offenders |
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