Term
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Definition
| chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Chronic inflammation causes an increase in airway hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night or in the early morning. |
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Term
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Definition
| severe, life-threatening asthma attack that is refractory to usual treatment and places the patient at risk fpr developing respiratory failure.Causes: viral illnesses, ingestions of aspirin or other NSAID's, emotional stress, increase in environmental pollutants or other allergen exposure, abrupt discontinuation of drug therapy (corticosteroids), abuse of aerosol medication, and ingestion of B-adrenergic blockers. |
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Term
| persistent or progressive CO2 retention >42 to 45 mmHg; clinical detioration indicated by fatigue; declining mental activity, such as hypersomnolence; hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mm Hg) despite supplemental oxygen; and cardiopulmonary arrest. |
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Definition
| indications of mechanical ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| small, handheld, pressurized devices that deliver a measured dose of drug with each activiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| suppress inflammatory response, are the most potent and effective antiinflammatory medication currently available to treat asthma. Inhaled is preferred for long term care of asthma. Systemic is to gain prompt control of asthma exacerbations and to manage severe persistent asthma. |
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Term
| Side effects of inhaled corticosteroids |
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Definition
| oropharnygeal candidiasis, hoarseness, and dry cough (these problems can be reduced or prevented by using a spacer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cromolyn (Intal) and nedocromil (Tilade) nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs inhibit the IgE-mediated release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and suppress other inflammatory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| leukotriene receptor blockers (zafirlukast [accolate], monelukast [Singulair]) and leukotriene synthesis inhibitors (zileuton [Zyflo]) they interfere with the synthesis or block the action of leukotrienes.(leukotrienes cause inflammation?) Only administered orally. |
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Term
| Monoclonal Antibody to IgE |
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Definition
| Omalizumab [xolair] decreases circulating free IgE levels. prevents IgE from attaching to mast cells, thus preventing the release of chemical mediators. (If moderate to severe asthma cannot be controlled by just corticosteroids alone) |
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Term
| B2-Adrenergic Agonist Drugs |
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Definition
| short acting inhaled are the most effective drugs for relieving acute bronchospasm. Used for acute exercerbations of asthma. Ex: albuterol (proventil and Ventolin), metaproterenol (Alupent), bitolterol (Tornalate), and pirbuterol (Maxair). Effective within minutes for 4-8 hours. Produce bronchodilation. |
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Term
| Methylxanthines (Theophyline) |
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Definition
| less effective long term control bronchodilators than B2-adrenergic agonists. Alleviates the early phase of asthma attacks and the bronchostrictive component of the late phase asthmatic response. (however has little or no effect on bronchial hyperresponsiveness.) Interacts with other drugs and has major side effects: Nausea, HA, GI distress, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, insomnia and seizures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ipratropium [Atrovent] block the bronchoconstricting influence of the parasympathetic nervous system. Peaks in 30 minutes to and hour and lasts for 4-6 hours; side effects: dry mouth; systemic side effects are uncommon because they are poorly absorbed. |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
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Definition
| preventable and treatable disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases, primarly caused by cigarette smoking. Mostly affects the lungs but can have systemic consequences develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years in whom other causes of chronic cough have been excluded. |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. |
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