Term
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Definition
| is the study of congenital (birth) defects |
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Term
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Definition
used in the 1950s by pregnant women to alleviate morning sickness
Resulted in increased interest in birth defects |
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Term
| There are many birth defects that aren't immediately recognized, and thus will express itself later. The number of birth defects discovered will be increased by 6 times if children are studied up until 5 years after birth |
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Definition
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Term
| Animal studies will not accurately tell you if a specific drug will have teratogenic effects in humans |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the time period in development where the teratogen will exert its effects. if exposure to the teratogen is outside the critical period, no effects will be exerted |
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Term
| During the cellular division stage of development (first 2 weeks), the baby is not effected by teratogens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an example of teratogens being administered during the critical period. in this case the critical period is 8-13 days |
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Term
| The same teratogen may cause different effects at different points of development |
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Definition
An example of this is 5-azacytidine. Will effect brain size in day 15 of gestation and will damage the cerebellum on day 19
Additionally mothers that may have been exposed to highly lipophilic teratogens can have these remain in the body at a high enough level to affect their babies |
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Term
| Not all teratogens are mutagens but mutagens are teratogens |
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Definition
| This is true because not all teratogen cause mutations, but mutagens are teratogens because mutations are considered a birth defect? |
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Term
| The latter period of fetal development is more susceptible to functional teratogenesis because of the high rate of specialization that occurs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the FUNCTION of things is changed, not it's structure. These include alerations in biochemical pathways, learning disabilities, changes in organ, immune or sexual function, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| the placenta can allow small chemicals through |
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Term
| Fetal chemical biotransformation |
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Definition
there is typically low levels of biotransformation in fetuses
Cyt P450 activity begins as early as the 6th week |
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Term
| UDP-glucoronosyltransferases |
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Definition
examples of biotransformation enzymes that have different activity levels, especially when it comes to sex
can make a toxic teratogen into something nontoxic |
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Term
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Definition
| only interfere during discrete phases of development and thus only cause a small number of abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| causes more abnormalities and generally interferes in a nonspecific way |
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Term
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Definition
the condition where you have more than 5 fingers or toes. This is caused by a low dose of teratogen which proves that even at low doses teratogens can cause defects
low dose - extra digits
medium dose - shorter digits
high dose - amela - absence of limbs |
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Term
| Chemical mechanisms of teratogenesis |
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Definition
divided into 2 categories:
reversible interaction of a compound or its metabolite with a receptor
irreversible alteration of a cellular macromolecule by highly reactive compounds |
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Term
| Reversible interaction of a compound or its metabolite with a receptor |
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Definition
| usually caused by an exaggerated negative response to a therapeutic agent. for example corticosteroids can have a teratogenix response |
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Term
| Irreversible alteration of a cellular macromolecule by highly reactive compounds |
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Definition
| Drugs that are not teratogenic can be converted into toxic electrophiles or free radicals. If these don't go through detox or cytoprotection, they can then exert themselves on DNA, proteins, or lipids to cause damage. So essentially pro-teratogens themselves aren't toxic but they can be transformed into toxic compounds |
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Term
| The biotransformation of pro-teratogens occurs in the fetus rather than in the mother and then transported across the placenta |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic and environmental modulation |
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Definition
Basically genes and the environment play a role teratogenesis
CYP1A1 is a compound that bioactivates benzo[a]pyrene to teratogenic reactive intermediates. People and mice vary in their sensitivities to the induction of CYP1A1
As another example, mice that are deficient in the p53 suppressor gene show more teratogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and phenytoin |
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Term
| Genetic sensitivity to birth defects lies with the fetus, not the mother |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of environment affecting chemical teratogenicity |
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Definition
| Phenytoin teratogenicity is enhanced by pretreating with an inhibitor of epoxide hyrolase, glutathione depletors and glutathione synthetase inhibitors. Teratogenicity can be decreased by vitamin E |
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Term
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Definition
| in vitro tests are used for pre-screening of teratogens while in vivo tests are used as the ultimate tests of teratogenicity |
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Term
| Four categories of in vitro tests |
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Definition
Embryonic cultured cells
Cultured organs or tissues
Whole embryos
artificial embryos |
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Term
| Clinical application of testing for teratogens |
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Definition
dilemma is to try and figure out if what the pregnant mom was exposed to is teratogenic but this has complications.
Complications include the fact that only a few teratogens have been found to affect humans
Case reports describing a teratogenic compound can lead to unnecessary abortions, lawsuits or unwarranted removal of safe drugs from the market
Also just because a pregnant woman is exposed to a known teratogen doesn't mean her baby will have a birth defect |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of changes in behavior produced by a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| include locomotion, sensory function, food and water intake, aggressive behavior and sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| used to test the effect of drugs through classical and operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with Pavlov's experiment with the dog and tuning fork |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus (such as the tuning fork) that doesn't produce an instinctive behavior (drooling) at first but will once the dog learns |
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Term
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Definition
| an instinctive response to an unconditioned stimulus such as drooling when a dog sees food |
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Term
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Definition
| an instinctive response to a conditioned stimulus that would not have normally occurred before the dog learned such as a dog drooling when it hears the tuning fork |
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Term
| Conditioned Place Preference/Aversion |
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Definition
| In this experiment, a mouse has 2 separate environments. In one environment, an unconditioned stimulus is placed in it along with the mouse. The other environment has just saline solution. On test day, it's found that the mouse will prefer the environment that previously had the unconditioned stimulus in it |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure where a particular behavior is increased or decreased |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a positive reinforcer increases a behavior. An example of this is a mouse pressing a lever more often to get more food |
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Term
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Definition
| what the animal does to operate on its environment (such as a lever press) |
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Term
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Definition
| a pleasant response that increases a behavior such as receiving food pellets |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a negative reinforcer increases a behavior. An example of this is a mouse pressing a lever more often to avoid getting shocked |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative response that increases a behavior such as receiving a shock blast |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative response to a behavior that decreases that behavior. An example of this is when a mouse gets shocked for pressing a lever. The mouse will most likely not press the lever again |
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Term
| Two types of schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
fixed ratio
fixed interval |
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Term
| Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| an animal must exhibit a behavior X amount of times before getting a response |
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Term
| Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| there's a fixed time period between reinforcers such as a mouse receiving a pellet 60 seconds after a lever press |
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Term
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Definition
| a semi-permanent change in behavior resulting from the occurrence of a previous event |
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Term
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Definition
| the storage of learned info in a manner that permits its recall into consciousness at a laer time |
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Term
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Definition
1. storing a short term memory
2. converting it into a long term memory
3. retrieving the memory |
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Term
| Hypophysectomized animals |
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Definition
| anaimals that lack the hormone ACTH. The effect is that the animals will show lower levels of avoiding a shock |
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Term
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Definition
| is a memory aide because it delays the loss of a learned behavior |
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Term
| Atropine's effect on the nervous system |
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Definition
| makes it difficult to learn. it also produces a dissociation between behavior and the state of consciousness |
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Term
| Serotonin's effect on the nervous system |
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Definition
| A lower serotonin level will result in an increased pain sensitivity, increased aggression, sexual activity etc. It will also decrease food and water intake |
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Term
| Dopamine/norephinephrine effect on nervous system |
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Definition
| has a role in locomotor activity |
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Term
| Strychnine effect on learning |
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Definition
| inhibits inhibitory neurotransmission which enhances the transmission between neurons. this makes it easier to learn tasks |
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Term
| Amphetamine effect on learning |
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Definition
| improves learning be enhancing attention |
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Term
| Anisomycin effect on learning |
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Definition
| is a protein synthesis inhibitor and thus makes it harder to remember things since memory formation is caused by a change in protein levels |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that makes an animal behave in one way when the stimulus is present and a different way when the stimulus isn't present. ex: a stop sign is discriminative stimulus. you brake when you see it, accelerate when you don't |
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Term
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Definition
| You can use this experiment to determine if one drug has a similar effect to another drug. You do this by giving a drug with known effects to a mouse and train it to only press a lever when it's under the influence of this drug. Then you would substitute out this drug with another and see if the mouse still presses the lever. If it does, you can conclude that the two drugs have similar effects |
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Term
| Drug generalization gradient |
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Definition
| a dose-response relationship used to determine which doses of the drug the animal perceives to be like the training dose of the drug administered in a drug discrimination experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure that demonstrates that learning occurs better when the subjects are in the same state. In this experiment, the rats that were drugs on both trainings and the rats that didn't get drugs on both training performed better |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal model for human anxiety. In this model, a rat is placed on an elevated maze that's about 3 ft off the ground. The rat will gravitate towards the arms that have falls because being on the open arms makes the rat nervous. If treated with benzodiazepines, the rats spend more time on the open arms. So basically, researchers can test drugs on the rats to see which ones will lower anxiety |
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Term
| Conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
| an animal model for human anxiety. In this test a rat is put into a chamber where they have been previously trained to press a lever for food. In this chamber a rat initially starts lever pressing repeatedly but once it receives an unpleasant stimulus it will lever press less quickly due to the anxiety it gets from receiving the unpleasant stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal model for depression. in this test a rat is placed in a glass chamber that's partially filled with water. the rat will initially try and escape but will eventually give up. rats given antidepressants won't give up trying to escape |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal model for depression. For some reason, removing the olfactory bulbs makes animals more irritable, angry, and hyperactive. Treating them with antidepressants reverses these effects |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal model for depression. In this model, the animal is continuously exposed to low level stressors in which they develop anhedonia. With this, they develop an indifference to once rewarding stimuli. Treating them with antidepressants reverses this |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition where once rewarding stimuli is met b indifference |
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Term
| Why is schizophrenia hard to model in animals? |
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Definition
| Schizo is normally accompanied by hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thought. This is hard to assess in animals |
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Term
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Definition
behaviors that include ritualistic movements, postures or utterances
In the animal model of schizophrenia, an animal is giving high doses of cocaine or amphetamines which produce stereotyped behaviors. They are then given drugs that work on schizo and with this the researcher can determine what drugs work on schizophrenics |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon where if a rat is given a prepulse, it will have less of a startled response on the second pulse vs a rat that's just given one pulse. This however is not seen in folks with schizo |
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Term
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Definition
| Surprise, surprise, certain drugs are reinforcing to certain behaviors. For example, if a rat is injected with a reinforcing drug after he presses a lever, he is likely to press the lever again since he liked the effect of the drug |
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Term
| Drugs that are reinforcing |
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Definition
| stimulants, opioids, and CNS depressants and anxiolytics |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuroleptics, opioid antagonists, hallucinogens, THC |
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Term
| Oral drug administration for studying reinforcement |
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Definition
| in this test, an animal is given a choice between either food or water in which one of the choices has the drug of study in it (such as water w/alcohol vs water w/sucrose). If the rat gravitates toward the choice with the drug in it then you can conclude that this drug has reinforcing properties |
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Term
| Intravenous administration for studying reinforcement |
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Definition
| I guess this test is similar to the oral test except a catheter is used to inject the drug. This eliminates the factor of drug taste |
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Term
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Definition
Used under the IV administration for studying reinforcement.
In this test, the animal is put on a fixed ratio schedule to receive a drug after some work. Gradually the ratio is increased and the amount of work the animal is willing to do to receive the drug is observed. Once the animal says fuck it, you've reached the break point. The higher the break point, the more reinforcing the drug |
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Term
| What brain regions are important for the reinforcing effects of drugs? |
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Definition
| The VTA brain region has a projection to the NAc and is critical to the perception of rewarding properties of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
the pattern of behavior leading to the excessive use of psychoactive substances
Can also be defined as such a strong desire for a drug (physically and psychologically) that it leads to damage to the individual and society |
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Term
| The definition of addiction is not agreed upon |
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Definition
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Term
| How does DSM-IV define substance abuse? |
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Definition
| It defines it as a pattern of behavior that leads to clinically significant impairment which is achieved by meeting 3 or more of the criteria in a year period |
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Term
| 3 criteria for substance abuse |
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Definition
| Developing tolerance, experiencing withdrawal symptoms, and cutting down on activities due to substance abuse |
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Term
| Behavioral dependence (or psychological dependence) |
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Definition
self administration of a drug is controlled by its reinforcing effects? Is the central problem in drug addiction
Does not occur just from repeated exposure to a drug, is not just explained by the reinforcing effects of drugs (some people don't get hooked on drugs that they find pleasurable) |
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Term
| Socially accepted uses of psychoactive drugs |
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Definition
| religious, secular ceremonies, private pleasure, business |
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Term
| Factors governing the extent of drug use |
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Definition
| Degree of social acceptance, social upheaval, legal controls, price, ease of availability, occupational factors |
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Term
| Behavioral conditioning of a drug |
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Definition
| occurs when the person believes that the reason they are feeling certain effects is because they took the drug. This leads to drug seeking, a characteristic of behavioral dependence |
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Term
| Genes and the environment play a big role in determining if someone will become dependent on a drug |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in Asians |
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Definition
| Asians have this enzyme that metabolizes acetaldehyde slowly. This causes them to flush, have tachycardia and nausea (unpleasant symptoms) which makes it less likely they'll drink. This can be seen as genes playing a protective role against drug abuse |
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Term
| Motivational factors affecting drug consumption |
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Definition
| Stress, fear, and worry have shown to motivate animals and humans alike to consume drugs. Additionally, teenagers that have experienced abuse or have emotional issues are more likely to dabble in drugs. |
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Term
| Stimulus control in drug dependence |
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Definition
| Drug takers can be conditioned to feel a high by doing something that is associated with taking a drug such as a heroine addict feeling a brief high by just sticking the needle in their arms |
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Term
| Two forms of tolerance to drugs |
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Definition
metabolic (pharmacokinetic)
functional (pharmacodynamic) |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetic tolerance (metabolic tolerance) |
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Definition
individual breaks down drug faster. Difference in sensitivity is not at the brain, but rather at the liver. Usually occurs by the drug inducing enzymes in the liver that metabolize the drug
Because there's no difference at the brain level, a metabolically tolerant person will have the same effect as the control person when their blood concentrations are equal. The key is that the equal drug concentrations are at different doses (because one is breaking down the drug faster than the other). So a tolerant person who drinks 3 beers will have the same effect as a control person who only had 2 beers. And of course, at the same dose, the tolerant person will have a smaller effect |
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Term
| Metabolic cross tolerance |
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Definition
| I'm assuming this means that a drug that induces certain enzymes will have these enzymes metabolizing other drugs |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance (functional tolerance) |
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Definition
difference in sensitivity is in the brain, not the liver. With this, the brain tries to find ways to offset the effect of the drug (homeostasis). This leads to a more normal state while the drug is present
Compared to the control person, the drug isn't breaking down any faster (doses are equal) so at the same blood concentration the tolerant person will have a lower effect |
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Term
| Individuals with a greater sensitivity to a drug have a greater drive for developing tolerance |
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Definition
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Term
| Tolerance develops more rapidly if the individual is performing a task and his performance is affected by the drug |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when taking the drug ceases and behavioral effects opposite to what is expected occurs. An example is hyperexcitability after withdrawal from sedatives. These effects go away after another dose of the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| is used to treat heroin addiction because the withdrawal symptoms are less severe. an example of drug substitution |
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Term
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Definition
| basically if you're tolerant to one drug, you can be tolerant to other similar drugs |
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Term
| Treatment of drug dependence |
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Definition
use of pharmacological antagonists
nonspecific blockade of reinforcement
drug substitution
aversive compounds
therapy to figure out if there are emotional disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
primary ingredient is THC
increases heart rate
increases awareness of senses (think of Nicole going crazy because she could feel her cheeks)
thinking is slowed
relaxation
motor performance is impaired
high doses result in hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| is very lipophilic so it dissolves quickly in fats and lipids and absorbs rapidly through membranes |
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Term
| Mechanism of action of THC |
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Definition
| binds to CB1 receptors in the brain which release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens |
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Term
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Definition
| a G protein receptor for cannabis found in the brain. decreases adenylyl cyclase activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a G-protein receptor for cannabis found in the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
chronic bronchitis
amotivational syndrome
chromosomal damage, impaired immune response |
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Term
| Therapeutic use of cannabis |
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Definition
| treat nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy, glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
Strong CNS stimulant (d form)
releases dopamine and norepinephrine and inhibits DA/NE transporters. This increases alertness and focus (at low doses), wakefulness, and euphoria
High doses lead to thought processes being sped up so much. Ironically, this is reinforcing and continued high doses leads to schizophrenia like behavior |
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Term
| Medical use of amphetamines |
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Definition
| enhance performance, narcolepsy, hyperactivity, weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
Hypertension, fever, convulsions can all be fatal.
Also dependence and psychotic episodes can occur |
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Term
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Definition
| is basically when a person develops schizophrenic like symptoms when amphetamines are consumed at high doses (halluncinations, delusions, anxiety) |
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Term
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Definition
Can be used as a local anesthetic
Is a CNS stimulant
blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine (just like amphetamines). Sometimes users can't even differentiate between the two when injected with both. Usually snorted or smoked |
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Term
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Definition
| low purity form of cocaine that gives a faster high when smoked |
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Term
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Definition
d-isomer only one that shows activity
Produces fluctuations in brightness and color, shape distortions, synesthesia, dream-like feeling
low doses: high arousal
high doses: hallucinations
Is structurally similar to NE, DA and serotonin so it can bind to these receptors also |
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Term
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Definition
Promotes release and inhibits the reuptake of DA, NE, and 5-HT (serotonin)
openness, self-awareness, empathy
can inhibit its own metabolism via cyt P450 which can lead to toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| the melding of the senses |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug similar to LSD that produces similar effects |
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Term
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Definition
"Bad trips"
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
More miscarriages |
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Term
| Characteristics of anaesthesia |
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Definition
reversible
needs to be able to curb responses to noxious stimuli
needs to block cardiovascular, g.i., and respiratory reflexes
amnesia
loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| applied right before OR, only lose sense of pain |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing becomes erratic, start to lose consciousness. potentially dangerous stage |
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Term
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Definition
| ideal time to operate because you have the lose of the ability to respond to stimuli (in plane 3) |
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Term
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Definition
| too much, death is possible if patient is not given oxygen and taken off anaesthesia |
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Term
| Volatile anaesthetics must first be vaporized before they are given to patients via inspired air |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inspired air -> blood water -> brain |
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Term
| Uptake of Anaesthesia into brain depends on |
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Definition
concentration of Anaesthesia
rate of pulmonary ventilation
cardiac output
solubility of it in air, water and lipid |
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Term
| Blood/gas partition of Anaesthesia |
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Definition
| determines Anaesthesia levels in blood. a low b/g partition, the faster the Anaesthesia works |
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Term
| Oil/gas partition of Anaesthesia |
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Definition
| determines Anaesthesia levels in the brain. a higher o/g partition means the Anaesthesia is stronger |
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Term
| Vessel poor groups require more time to get rid of Anaesthesics because they don't have as many vessels to carry the Anaesthesia out |
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Definition
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Term
| Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) |
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Definition
| is analogous to ED50, is basically the concentration that knocks out 50% of patients. The lower the MAC, the more potent the Anaesthesic is |
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Term
| Anaesthesia induced by IV |
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Definition
| is very fast acting and so there's a danger of overdosing. Because of this it's normally used just to get Anaesthesia started |
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Term
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Definition
| works by reversibly blocking the generation and propagation of transmission of nerve impulses. It does this by blocking voltage dependent sodium channels which decrease action potentialss |
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Term
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Definition
| is rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes through diffusion with the fastest absorption occurring in the small intesting |
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Term
| After alcohol is absorbed, it is partitioned into |
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Definition
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Term
| The partition coefficient of alcohol between blood and air is |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| because methanol is less potent than ethanol, it requires higher doses to get the same effect. The problem is that once methanol is broken down, it produces formaldehyde and formic acid which are both highly toxic to the eyes. You can treat this by giving ethanol to compete with methanol for metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase |
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Term
| Metabolism of ethanol by ADH |
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Definition
| is broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase which produces acetaldehyde. This is broken down again by ADH which produces acetate |
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Term
| Chronic ingestion of a lot of alcohol |
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Definition
| leads to the activation of cyt. P450 enzymes. This is why alcoholics can break down some drugs more quickly |
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Term
| Way to increase alcohol metabolism |
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Definition
| reoxidize NADH to NAD since NAD is reduced to NADH in the rate limiting step of the breakdown of alcohol. Do this by providing pyruvate |
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Term
| Heavy drinking of alcohol increases the rate of alcohol oxidation in the liver. This leads to |
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Definition
| hypoxia which causes liver cell necrosis |
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Term
| Effects of ethanol on the nervous system |
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Definition
Heat loss through the skin
inhibits antidiuretic hormone (more peeing)
at low doses, causes relaxation
at high doses, mental processes are slowed, slurred speech, impaired judgement, increase risk taking |
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Term
| Ethanol doses and effects |
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Definition
0.05% - mild intoxication
0.1% - significant intoxication
0.25 - anaesthesia or coma
0.5% and higher - death |
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Term
| Treatment of alcohol intoxiation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
leads to vitamin B1 deficiencies (can cause Wernicke's disease)
organ damage (cirrhosis and hepatitis)
fetal alcohol syndrome
heart disease, stroke, cancer |
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Term
| Alcohol withdrawal syndrome |
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Definition
signs for short use is a hangover
signs for longer use are tremor, sleeplessness, nausea, thirst
signs after chronic drinking include the two above and then delirium tremens (the shakes) - hallucinations, fever, tachycardia, profound sweating |
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Term
| Three major classes of analgesics |
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Definition
NSAIDSs
Opioid analgesics
Other |
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Term
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Definition
| another word for pain receptors |
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Term
| Three substances that activate pain receptors |
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Definition
| Kinins, histamine, and prostaglandins |
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Term
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Definition
| peripheral neurons -> spinal cord -> brain |
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Term
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Definition
| allows for faster pain transmission because they are myelinated |
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Term
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Definition
| allow for slower pain transmission because they aren't myelinated |
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Term
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Definition
are anti-inflammatory drugs
Are pain reliving, reduce fever, and obviously anti-inflammatory |
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Term
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Definition
substances that increase body temp
Their release is triggered whenever bacteria, mold and viruses from WBCs. |
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Term
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Definition
| initiated by invading microorganisms, tissue decay and immune reactions. Leads to prostaglandin synthesis |
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Term
| Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) |
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Definition
is aspirin. Is a pain reliever, antipyretic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory. Inhibits cyclooxygenase activity which are important in the production of prostaglandin peroxides
irreversibly acts on COX 1 enzymes (leads to GI bleeding)
reversibly acts on COX 2 enzymes (the enzyme important in producing analgesiz, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects) |
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Term
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Definition
| is important in the production of prostaglandin peroxides which lead to inflammation |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetics of aspirin |
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Definition
| well absorbed, has high levels in blood and liver but less in the brain |
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Term
| Side of effects of aspirin |
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Definition
| GI bleeding, Reye's syndrome (fatty liver in kids), acidosis, and tinnitus (ringing sound) |
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Term
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Definition
| a fatty liver that occurs in kids. This is a side effect of aspirin |
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Term
| Mechanism of action of NSAIDs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for prostaglandin synthesis that protect the stomach lining |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for generating prostaglandins producing pain and inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
not an NSAID!!
Doesn't cause GI bleeding. A possible reason for it not having an anti-inflammatory effect is that peroxides break it down by the time it gets to the site of inflammation |
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Term
| Small peptides that bind to opioid receptors |
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Definition
| enkephalins, dynorphins, endorphins, endomorphins |
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Term
| 3 classes of opioid receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Mu (u) opioid receptors (MOR) |
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Definition
most important for pain relief
activation leads to analgesia, sedation, euphoria. Mice that were produced without this receptor show a decreased sensitivity to morphone |
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Term
| Delta opiod receptors (DOR) |
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Definition
is thought to be important in tolerance. has a less pain relief effect than MOR activation
there's evidence that DOR and MOR have interaction as MOR knockout mice show reduced DOR produced pain relief |
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Term
| Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) |
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Definition
activation leads to hallucinations
antagonizes many MOR effects |
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