Term
| What was the name of the first mechanical engine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is the largest producer of coal? How much coal do they produce? What percent of the world total do the produce |
|
Definition
The US produces 1 billion tons of coal each
year (35% of world total, #1 producer) |
|
|
Term
| How much coal does each US citizen use? |
|
Definition
Each person in the US uses 7,500 lbs. of coal
each year |
|
|
Term
| How many years of coal does the United States have? |
|
Definition
The US has at least 200 years worth of coal
(around 300 billion tons) |
|
|
Term
What is coal's energy density (provide megajoules/kg and watts/kg)? How much of this energy is converted to electricity? |
|
Definition
Coal has an energy density of 24 magajoules/kg or 6.67 watts/kg. 30% of coal is converted to energy, the rest is lost to heat. |
|
|
Term
| What is more energy dense than coal? Why is this? |
|
Definition
| Oil is more dense in terms of energy. Hydrogen content accounts for the higher energy density of oil. |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of coal? What is the composition of oil? |
|
Definition
Coal is mainly composed of dead plants,
whereas oil is dead animal matter |
|
|
Term
| What is coal mainly composed of? What is oil mainly composed of? |
|
Definition
| Coal is mainly composed of dead plants, whereas oil is dead animal matter |
|
|
Term
| What is today's oil largely formed from |
|
Definition
| today’s oil formed from a mix of algae and plankton |
|
|
Term
Where and when was the first commercial oil well drilled in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What caused a slump in the oil industry in the 1880s? |
|
Definition
The invention of the lightbulb. |
|
|
Term
| What revived interest in oil? |
|
Definition
| The invention of the first car in 1885. |
|
|
Term
| Which oil geyser started the oil boom in the US? Where and when was it found? |
|
Definition
| The geyser that started the oil boom was called Lucas Geyser. It was found in Spindletop, TX in 1901. |
|
|
Term
| What method did Standard Oil use to control both production and distribution of oil? By 1890 how much of US oil flow did the control? |
|
Definition
| They used vertical integration. They came to control 90% by 1890. |
|
|
Term
| What governmental act broke up Standard Oil? How many companies did it dissolve into? Who were among the companies created? |
|
Definition
| The Sherman Anti-Trust Act broke up Standard. It dissolved into 34 companies. ExxonMobil and Chevron are two notable companies that came out of this. |
|
|
Term
| How does the US rank in terms of consumption, production and importation of oil? |
|
Definition
#3 producer
#1 consumer
#1 importer |
|
|
Term
| How much oil does the world produce per day? Per year? |
|
Definition
The world currently produces 83 million
barrels/day. 30 billion barrels/year |
|
|
Term
| How much oil does the US consume? |
|
Definition
| US uses approx. 8 billion/year, around 25% of world consumption? |
|
|
Term
How much oil is left in proven reserves? How much oil is left in unproven reserves? |
|
Definition
1.7 trillion barrels are left in proven reserves. The USGS believes there are 900 billion in unproven reserves. |
|
|
Term
| How big are Saudi Arabia's oil reserves in terms of billions of barrels of oil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did M. King Hubbert predict US oil reserves would peak? When did he predict world reserves would peak? |
|
Definition
He predicted US peak to occur in 1970. He predicted world peak to occur in
late 1990s. |
|
|
Term
How much oil does the Ghawar oil reserve produce? What percent of the world total of production does the Ghawar reserve account for? |
|
Definition
It produces 4.5 million barrels/day. Ghawar produces approx. 6% of world total. |
|
|
Term
| Has Ghawar peaked, if so, when? |
|
Definition
| Some speculate Ghawar peaked in 2008. Currently 1/2 of what is pumped out of Ghawar is water (Ryan's notes say 1/2, EEO say 30%, EEO is 2 years old however). |
|
|
Term
| Name three other major fields and when they peaked. |
|
Definition
Cantarell field in Mexico hit its peak in 2004 Burgan field in Kuwait hit its peak in 2005
Da Qing in China passed its peak decades ago |
|
|
Term
How much of the world's oil reserves are controlled National Oil Companies? Who are the key countries with NOCs? |
|
Definition
79% of global oil is controlled by NOCs. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia,
Venezuela (countries with whom we have divergent views) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is an oil alliance in the
Caribbean since 2005 where Venezuela agrees to sell cheap oil to its poor neighbors (25 year financing at one percent). |
|
|
Term
| What are petrol relations like between the US and Venezuela? |
|
Definition
| Venezuela regularly threatens to limit production to US |
|
|
Term
How much petroleum is currently used in the United States; of that how much is produced domestically and how much is foreign? Based on this ratio what is the trade deficit? |
|
Definition
Current petroleum use in US is 20 million barrels/day. 8 million produced domestically, 12 imported. At current price of oil ($70 per barrel), that’s a
trade deficit of $300-400 billion |
|
|
Term
| What percent of US GDP is spent buying foreign oil? |
|
Definition
4% of total output of US ($14 trillion/year) is
spent buying foreign oil. |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect fuel costs? |
|
Definition
changes in the price of crude (supply and demand, “futures” speculation) and government regulations
(fuel specifications, taxes, additives) |
|
|
Term
| What is the record price of oil? When was it hit? What was it a result of? |
|
Definition
| On July 11, 2008, oil prices rose to a new record of $147.27 following concern over recent Iranian missile tests |
|
|
Term
| How many of the 7 last recessions have been directly preceded by a spike in oil prices? |
|
Definition
| 6 of the 7 last recessions have been directly preceded by a spike in oil prices? |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main elements of petroleum geopolitics: |
|
Definition
• Preponderant role of the US (pg. 94)
• Increasingly, oil will exist mainly in the Middle
East (pg. 95)
• Price has an enormous effect on the destinies of
national economies (pg. 97)
• manipulation, oil weapon, overall stability |
|
|
Term
| What does a cartel accomplish? |
|
Definition
• total industry output
• price fixing
• “collusion” |
|
|
Term
| What is the hope of the cartel? What IR tool does this relate to? |
|
Definition
Hope is to cooperate together, thereby do away with
competition. It relates to the prisoners dilemma. |
|
|
Term
| How many countries is OPEC composed of and when did they come together? How much of the reserves did they control? |
|
Definition
13 countries come together in 1965, agree to
host regular meetings among oil ministers, at its formation, controlled 53% of oil
reserves |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of OPEC? |
|
Definition
• give oil producing countries power over the
price (diminish power of oil companies)
• to safeguard the organization’s interests,
individually and collectively
• ensure price stability (need to eliminate
harmful and unnecessary price fluctuations) |
|
|
Term
| What 13 countries comprise OPEC? |
|
Definition
| Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Indonesia, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, United Arab Emirates |
|
|
Term
| What are the similar interests of oil producers and consumers? |
|
Definition
• price cannot be so low as to threaten the
revenue of producing states
• price cannot be so high as to threaten the
economies of consuming states •reference pg. 107, 100 in EEO |
|
|
Term
| What does the Carter Doctrine state? |
|
Definition
“Any attempt by an outside force to gain control of the
Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the US, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force.” Similar to the Monroe Doctrine |
|
|
Term
| Which President said that they would use force to protect Saudi Arabia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are two modern instances of the American foreign poicy that seek to secure oil? |
|
Definition
| The Bush Doctrine, PNAC (Project for a New American Century). |
|
|
Term
| When was National Directive 26 signed? What does it state? |
|
Definition
It was signed on 10/2/1989, by George HW Bush. It states that “Access to Persian Gulf oil and the security of key friendly states in the area are vital to US national security." Also, “Normal relations between the US and Iraq would serve our longer term interests and promote stability in both the Persian Gulf and the
Middle East” |
|
|
Term
| What factors precipitated Saddam's power grab? |
|
Definition
Iraq $80 billion in debt from 8 year war with Iran
(1980-1988)
Power-vacuum in the ME at the time, no regional hegemon
Iraq’s Saddam Hussein wanted to fill this vacuum |
|
|
Term
| What Iraqi action garnered US concern? |
|
Definition
Iraqi troops positioned on Saudi border to intimidate
Arab neighbors. |
|
|
Term
| What was the US and UN response? |
|
Definition
• Iraqi assets frozen in Western countries and Japan
• Western boycott on Iraqi oil
• U.S. sets in motion Operation Desert Shield
• UN gives Saddam deadline of January 15, 1991 to
withdraw or Iraq would be ejected by force
• Also, US does not want to allow Iraq to become a
regional hegemon
• US plays role of “balancer of last resort” pg. 106 EEO |
|
|
Term
| Where is the possible "new" oil war? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Briefly explain photosynthesis. What is sugar in terms of energy storage? |
|
Definition
• H2O + CO2 --> carbohydrate and
oxygen
• sugar is a solar energy storage system
(pg.69) |
|
|
Term
| How long did it take us to burn through the Earth's energy? |
|
Definition
| we’ve burned through in 200 years what it took the Earth hundreds of millions of years to create. |
|
|
Term
| Is hydrogen a natural resource? |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen is not a “natural resource," rather, it’s an energy carrier that must be generated from another fuel source. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• A hydrogen production economy would have to be
built from scratch
• Making hydrogen uses more energy than it yields, so
it’s prohibitively inefficient
• Hydrogen can’t be distributed in existing pipelines
• Hydrogen is too unstable to be used in cars
• Hydrogen is too expensive to compete with gasoline |
|
|
Term
| According to DOE what percent of hydrogen is produced by LNG,oil, and coal? |
|
Definition
48% of hydrogen produced from
natural gas, 30% from oil, 18% from coal |
|
|
Term
| Does a hydrogen production base exist in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 pros to using hydrogen as a fuel? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen has the best
energy to weight ratio of
any fuel
• Hydrogen CAN be
produced locally
• Electrolysis of water is
completely clean
• Only byproduct from fuel
cells is water |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 cons to using hydrogen? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen has a poor energy
to volume ratio
• “Cleanness” of fuel cells
offset by the fossil fuels
needed to produce hydrogen
• Difficult to handle, store, and
transport
• Battery electric vehicles are
far more efficient |
|
|
Term
| What are the potential bridge fuel that Ryan cites in his lecture notes? How much of energy do they currently supply in the US? |
|
Definition
| Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Currently, gas provides 30% of US electricity supply (and increasing every year, 50% by 2020) |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 benefits to using natural gas? |
|
Definition
• NG is more profitable and reliable investment for
oil companies
• burns about 50% cleaner than coal and oil (fewer
CO2 emissions)
• contains more hydrogen and less carbon than
both coal and oil
• versatile (can be used in automobiles and power
plants with little refinement) |
|
|
Term
| What are the downsides to LNG? |
|
Definition
• most gas fields are far from energy markets (a
stranded asset)
• harder to transport gas (LNG must be kept cold)
• must liquify, transport cold, and regasify
• Political problems
• over 50% of all gas reserves exist in Russia and
Iran
• Russia (Putin, in particular) very threatening about
US invasions into the Caspian Sea region |
|
|
Term
| How does hydrogen work? How effecient is it? |
|
Definition
• Hydrogen and Oxygen bind to form water
• this process releases an electrical charge
• 3 times more efficient than ICE
• No moving parts
• Proton Exchange Membrane
• separates protons from electrons |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the benefits of gasoline hybrids? |
|
Definition
Gets much of its energy from the
electrical grid
• The cost for electricity to power
these cars is about one-fourth
that of gas
• gasoline only used when the
batteries have run out
• Offers a workable compromise
between electric and gas power |
|
|
Term
| What is the energy profile (what sources does our energy come from) of the US? |
|
Definition
| 36% oil, 26% coal, 23% gas, 9% renewable (nuclear, hydro, solar, wind (hydro is the biggest)), 6% wood, peat, charcoal, manure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses the heat generated by the earth’s core to turn turbines. 1-2 miles deep. Virtually impossible to deplete. |
|
|
Term
| How much of the nation's geothermal energy is prodcued in California? What percent of the total amount of energy in the US does geothermal constitute? |
|
Definition
| 90% of geothermal is produced in California. Only 1% of the US' energy comes from geothermal. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of Iceland's energy is clean? Of this, what percent is geothermal and what is hydroelectric? |
|
Definition
| 99% of Icelands energy is clean. Of this 25% is geothermal and 75% is hydro. |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 pros of geothermal? |
|
Definition
✦ always on
✦ energy output
unaffected by weather
✦ you could have a small
one in your back yard
✦ maintenance is low,
simple design
✦ renewed by the earth’s
core |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 cons of geothermal? |
|
Definition
✦ mass production only
available in rare spots
✦ production output is
capped, small compared
to societal demands
✦ “only 2% of global
electricity by 2020” |
|
|
Term
| Who leads in PhotoVoltaic technology? |
|
Definition
Leaders in PV: Germany,
Japan, and the USA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cons of solar? |
|
Definition
✦ currently, very costly up
front cost (3x NG, 4x
nuclear)
✦ unpredictable, affected by
weather
✦ mass production only
available in rare spots
✦ production output is capped
✦ low power density per land |
|
|
Term
| What renewable technology has the US been investing heavily in? |
|
Definition
✦ US is putting more wind
capacity online than we are
adding gas-fired plants
✦ pg. 200 EEO |
|
|
Term
| List some pros about wind power. |
|
Definition
✦ never runs out
✦ pollution free
✦ decentralized
✦ you could have one in
your back yard
✦ maintenance is low,
simple design |
|
|
Term
| What are some cons about wind power? |
|
Definition
✦ amount of electricity
output can’t be predicted
✦ production dependent
on the weather
✦ low power density per
land |
|
|
Term
| What is the effeciency resource? |
|
Definition
✦ The amount of energy we can save by
conservation is greater than the amount of
energy sitting beneath the US (pg.215 EEO)
✦ known as the “efficiency resource” Also see p. 212 EEO |
|
|
Term
| What is the IPCC? When was it created? |
|
Definition
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, created in 1988. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It doesn't conduct research. it assesses the professional, scholarly literature being published on climate change reports that info to the UN several “working groups” |
|
|
Term
| What is the Greenhouse effect? |
|
Definition
Certain gasses in the atmosphere (greenhouse gases) trap heat in the lower atmosphere. Water vapor is the most abundant GG the warmer the earth is, more evaporation, more water in the air,
responsible for up to 70% of the greenhouse effect, this causes the earth to retain heat (a necessary function, +33F overall) |
|
|
Term
| What were the atmospheric CO2 levels before 1500? What is the current level? What is the "danger" level? |
|
Definition
Before 1500, atmospheric CO2 was
around 270ppm, it is currently 385ppm, the danger threshold is 450ppm. |
|
|
Term
| What is concept of least cost approach? |
|
Definition
| It is the idea that there is a greater utility per dollar in developing countries i.e. we can do simple cost effective solutions with high yield improvements. |
|
|
Term
| How much have global temperatures risen? |
|
Definition
| Global temps rose by nearly 1 degree C in the 20th century |
|
|
Term
| What have been the recent trends in climate change? |
|
Definition
| average for last 5 decades was .13C per decade, twice the average for the previous 10 decades. |
|
|
Term
| What does the IPCC project for rising global temperatures? |
|
Definition
According to IPCC, global temps will rise
anywhere from 1 to 6 degrees in 21st
century |
|
|
Term
| How much have sea levels been rising by each year? |
|
Definition
| They have been rising about 2mm/year for last 100 years. Rising by more each year (3.1mm in 2003). |
|
|
Term
As a result of rising sea levels what problem is expected to arise in Africa? |
|
Definition
Invasion of fresh water reservoirs by salt
water (water scarcity in Africa) |
|
|
Term
| As a consequence of disrupted weather patterns what can we expect to see meteorologically? |
|
Definition
increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events flooding and drought both increasing desertification, agriculture disrupted, famine. (very relevant to the broad picture) |
|
|
Term
| When was the Kyoto protocol established? How many countries ratified it? When did the US pull out? |
|
Definition
| The treaty was created by UN bodies, originally laid out in 1992 and ratified by 183 countries, US pulled out 2001. |
|
|
Term
| What did the Protocol attempt to acheive? |
|
Definition
| Sought to establish legally binding commitments from countries to cap carbon emission freeze emissions at their 1990 levels |
|
|
Term
| When was the peak of population growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the population expected to be by 2025? |
|
Definition
By 2025, approximately 8 billion
people |
|
|
Term
| Relative to historical figures, how many resources have we consumed since 1950? |
|
Definition
| More than all of history combined! |
|
|
Term
| What is the demographic-economic paradox? |
|
Definition
| The lower a country's GDP the higher its total fertility rate. |
|
|
Term
Why are poor countries growing faster than
rich ones? |
|
Definition
✦ traditional farming societies
✦ availability of contraception
✦ lower child mortality in rich countries
✦ social security systems in richer countries
✦ postmodernity |
|
|
Term
| What was Thomas Malthus' essay entitled and what was his concept? |
|
Definition
| In 1798, publishes “An Essay on the Principle of Population” an essay that posited that there is a carrying capacity, a threshold where the land can no longer sustain the number of people. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Malthusian trap? |
|
Definition
Populations grow at exponential rates, while food
supply grows at linear rates |
|
|
Term
| What are the expected results of the Malthusian Trap? |
|
Definition
✦ high infant mortality
✦ widespread malnutrition and
famine
✦ widespread disease (even
preventable diseases)
✦ political turmoil, war |
|
|
Term
| List some current famines |
|
Definition
✦ Sudan/Darfur (since early 2000s, 100s of 1,000s at risk)
✦ Malawi (since early 2000s, 1000s at risk of starvation)
✦ Niger (since 2005, 3 million at risk)
✦ Myanmar (cyclone Nargis in 2008, 80,000 dead, 1,000s at risk)
✦ North Korea (since mid-1990s, 3 million dead)
✦ Afghanistan (since early 1990s, millions at risk)
✦ East Africa (severe drought since 2000, millions at risk)
✦ Tajikistan (severe drought, 6 million at risk) |
|
|
Term
| What is the green revolution? What facilitated it? |
|
Definition
Green Revolution allowed food production to
outpace population growth (for a brief period). Between 1940 and 1960, agricultural production shot up dramatically (around 250% worldwide) Facilitated by; production of pesticides and new heartier strains of plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
✦ Every 3.6 seconds, a human dies due to starvation
✦ 11 million children younger than 5 die from starvation
per year
✦ 300 million children critically threatened by chronic
hunger and starvation (800 million people total)
✦ 90% suffer from long-term malnourishment
✦ 8% victims of famine
✦ 40% of Africans are malnourished
✦ 80% of malnourished children live in India, Pakistan, and
Bangladesh |
|
|
Term
| How have food prices behaved in the last three years? |
|
Definition
Food prices on the int’l markets have
more than doubled in the past 3 years
✦ Rice: up 217%
✦ Wheat: up 135%
✦ Maize: up 125%
✦ Soybeans: up 107% |
|
|
Term
| Why have food prices increased? |
|
Definition
✦ unseasonable droughts leading to poor harvests
✦ rising oil prices (fertilizer, transport costs)
✦ increasing use of biofuels in OECD
✦ increasing demand for meat in Asia
✦ falling world stockpiles and supply |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tragedy of the Commons? How does it relate to IR |
|
Definition
✦ “Common pool resources” get over-consumed
✦ most rational action for an individual is
to consume as much as possible
✦ Connection to Prisoner’s Dilemma: self-interest leads to communally bad
outcomes. |
|
|
Term
| What are some coercive techniques for intervention and changing the behavior of a government? |
|
Definition
diplomatic pressure
economic pressure
military pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the consensus on internvention in the US? |
|
Definition
| generally agreed in US that a policy of total nonintervention is unrealistic |
|
|
Term
| What is the liberal position on intervention? |
|
Definition
Commitment to combat aggression around the world Wherever US “core values” are threatened, US should act |
|
|
Term
| What is the Realist position on intervention? |
|
Definition
| Not the responsibility of the US to stop abuses committed inside other countries military was built for to defend US national security, not US core values around the world |
|
|
Term
| Namer three recent US interventions |
|
Definition
Somalia 1992-93
Bosnia 1995
Kosovo 1999 |
|
|
Term
| When did violence start in Sudan? To date, how many have been killed and how many have been displaced? |
|
Definition
| Violence started in February 2003. To date, approximately 250,000 killed, 3 million displaced |
|
|
Term
| Has the UN called Darfur a genocide? |
|
Definition
| No. But the US Congress has. |
|
|
Term
| How does the UN define genocide? |
|
Definition
“the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial,
or religious group”
systematic and intentional
state-supported Note: The UN must act once a conflict has been defined as geocide. |
|
|
Term
| What document came out of the 30 years war? What does it protect/establish? |
|
Definition
| The Treaty of Westphalia came out of the 30 years war and it protects states' sovereignty. |
|
|
Term
| What does sovereignty accomplish? |
|
Definition
| Sovereignty was an agreement to keep out of the domestic affairs of each principality/country. Leaders determined their countries religion. Non-interference into other states internal politics |
|
|
Term
| Human rights violations imply breaking sovereignty. How can we justify this? |
|
Definition
philosophical dimensions of the problem
human rights?
who will be sent?
replace the Sudanese government? |
|
|
