Term
|
Definition
| Increased flow of blood in the tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased amounts of fluid as well as larger molecules (such as proteins)pass out of the vessel and into the extracellular space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity that form with normal vascular permeability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Massive edema of the whole body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibrillary polymer of fibrinogen.
Aids in localizing the inflammatory response and provides meshwork to aid neutrophil movement.
Major component of blood clots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells that play a role in inflammation, play a greater role in later (more chronic) stages of inflammation.
Lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, and macrophages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mononuclear cell present in blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monocyte once fixed in the tissue.
(Histiocytes/dendritic cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammatory cell that plays primary role in acute inflammation.
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.
Neutrophil plays greatest role in acute inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| primary site for differentiation of most leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low numbers of neutrophils.
Most often seen as a side effect of cancer therapy using cytotoxic drugs or radiation therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors expressed on both the leukocytes and endothelial surfaces adn act to mediate margination. (leukocyte recruitment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediate adhesion of leukocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neutrophils leave the vessel primarily by squeezing between intercellular junctions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process by which inflammatory cells are attracted to an area of injury by directional migration along a chemical concentration gradient.
Chemotactic molecules also induce leukocyte activation. |
|
|
Term
| Chemical mediators of inflammation that act as chemtactic signals to inflammatory cells. |
|
Definition
| Complement factors C3a and C5a, leukotriene, various cytokines. |
|
|
Term
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) |
|
Definition
| leukocytes surface receptors that will recognize common markers present of bacteria and other pathogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PAMPs that recognize viral, bacterial, and fungal component. Recognition will directly activate the leukocytes and start inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response. Normally present and can bind foreign materials and indirectly mediate leukocyte activation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which certain cells (neutrophils/macrophages) ingest and destroy particulate matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Particles/agents are coated with opsonins (IgG or complement factor 3b). Leads to enhanced phagocytosis.
Coating an antigen with an antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate-binding lectins found in plasma which bind to microbial cell wall as opsonins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause vasodilation and increase permeability. Greatest role of mediators in the immediate phase of the acute inflammatory response.
Histamine (released from mast cell granules) and serotonin (released during platelet aggregation). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Final product of the Kinin system. Causes increased vascular permeability and mediates pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C5a and C3a formed in the activation of complement.
Stimluate histamine release, thus increasing vascular permeability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)activating protease-activated receptors leading to enhanced leukocyte adhesion
2)Generates fibrinopeptides that increase vasucular permeability and are chemotactic for leukocytes
3) cleaves C5 to generate C5a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unsaturated fatty acid found in phospholipids of cell membranes of inflammatory cells. |
|
|
Term
| platelet-activating factor |
|
Definition
| Phospholipid membrane-derived mediator which cause platelet aggregation and activation, vasodilation and vascular permeability, and elicits most other features of inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polypeptide product of activated lymphocytes and macrophages, etc which are produced during the inflammatory and immune responses.
Modulate the function of other cells. |
|
|
Term
Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
&
Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) |
|
Definition
Produced by activated macrophages
Secretion is stimulated by a variety of inflammatory mediators and injurious stimuli.
Mediate release of leukocytes from the bone marrow.
Induce endothelial activation.
Activates tissue fibroblasts.
Induce systemic acute-phase responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced naturally by adrenal complex. Synthesis glucocorticoids are used to supress/inhibit undesired inflammatory/immune response by blocking the conversion of cell membrance phospholipids to arachidonic acid. |
|
|
Term
| non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
|
Definition
| Inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins leading to anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. ASA, ibuprofen, naproxen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fever-inducing agents.
Travel through circulation from site of inflammation to the brain where they act at specific loci in the hypothalamus via prostaglandin synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased white blood cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased number of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immature forms of neutrophils seen in the blood because they were released from marrow before they are completely mature.
Indicates heavy demand for neutrophils and extent of inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased number of neutrophils in the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased number of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overall decrease in white blood cell count. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Objective evidence of disease. Can be observed or detected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subjective evidence of disease. Changes which a patient can perceive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| purulent, formation of pus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms when an area of suppurative inflammation becomes isolated by fibrous tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local spread of infection if bacteria escapes the abscess site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systemic spread of infection, bacteria, or toxins via the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria travels through the bloodstream and colonized distance sites, leading to abscess development in other organs.
*heart valves are especially susceptible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic inflammation is characterized by: |
|
Definition
| 1) immune response 2) inflitration/accumulation of macrophages 3) healing of tissue through development of granulation tissue 4) ongoing tissue injury or necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Granulomatous inflammation cause by ingrown hair or cuticle. The immune system does not recognize keratin. |
|
|
Term
| immunologically priviledged |
|
Definition
Outside of the body compartment routinely monitored by immune system.
Lens of eye, seminiferous tissue of testes, keratin of hair and nails. |
|
|
Term
| non-granulomatous inflammation |
|
Definition
| Inflammation characterized by the presence of sensitized lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages scattered throughout affected tissues and areas of necrosis and fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
| chronic suppurative inflammation |
|
Definition
| Area in which there is necrosis and suppuration. Typically develops when the body is unable to clear a strong pyrogenic stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| hematogenous osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| pyrogenic bacteria is carried to the bone from the bloodstream. Growth plate of growing children/animals is particularly susceptible due to abundant blood supply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of infection of bone with pyrogenic bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria develop secondary to extension from a wound or adjacent site of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fragment of dead infected bone that persists despite the attempts of the inflammatory response to clear it out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta-pleated insoluble fibrillar protein that is sometimes deposited in tissue as a result of chronic inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of disease charcterized by the deposition of similar appearing insoluble protein (amyloid) in the interstitium of tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules which evoke an immune response when introduced into a host. (used narrowly to describe molecules which induce an antibody response) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules which elicit an immune response. Large molecules, typically proteins or polysaccharides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller molecules which complex with large carrier molecules to become antigenic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cells can destroy antigen-bearing cells. Lymphokines are produced and influence interactions between cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to the transformation of B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
APC
1) filtration/phagocytosis
2) antigen presentation to T cells
3) cytokine secretion |
|
|
Term
| Interdigitation Dendritic Cells |
|
Definition
APC
1) antigen capture in tissues
2) Migation to lymphoid tissues
3) Antigen presentation to lymphoid tissue T-cells
4) cytokine secretion |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Dendritic Cells |
|
Definition
APC
1) Antigen/antibody and antigen/complement capture in lymphoid tissues
2) antigen presentation to lymphoid tissue B-cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B-cells
1) recognition of circulating antigens (via BCR)
2) Proliferatin in plasma cells and memory cells
Provide a residual population of B cells that can react to an antigen and evoke a rapid immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T-cell lineage
Production and secretion of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (antibody that is specific for the antigen which originally triggered their differentiation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tc cells; cytoxic T-cells
1) Recognition of antigen fragments on cell surface MHC molecules
2) Secretion of cytokines that activate B-cells, Tc-cells |
|
|
Term
| Natural Killer (NK) cells |
|
Definition
| non-specific cytolysis of cells with atypical surface antigens or the loss of normal MHCI antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mononuclear cells with a large round nucleus which are derived from stem cells in the bone marrow and undergo further differentiation (to T-cells or B-cells) in the fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gland-like tissue situated in the connective tissue within the chest cavity. Area of T cell priming which involutes with age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outgrowth of the cloaca in birds. B cell priming involutes with age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by the presence of cell surface antibody-receptor complex. (BCR - B-cell receptor complex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by T-cell receptor complex (TCR) on their surface. Interact with fragments of antigens that are expressed on the surface of cells and proliferates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| few antigen-reactive T cells result in a much larger population of antigen reactive T-cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helper T cells
Secrete cytokines which influence most of the other cells in the immune system; up-regulating the immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respond to activation through release of interferon-gamma (IFN-Y), activating B-cells and macrophages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Respond to activation through the release of IL-4, IL-5, IL-3 resulting in IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and eosinophils.
Reaction produced resembles a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoxic T cells can kill any cell which has a cell surface antigen recognized by the T cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce cytokines which influence the functions of macrophages and other lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cell mediated activity that has adverse effect |
|
|
Term
| passively acquired antibody in newborns is primarily obtained by: |
|
Definition
| Transplacental passage. (Primarily IgG which crosses the placenta in utero) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Think, yellow, milky fluid which is mostly protein (predominantly immnoglobulins) secreted by the mammary gland of all mammal for a few day before and after parturition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oval-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels.An antigen is processed by macrophages and presented to T- and B-cells |
|
|
Term
| enlarged lymph nodes are: |
|
Definition
Reactive or hyperplastic
characterized by enlarges prominent follicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed when antigens interact with their specific antibody.
May also contain other molecules such as complement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of large aggregates of antigen and antibody. Makes it easier for phagocytes to trap and consume the immune complexes and may serve to neutralize toxins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of nine plasma proteins (C1-C9) which react sequentially. An outcome of complement activation. Have various roles in the immune and inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C56789 complex
"membrance attack complex"
Can punch holes in cell membranes due to its phospholipase-like activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs following first exposure to an antigen. There is a lag period between the time of exposure and specific antibodies appearing in the serum.
IgM is produced first. |
|
|
Term
| secondary immune response |
|
Definition
Occurs following the second exposure to the same antigen. Specific antibody production occurs more quickly.
IgG is the principle immunoglobulin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer/administration of pre-formed antibody from another person/animal. |
|
|
Term
| vaccination produces immunity to infectious organisms by inducing: |
|
Definition
| A primary immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medical administration of antibodies against a particular agent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the development of . in response to an antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of antigen-antibody reactions in a laboratory setting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indicates the dilution at whicb reactivity between antigen-antibody is still noted.
high titer = high antibody levels
Indicates previous exposure not the presence of active disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tissue reaction that occurs rapidly after the interaction of antigen with IgE antibody that is bound to the surface of mast cells in a sensitized host. |
|
|
Term
| initial response to re-exposure in type I hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
vasodilation
vascular leakage |
|
|
Term
| late-phase reaction to re-exposure in type I hypesensitivity |
|
Definition
mucosal edema
mucosal secretion
leukocyte infiltration
epithelial damage
bronchospasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caused by antibodies directed against target antigens on the surface of cell or other tissue component. Leads to:
1) opsonization & phagocytosis
2) inflammation
3) antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibodies formed to acetylcholine receptors at the motor and plate.
Results in muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperthyroidism caused bu antibodies binding the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor on thyroid follicular epithelial cells. |
|
|
Term
| Rh incompatability in fetuses/newborns. |
|
Definition
| Fetal RBCs may reach the maternal circulation, the mother becomes sensitized to the foreign antigen and produces antibodies that can freely transverse the placenta to the fetus. Causes destruction of RBCs in the fetus. |
|
|
Term
| Type III hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
Immune-complex mediated.
Antigen-antibody complexes may deposit in blood vessels, leading to complement activation and acute inflammation.
End result: fibrinoid necrosis of small vessels, then glomerulonephritis develops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An area of tissue necrosis appears as a result of acute immune complex vasculitis.
(type III hypersensitivity - local immune complex disease) |
|
|
Term
| hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
|
Definition
| A lung disease caused by the inhalation of certain (often fungal) antigens likely cause by type III hypersensitivity. |
|
|
Term
| favoured sites of immune complex deposition: |
|
Definition
| kidneys, joints, and small blood vessels in many tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediated by sensitzed T cells which are either directly cytoxic or secrete cytokine which recruit other effectors cells that cause injury. |
|
|
Term
| delayed-type hypersensity |
|
Definition
| Type Iv hypersensitivity that occurs when sensitized T-cells recruit cells which cause injury. Characterized by the perivascular accumulation of CD4+ T helper cells and macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| T-cell mediated cytotoxicity is characterized by: |
|
Definition
| sensitized CD8+ T cells which directly kill antigen-bearing target cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| graft of tissue between two individuals of the same species but differing genotypes. |
|
|
Term
| Histocompatibility molecules |
|
Definition
Bind peptide fragments of foreign protein for presentation to appropriate antigen-specific T cells.
Great importance to the successful outcome of a transplantation. |
|
|
Term
Human Leucocyte Antigens
HLA |
|
Definition
histocompatibility antigens
Polymorphism at major HLA loci.
Similiarity between donor and recipient with regards to these antigens is a major determinant of the success of a graft. |
|
|
Term
| T cell mediated transplant rejection |
|
Definition
Type IV hypersensitivity lead to classic acute rejection.
Cytotoxic T-cells kill the cells.
Cytokine-secreatinf CD4_ T cells trigger inflammatory reactions leading to injured cells and vasculature (ischemia) |
|
|
Term
| Antibody mediated transplant rejection |
|
Definition
| Antibodies directed against graft MHC molecules bind to antigens of the graft antigens and cause vascular injury though: complement activation, recruitment of leukocytes, thrombosis. |
|
|
Term
Major histocompatibility Complex
MHC |
|
Definition
Chromosomal site containing major genes for histocompatibility antigens.
Encodes 3 different classes (I, II, III) |
|
|
Term
| Hyperacute transplant rejection |
|
Definition
| Antibody mediated rejection which occurs is pre-formed anti-donor antibodies are present in the circulation of the host before transplantation. |
|
|
Term
| T cell mediated transplant rejection |
|
Definition
Type IV hypersensitivity lead to classic acute rejection.
Cytotoxic T-cells kill the cells.
Cytokine-secreatinf CD4_ T cells trigger inflammatory reactions leading to injured cells and vasculature (ischemia) |
|
|
Term
| Antibody mediated transplant rejection |
|
Definition
| Antibodies directed against graft MHC molecules bind to antigens of the graft antigens and cause vascular injury though: complement activation, recruitment of leukocytes, thrombosis. |
|
|
Term
Major histocompatibility Complex
MHC |
|
Definition
Chromosomal site containing major genes for histocompatibility antigens.
Encodes 3 different classes (I, II, III) |
|
|
Term
| Hyperacute transplant rejection |
|
Definition
| Antibody mediated rejection which occurs is pre-formed anti-donor antibodies are present in the circulation of the host before transplantation. |
|
|
Term
| auto-immune diseases occur when: |
|
Definition
Clonal deletion phase in embryonic development is faulty.
T suppressor cells do not properly suppress receptors for self-antigens of lymphocytes
Against slightly altered tissue components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unresponsiveness to an antigen that is induced by exposure of specific lymphocytes to that antigen. |
|
|
Term
| clinical presentation of immunodeficiency diseases |
|
Definition
| Relates to an increased susceptibility to infections as well as to the development of certain types of cancer. |
|
|
Term
| primary immunodificiencies |
|
Definition
| Rare and inherited immunodeficiency that affects either specific humoral or cellular immunity or nonspecific host mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
| secondary immunodeficiencies |
|
Definition
Acquired.
Malnutrition, cancers, chemotheray, radiation therapy, and infection can lead to secondary immunodeficiency.
AIDS is the most important example. |
|
|
Term
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS |
|
Definition
| Characterize by profound immnosuppression due to defective cell-mediated immunity which leads to opportunistic infections, a variety of cancers, and neurological signs. Cause by the retrovirus: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). |
|
|
Term
| The major routes of transmission of HIV: |
|
Definition
sexual contact
parenteral inoculation
passage of the virus from infected mothers to newborns |
|
|
Term
| Proviral DNA transcription |
|
Definition
Is initiated when the infected cell in activated by exposure to antigens or cytokines.
Lead to productive infection → cell death |
|
|
Term
| defining characteristic of AIDS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major sites of HIV infection and persistence (viral reservoirs) |
|
Definition
| CD4+ T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells in lymph nodes. |
|
|
Term
| early acute phase of AIDS |
|
Definition
| Self-limited illness, culminated in a virus specific immune response with the detection of virus specific antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| middle chronic phase of AIDS |
|
Definition
HIV test +
Few signs of disease for ~ 4.5 years.
Viral replication in lymphoid tissue, chronic lymphadenopathy to severe opportunistic infection, and a very low CD4+ count. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by blotchy purple patched plaques or nodules in the skin which may ulcerate. Can also affect the viscera. |
|
|
Term
| specialized cell membrane structures |
|
Definition
Microvilli
rods/cones
myelin sheaths
flagella, cilia, epididymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane-enclosed sphere which contains powerful digestive enzymes.
Must digest internally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide structural strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cover surfaces
forms absorptive linings of hollow organs
secretory glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supports structure of organs
"stroma" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelium
connective tissue
nervous and muscular tissue
hemolymphatic tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immune system
inflammatory cells
blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functional cells of organs.
(type of hemolymphatic tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of responses of cells to stressed or injuries in effort to maintain normal cell function. |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms of cell injury |
|
Definition
Depletion of ATP, mitochodrial damage/dysfunction, influx of calcium, oxygen-derived free radicals, damaged DNA or proteins.
Defects in membrane permeability.
Each of these tends to lead to another (often reciprocally) and together lead to cell injury. |
|
|
Term
| Depletion of ATP as a mechanism of cell injury |
|
Definition
↓ ATP causes an ↑ in ROS which damage lipids, proteins, and DNA.
↓ in activity of ATP-dependent sodium pumps leads to an ↑ in solute (iososmotic) leading to swelling of the cell and ER dilation.
leads to ↑ in anaerobic glycolysis which leads to ↑ in lactic acid and ↓ pH and therefore enzyme activity.
Causes failure of ATP-dependent calcium pumps.
Prolonged structural disruption of of protein synthesis apparatus damages cell. |
|
|
Term
| mitochondrial damage/dysfunction as a mechanism of cell injury |
|
Definition
| Leads to a decrease in ATP. |
|
|
Term
| Influx of calcium as a mechanisms of cell injury. |
|
Definition
| activates apoptosis and various enzymes which are potentially deleterious (i.e. phospholipases, endonucleases, ATPases) |
|
|
Term
| Accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals as a mechanism of cell injury. |
|
Definition
| Species with single unpaired electron in outer orbital readily react with (in)organic chemicals and attack nucleic acid. |
|
|
Term
| damaged DNA and proteins as a mechanism of cell injury |
|
Definition
| If the damage is too severe to be corrected the outcome may lead to cell injury through many of the mechanisms discussed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A static condition after degeneration in which a cell continues to function at a submaximal level sufficient to maintain life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| possibly reversible state of cell degeneration that may lead cell to be in a compensational state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irreversible cell death (necrosis) which can progress from a state a degeneration or happen immediately. |
|
|
Term
| Production pathways of ROS |
|
Definition
1) small amount exist as reactive/toxic intermediates of redox reactions
2) Weapon for destroying ingested microbes in phagocytic leukocaytes.
3) Nitric Oxide free radical produced in leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| Factors which increase free radical generation |
|
Definition
Absorption of radiant energy
Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals
Inflammation (leukocytes) |
|
|
Term
Superoxide dismutases
SODs |
|
Definition
| Remove free radicals by increasing the rate of decay of superoxide. |
|
|
Term
Glutathione peroxidases
GSH |
|
Definition
| Family of enzymes found in the cytoplasm of all cells whose major function is to protect cells from oxidative decay. |
|
|
Term
| Catalases (in peroxisomes) |
|
Definition
| catalyze decomposition of H2O2 → O2 + H2O . |
|
|
Term
| endogenous/exogenous antioxidants |
|
Definition
May block the formation of free radicals or scavenge them once formed.
i.e. Vitamin E, A, C, beta-carotene |
|
|
Term
| ROS cause cell injury by 3 main reactions: |
|
Definition
lipid peroxidation of membranes
cross-linking and changes in proteins
DNA damaage (reacts with thymine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insufficient oxygen in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decrease in glucose levels.
(can lead to decrease in ATP production) |
|
|
Term
| how does decreased energy affect the cell |
|
Definition
1) accumulation of water/electrolytes
2) swelling of organelles
3)switch to anaerobic metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Causes of impaired cell membrane function |
|
Definition
Free Radicals
Activation of complement system
Direct lysis of cells (by enzymes or physical/chemical agents) |
|
|
Term
| Cell membrane damage leads to: |
|
Definition
Loss of structural integrity
Loss of function
Deposition of lipofuscin pigment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originating from within the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-specific response to many type of injury that results in triglyceride accumulates in teh cytoplasm of parenchymal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver is unusually pale, enlarged, and has a friable texture (fragile), is greasy and will float. |
|
|
Term
| Possible causes of fatty degeneration |
|
Definition
Increased mobilization of adipose
Overactibity of enzyme systems
Decrease oxidation of triglycerides to other forms.
Decrease in apoprotein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that bind lipids. Synthesized in the liver where they bind fats to form lipoproteins which are released to the plasma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron storage complex found deposited in macrophages throughout body (particularly bone marrow, spleen, liver) that does not harm cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rare inherited defect in iron metabolism where intracellular iron storage means are overwhelmed leading to an accumulation of free ferric iron. Free iron leads to toxic free readicals which harm cells (heart, liver, pancreas) |
|
|
Term
bilirubin accumulation
"jaundice"
"icterus" |
|
Definition
In connective tissue leads to yellow discolouration but no functional abnormality.
Can lead to cell injury when deposited in cells such as parenchymal and brain.
Can also lead to the accumulation of other substances within cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased number of RBCs broken down.
lead to an increased amount of unconjugated bilirubin in serum as the liver cannot conjugate fast enough. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uptake/conjugation/excretion is affected. An increase in unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin is seen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by a biliary tract obstruction. Bilirubin cannot be excreted properly and conjugated bilirubin will reflux into plasma. |
|
|
Term
| unconjugated plasma bilirubin |
|
Definition
Bound to albumin
lipid soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bilirubin glucuronide
water soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mutation in DNA which affects the cells of tissue. |
|
|
Term
| ultrastuctural changes caused by cellular swelling (reversible cell injury) |
|
Definition
whole organ: pallor, increased turgor, increased weight of the organ
microscopic: clear vacuoles in cytoplasm, distended segments of ER |
|
|
Term
| ultrastructural changes cause by fatty change (reversible cell injury) |
|
Definition
| appearance of fat vacuoles in cytoplasm, may be increased eosinophilic staining (pink stain from eosin dye) |
|
|
Term
| intracellular changes associated with reversible injury |
|
Definition
1) plasma membrane alterations
2)mitochondrial changes
3) dilation of ER with detachment of ribosomes
4) nuclear alterations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell death due to ischemia (lack of oxygen) |
|
|
Term
| appearance of coagulation necrosis |
|
Definition
Proteins are denatures (not coagulated)
microscopic: basic outline of cells are perserved but nuclei are lost.
gross: pale, dry, demarcated areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Necrosis caused by bacterial or fungal infectious; inflammatory cells and enzymes of leukocytes digest the tissue. Tissue is transformed into purulent liquid viscous mass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Necrosis caused by some fairly specific agents: there are mainly tuberculosis, leprosy, and fungal infections.
"caseous" = cheese-like |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of caseous necrosis |
|
Definition
Friable yellow-white area of necrosis.
microscopic: collection of cells with amorphous granular pick appearance (H&E stained). Cellular outlines are not preserved. Enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of pancreatic lipases into pancreas/peritoneal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of far necrosis |
|
Definition
Fat saponification (visible chalky white areas)
Foci of necrosis contain shadowy outlines of necrotic cells with basophilic calcium deposits surrounded by inflammatory reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turned into soap. Causes visible chalky white areas seen with fat necrosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pancreatic injuries & acute pancreatis cause release of pancreatic enzymes into adjacent tissue the breaks down fat cell into glyceril and fatty acids that complex with plasma to form calcium soap. |
|
|
Term
| Non-enzymatic fat necrosis |
|
Definition
| Occurs in fat deposit other than those adjacent to the pancreas, usually following trauma. Induces a (typically granulomatous) inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
| cytoplasmic evidence of becrosis |
|
Definition
1) cytoplasm more homogenous and deeply staining (denatures proteins, loss of ribosomes)
2) cytoplam may have vacuolated appearance (swelling)
3) autolysis (cell appears fuzzy or is lysed)
4) calcification of dead cells may occur |
|
|
Term
| nuclear evidence of necrosis |
|
Definition
1) nuclear chromatin clumps
2) nucleus is smaller and more densely staining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleus breaks into fragment.
Evident necrosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complete lysis of nucleus.
Evidence of necrosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal deposition of calcium in dead or dying tissue that is associated with necrosis of any type. |
|
|
Term
| problems associated with tissue necrosis |
|
Definition
1) altered function (brain sensitive, liver not)
2) loss of tissue (or organ)
3) secondary infection (necrotic tissue has little to no inflammation)
4) systemic effects (fever, leukocytosis)
5) local effects
6) release of enzyme from necrotic area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stiffening of a dead body due to decrease in ATP in muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gravitational settling in dependeny (lower) parts. Subsequent breakdown of hemoglobin leads to the typical green discolouration. |
|
|
Term
| post-mortem blood clotting |
|
Definition
| Formation of large clots in places such as chambers of the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fermentation caused by saprophytic bacteria causes gas accumulation to produce rupture of the stomach or foamy liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) programmed cell death during embryogenesis
2) hormonally-driven regression of tissues
3) cell death in tissue with rapid turnover
4) elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes during maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Damage to DNA
Accumulation of misfolded proteins
Viral Infections
Pathologic atrophy of organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family of enzymes that play a great role in mediating apoptosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of oxygen causes cells to utilize anaerobic which produces lactic acid lowering pH. This damages lysosomal membranes and releases lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm. Result of cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| False theory that stated that the release of destructive lysosomal enzymes caused cell death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure generated by osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure of water/fluid influenced by the activity heart as a pump, elasticity/recoil of blood vessels, quantity of blood, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure pushing fluid out of vessels, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure drawing fluid into vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid passed out of normal cappilarry through small junctions brings small molecules (water, salt, small organic molecules) leaving large proteins and cellular components of blood within the capillary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of excess fluid in tissue spaces (interstitium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized disturbance of the fluid exchange mechanism is tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess fluid in many tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When tissue fluid accumulated in body cavities such as the pleural space, pericardial sac or perotoneal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal capillary fluid activity |
|
Definition
arteriole: fluid moves out of capillaries because HP > OP
venular: fluid moves in because HP < OP |
|
|
Term
| Effect of venous obstruction |
|
Definition
Leads to localized edema
Increases HP therefore fluid leaves at arterole end but cannot return at venular end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leads to localized edema
Overtime an accumulation of small protein molecules will lead to increased tissue colloid OP which favours fluid remaining in tissue spaces. (pull of plasma colloid OP is not sufficient to move adequate amounts of fluid back into capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| causes of localizes edema |
|
Definition
venous or lymphatic obstruction
Acute inflammation
acute allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
| Right ventricle failure leads to edema of: |
|
Definition
| Venous blood backs up in the circulatory system leadinf to increased venous HP and generalized edema in the interstitium. |
|
|
Term
| Left heart failure leads to edema of: |
|
Definition
| Blood builds up in pulmonary circulation leading to pulmonary edema (fluid fills alveoli) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pathophysiologic condition.
Decreased cardiac output by decrease contratability of the heart, mecahnical abnormality, or arrhythmia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dyspnea that is more pronounced when laying down. |
|
|
Term
| Sodium/water retention in the body |
|
Definition
| Decreased output from left ventrivel leads to decreased glomerular filtration pressure in kidney. Stimulates renin production which leads to aldosterone production. Aldosterone leads to increased sodium re-absorption by distal tubules. ↑ vasc HP ↓ vasc OP |
|
|
Term
Hypoproteinemia
(generalized edema) |
|
Definition
| Abnormally low protein levels in blood which leads to a decrease in colloid osmotic force (low plasma OP). Fluid moves normally out of capillaries but cannot move back. Second major cause of generalized edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low serum production
Low dietary intake of protein
Decreased synthesis of albumin in liver
Increased loss of albumin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low levels of serum albumin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High levels of protein in urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Massive generalized edema with characteristic hypoalbuminemia, marked proteinuria, and hypercholesterolmia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major protein of blood plasma which is synthesized in the liver. It is soluble in water and a major determinant of plasma OP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immonuglobulins (antobodies), complement, blood clotting factors, enzymes, variety of transport proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of symptoms which happen together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| edema of the brain, caused by head traumas or vascular accidents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid part of the blood in which blood cells are suspended (water, electrolytes, proteins, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid which remains after blood has been allowed to clot in a tube (fibrinogen and other clotting factors depleted by clot formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormality in cellular differentiation, maturation, and control of growth. Excessive and disorganized growth of cells or tissue which is unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase in number of cells resulting in an increase in the size of an organism.
Main mechanism causing increased size in tissue consisting of labile and stable cell types. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs in response to increased demand.
Hormonal hyperplasia and compensatory hyperplasia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occuring without an increased functional demand.
Most forms result from excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.
Only mechanism to increase the size of tissue made up of permanent cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance.
Decreased anabolism, increased catabolism
*only applies to tissue/organ that was previously normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organs which are underdeveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organs which are completely underdeveloped. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result of bone re-absorption occurring more frequently than formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atrophy caused by lack of use.
Decrease in size occurs rapidly and can be reverse.
Over time there will be a decrease in the number of cells which takes longer to reverse and may not be reversible in certain tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Probably the result of ischemia due to compression of blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell loss associated with normal aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal differentiation. Reversible change, in which normal mature cells are replaced by another type of mature cell. |
|
|
Term
| Squamous metaplasia of the epithelium |
|
Definition
| Normal ciliated columnar cells of the trachea and bronchi are replaces by stratified squamous epithelial cells. These cells have a survival advantage but important protective mechanisms are lost. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Areas of bone formation can be seen among dense fibrous scar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormality of both differentiation and muturation that is primarily seen in epithelial tissue.
Characterized by nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities, increased rate of multiplication, and disorderly maturation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sometimes used to describe dysplasmic lesions. They look like cancer but are not yet showing evidence of invasive bahaviour. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumour. Mass of abnormal tissue caused by neoplasia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seven fundamental traits of cell behaviour that lead to a malignant phenotype |
|
Definition
1) self-sufficiency in growth signals
2) insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
3) evasion of cell death
4) development of sustained angiogenesis
5) ability to invade and metastasize
6) genomic instability (enabler of malignancy)
7) tumour-producing inflammation (enabler of malignancy) |
|
|
Term
| principle targets of genetic damage |
|
Definition
3 classes of regulatory genes:
Growth-promoting protooncogenes
Growth-inhibiting cancer suppressor genes (antioncogenes)
Genes that regulate apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| self-sufficiency of growth signals |
|
Definition
| Activation (de-repression) of specific DNA sequences known and prooncogenes lead to the promotion of cell gorwth without the need fro growth-promoting signals. |
|
|
Term
| Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals |
|
Definition
| If protein suppressor genes become disrupted, they will not produce enough protein to products to restrain proliferation. Cell become refractory to growth inhibition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RB gene product is a DNA binding protein which exist in two states:
Active state (prevent G → S phase)
Inactive state (cells can enter S phase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumour suppressor gene that regulates apoptosis and is commonly mutated in human cancers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A mutation to any of the many genes that regulate apoptosis may prevent apoptosis of tumour cells
-> upstream regulators and downstream effectors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has a well-establised rike in protecting the tumour from apoptosis.There will be a susbsequent steady accumulation of B lymphcytes resulting in lymphadenopathy and marrow infiltration. |
|
|
Term
| limitless potential for replication |
|
Definition
| Mutations=which activate telomerase prevent telomeres form shortening and allows the tumour cell to replicate indefinitely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tumours need blood supply to proliferate. Tumour-associated angiogenic factors may be produced by tumour cells or derived from inflammatory cells that infiltrate the tumour.
Tumour growth is controlled by a balance between these factors and anti-angiogenic factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Loosening of intracellular junctions
2) Attachment to and degradation of the basement membrane and the ECM
3) Migration (through degraded basement membrane and areas of metric proteolysis. |
|
|
Term
| Tumour-associated antigens |
|
Definition
| The appearance of new weak antigens on the surface of cancer cells probably represents expression of the altered genome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is likely that early steps which could lead to cancer happen constantly in our bodies but rarely actually lead to cancer. This is because of normal cells ability to repair DNA damage, the availability of two copies of the gene and the fact that an accumulation of mutations is required to produce carcinoma. |
|
|
Term
| How are tumours heterogeneous |
|
Definition
| Mutations do not occur in all tumour cells they occur in individuals cells. If these mutations provide an advantage to survival and/or malignant behaviour then these specific mutant subclones may dictate the future behaviour of the tumour. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agents that directly cause genetic damage such as chemicals radiation and viruses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extremely diverse highly reactive electrophiles which will react with electron-rich atoms in nucleic acids and cellular proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Direct-acting carcinogens |
|
Definition
| Required no metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic. Usually weak carcinogens, some are used in drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Indirect-acting carcinogens |
|
Definition
| Chemicals that require metabolic conversion to an ultimate carcinogen. |
|
|
Term
| Initiation-promotion sequence |
|
Definition
| Carconogenicity of some mutagenic chemicals (initiation) is augmented by subsequent administration of promoters that by themselves are non-tumourigenic. Repeated/sustained exposure to the promotes must follow the application. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agent that produces mutations (permanent, transmissable change in genetic material). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behave differently than the other three main types of carcinomas. They are metastasized by the time of diagnosis and not curabe by surgery. In the lungs transformation of normal bronchial epithelium into neoplastic tissue occurs in a stepwise manner. |
|
|
Term
| Four maintypes of lung cancer |
|
Definition
Adenocarcinoma (most common)
Squamaus cell carcinoma
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma
Small cell carcincoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common type of brochogenic carcinoma in which neoplastic cells are derived from bronchial epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
Definition
| Chronic cough and expectoration; hoarseness; chest pain; superior vena cava syndrome and pleural effusion; presistent segmental atelectasis and pneumonitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Associated with an increased risk of developing bronchiogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma.
Asbestos is not removed or metabolized by the lung so the fibers remain in the body for life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extremely aggressive cancer that originate from the mesothelium (lining of the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardial sac) |
|
|
Term
ultraviolet radiation
(carcinogen) |
|
Definition
| Believed to cause genomic instability by causing the formation of linkages between pyrimidines bases in DNA. If DAN repair mechanisms are not working or are overwhelmed then skin cancer results. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insert their nucleic acid directly into the host cell genome. Viral replication is minimal and viral DNA has an oncogene-like effect. |
|
|
Term
Papillomavirus
(Oncogenic) |
|
Definition
Oncogenic DAN virus associated with cervical cancer. Genome codes fro viral proteins which interact with growth-regulating proteins (encoded by oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes).
Stimulate the loss of tumour suppressor genes.
Activate cyclins.
Inhibit apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oncogenic DNA virus that causes nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. Also implicated in the development of nervous lymphoma in AIDS patients. Infect B cells and causes them to proliferate. |
|
|
Term
Hepatitis B virus
HBV
(oncogenic) |
|
Definition
| Oncogenic DNA virus associated with hepatoecllular carcinoma. Ongiong hepatocyte injury and related regeneration predispose cell to mutation leading to multistep carcinognesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Majority in human and animals are retroviruses that cause neoplastic transformation by two mechanisms:
1) acute-transformation
2) slow-transformation |
|
|
Term
| Acute-transforming viruses |
|
Definition
| Oncogenic RNa viruse that contain viral ondogene (v-onc) which induced uncontrolled cell proliferation. |
|
|
Term
| Slow-transforming viruses |
|
Definition
| Oncogenic RNA viruses that insert their reverse-transcribed DNA near a cellular oncogene; retroviral promoters cause over-expression of cellular oncogenes. (insertional mutagenesis) |
|
|
Term
Adult T-cell leukemia/lyphoma
"Japanenes T-cell leukemia" |
|
Definition
| Caused by the oncogenic RNA virus "human T-cell leukemia virus-1" (HTLC-1) which has a tropism for CD4+ cells. Causes production of TAX protein which activates T-cell encoding genes for IL-2 and its receptor. Also reppresses function of tumour suppressor genes and stimulate the production of myeloid growth factor. |
|
|
Term
| Avian Leukemia-sarcoma complex |
|
Definition
| In chicken (most typically) variably results in the formation of lymphomas, leukemai, or other sarcomas. |
|
|
Term
| Feline leukemia-sarcoma complex |
|
Definition
| Oncogenix RNA virus Feline Leukemia virus (FeLV) occasionally results in neoplasia and frequently result in immune suppression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oncogenic RNA viruswhich results in lymphoma/leukemia in a proportion of infected cattle. |
|
|
Term
| Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus |
|
Definition
| Oncogenic RNA virus which results in pulmonary carcinomas in infected sheep. |
|
|
Term
Enzootic Nasal Tumour virus
ENTV |
|
Definition
| Oncogenic RNA virus that result in the development of nasal adenocarcinomas in sheep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Onogenic RNA flavivirus (not-retroviral) associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterium which has been linked to the pathogenesis of gastric epithelial cancers and gatric B-cell lymphomas. |
|
|
Term
| Classification of tumours is based on: |
|
Definition
1) Detected/predicted biological behaviour
2)tissue of origin
3) histoligcal appearance
4) site at which they arise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benign tumours of epithelial origin that originate from glandular tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benign tumours of epithelial origin that orginate from epithelial surfaces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malignant tumours of epithelial origin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malignant tumours of epithelial origin derived from glandular epithelium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malignant tumours of epithelial origin derived from squamous epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| Transitional cell carcinomas |
|
Definition
| Malignant tumours of epithelial origin derived from transitional epithelium (such as the lining of the urinary bladder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benign tumours of mesenchymal origine
Named after cell type of origin followed by the suffix "-oma" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Malignant tumours of mesenchymal orgin
Named after the cell type of origin + suffix "-sarcoma" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumours which are derived from embyonic pluripotent cells which are only present in the fetus and for the first few years of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tumours derived from germ cells but with little evidence of development of different tissue types.
Contain elements of all three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumours arising from MALE germline cells that fail to demonstrate any differentiation, instead forming a tumour of uniform (if anaplastic) round cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumours arising from FEMALE germline cells that fail to demonstrate any differentiation, instead forming a tumour of uniform (if anaplastic) round cells. |
|
|
Term
| Malignant tumurs with benign "-oma" ending |
|
Definition
| Melanomas, lymphomas, plasmacytomas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumours of the blood-forming organs which are all considered malignant though the aggressiveness of their behaviour may vary. Clinical course may also be indicated in the name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of more than one cell type. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-invasive tumours which typically grow slowly and do not metastasize. Excision is usually curative and tthey tend to only cause problems if they interfere with normal function of tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invasive, (usually) fast growing tumours that metastasize to other sites within the body. Often life-threatening. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which parenchymal tumour cells resemble normal parenchymal cells of their tissue of origin. Benign cells are often well differentiated where malignant tumour show a wide range of undifferentiation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation in NUCLEAR size and shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation in CELL size and shape. |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of anaplastic cells |
|
Definition
Variation in size and shape.
Increased nuclear size relative to cell size (increased N:C ratio)
Hyperchromatic nucleus.
Nuclear chromatin is coarse/clumped and the nucleoli may be multiple/large
Mitotic figure are numerous and atypical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumours which often behave in a benign fashion though the cells appear remarkably anaplastic and contain multiple mitotic figure. |
|
|
Term
| Canine intestinal adenocarcinomas |
|
Definition
| Tumours arising from the epithelial lining of the small intestine. May appear very well-differentaited forming distinctive tubules that will often invade through the wall of the intestine and spread broadly thorugh the abdominal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Rate of growth of malignant tumours correlates with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differentiation and anaplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rate of growth
Local Invasion
Metastasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Development of secondary implants away from primary tumour sites. |
|
|
Term
| Cancers can disseminate by three different pathways |
|
Definition
1) Seeding within body cavities
2) lymphatic spread (carcinomas, melanomas)
3) Hematogenous spread (sarcomas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a malignant tumour enters a body cavity, rafts of tumour cells break off and disseminate within the body cavity, setting up new tumours. |
|
|
Term
| TMN system for scaling malignancies |
|
Definition
T: the increasing size of the primary tumour
N: progressively advancing lymph node involvement
M: the presence/absence of distant tumour metastases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marked variation in the size and shape of cells. |
|
|
Term
| Possible effects of malignant neoplasms |
|
Definition
1) Disturbance of organ function
2) Ischemia and hypertension
3) Hormone production
4) Ulcerate through surface with consequent bleeding or secondary infection, pain inflammation
5)Intussusception, intestinal obstructiom, infarction. |
|
|
Term
| Risk factor of carcinoma of the breast |
|
Definition
geography
age
family history
menstrual history
pregnancy
benign breast disease
exogenous estrogens
oral contraceptive
obesity
high-fat diet
alcohol consumption
cigarettes |
|
|
Term
| late features of breast cancer |
|
Definition
| ulceration and nipple retraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clinical effect produced by cancer which are unrelated to the direct involvement of the tissue by the tumour(s). Many of which are mediated by a variety of tumour cell products. Presence of well defined paraneoplastic syndromes can lead to the diagnosis of underlying cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Hypercalcemia is often associated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy |
|
Definition
| Characterized by the clubbing of fingers (thickening caused by new bone being laid down) and is often associated with lung cancer and other neoplasms (mechanism unknown) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paraneoplastic weight loss, wasting, and emaciation that occur with advanced cancer. Causes are not fully understood though many factor are likely to be involved such as the release of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin by macrophages, autoimmune, toxic, nutrition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tumour cell products that indicate the presence of a neoplasm.
Level can also be used to monitor the response to therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Laboratory investigation of tumours |
|
Definition
Exfoliative cytology
Fine needle apsiration cytology
A variety of chemical tests and molecular probes |
|
|
Term
| Four basic categories of cancer treatments |
|
Definition
Surgical removal
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy |
|
|
Term
| Surgical cancer treatment |
|
Definition
Excision is often curative for benign neoplasms but difficult for malignant neoplasms due to their invasive growth habit. Excision is as wide as possible and may involve local lymph nodes.
In metastasized malignant neoplasms surgery will have little curative effect but may be used to enhance the effect of chemotherapy and palliatively. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Implies affording relief, not curing a condition. Reducing pain associated with disease process is of particular concern. |
|
|
Term
| Radiation therapy for cancer |
|
Definition
| Radiation has a more destructive effect against rapidly growing cells than on normal cells but there is still an associated risk if injuring normal cells and inducing tumours. Particularly harmful to self-renewing population. Radiation can be delivered from an external site or internally by implanting radioactive sources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-cancer drugs work by:
Interfering with cell metabolism and RNA or protein synthesis
Blocking DNA replication or mitotic division
Exerting hormonal effect which influence tumour growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of approaches used to stimulate immune system but have not as much success. Monoclonal antibodies developed against tumour-associated antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small pin point focal hemorrhage of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple 3-5mm sized oval/irregular shaped hemorrhage of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (bruises) larger area of hemorrhage of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemorrhage in pleural space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pericardial hemorrhage. Dangerous as it can put pressure on the heart, ledaing to acute heart failure and collapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood blister, area where blood has pooled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs without trauma. Epitaxis (nose bleed), gums, hemoptysis (lungs, seen as counging up blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "arrest of bleeding" caused by contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel. Effective for small vessels but not for larger. |
|
|
Term
| General Sequence of Events in Normal hemostasis |
|
Definition
1) Transcient areteriole vasoconstriction
2) Primary hemostasis: formation of hemostatic plug
3) Secondary hemostasis: formation of fibrin clot
4) Formation of permanent plug, with concurrent counter-regulatory mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| Transient arteriole vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| Occurs through reflex mechanisms. Fleeting effect that is augmented by secretions of endothelin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of hemostatic plug which exposes more thrombogenic subendothelial extracellular matrix. Facilitates platelet adherence activation of thrombin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of fibrin clot which exposes tissue factors and helps trigger the coagulation cascade. Culminates in the activation of thrombin which promotes formation of insoluble fibrin clot. |
|
|
Term
| Formation of permanent plug with concurrent counter-regulatory mechanisms. |
|
Definition
| Set in motion to ensure clot formation is limited to site of injury and is dependent on vascular walls, platelets, and the coagulation cascade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood vessels are lined by a layer of endothelial cells which are supported by a basement membrane under which is the ECM. A layer of smooth muscle is under the ECM. |
|
|
Term
| endothelial antithrombotic properties |
|
Definition
1) antiplatelet effects
2) anticoagulant properties
3) fibrinolytic properties |
|
|
Term
| Antiplatelet effects of the endothelium |
|
Definition
| Platelets must be activated to engage with the endothelium which must be intact. Activate platelets can be prevented from adhering to unijured endothelium by prostacyclin and nitric oxide. |
|
|
Term
| anticoagulant properties of the endothelium |
|
Definition
| Mediated by membrane associated, herapin-like molecules and thrombomdulin. |
|
|
Term
| Fibrinolytic properties of endothelial |
|
Definition
| Tissue-type plasminogen activators: protease that cleaves plasminogen to plasmin. |
|
|
Term
von Willdebrant factors
vWE |
|
Definition
| Molecular glue which bind platelets to endothelial wall. |
|
|
Term
| Endotelial Prothrombic Properties |
|
Definition
von Willdebrant factors bind platelets to wall
Endothelial cells are induced by cytokines or bacterial endotoxins to secrete tissue factor
Binding activated coagulation factors to augment their activities
Secretion of inhibitors of plasminogen activators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane bound disks lacking a nucelus that are smaller than RBCs. They have an essential role in primary hemostasis. |
|
|
Term
| Three general reactions of platelets |
|
Definition
Platelet adhesion
Platelet activation
Platelet Aggregation |
|
|
Term
| Three general reactions of platelets |
|
Definition
Platelet adhesion
Platelet activation
Platelet Aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediated largely vWF and platelet glycoprotein GpIb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Releases calcium which is important to several coagulant factors
ADP is a potent mediator of resting platelets and augments platelet activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enlarging platelet aggregate makes up the primary hemostatic plug. ADP are throboxane A are important stimuli,
Concurrent activation of caogulation leads to the generation of thrombin and contributes to the formation of the secondary hemostatic plug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma protein that has an important role in platelet aggregation by acting to connect numbers of platelets together to form large aggregates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vasconstrictor and increases platelet aggregation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyst in the final steps in the coagulation cascade and has a variety of other effects on the local blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proenzyme plasminogen is activated to the proteolytic enzyme plasmin (occurs vis the action of plasminogen activators or via XII-dependent pathway) and catalyses fibrin to break down and interferes with its polymerization. |
|
|
Term
| Fibrin breakdown products |
|
Definition
Fibrin split product FSP
Fibrinn degration porducts FDP
weak anticoagulants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inherited X-linked recessive disease that results in the deficiency in normally functioning factor VIII. Severe cases experience spontaneous bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autosomal dominant inherited disease that causes low levels of circulating vWF and impacts platelet function and coagulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low platelet numbers. Can be cuased by a variety of disorders that lead to deficient production/maturation of platelets, abnormal distribution of platelets, and increased destruction of platelets.
Detected by doind a CDC (complete blood count) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clotting within a vessel that is not beneficial. "clotting gone wrong" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leads to thrombosis
1. changes in vessel wall
2. alternations in normal blood flow
3. hypercoagulability |
|
|
Term
| acute thrombosis is caused by: |
|
Definition
| trauma, surgery, inflammation, and lack of blood supply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chronic thrombosis
Intima-based lesioon composed of a fibrous cap and an athermatous core. Plaque builds up over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in RBCs numbers. Leads to increased viscosity of the blood (hyperviscosity). similar effects to stasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Free floating intravascular s/l/g mass that is carried by the blood to a site different than its point of origin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embolus that originates as part of a dislodged thrombus. Generally affects arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soft tissue crush or long bone fracture release microscopic fat globules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gas bubbles within the circulation can coalesce/obstruct vascular flow and cause distal ischemic injury. (the bends) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entry of amniotic fluid into the maternal circulation via tears in the placental membranes or uterine vein ruptures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any alteration of clotting and fibrinolystic mechanisms which favour thrombosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Development of deep venous thrombosis in the legs of passengers in cramped seating on a long distance flight. |
|
|
Term
| 4 possible outcomes of thrombosis |
|
Definition
1) propagation
2) embolism
3) dissolution
4) organization and recanalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thrombus enlarge through additional platelets and fibrin and increase odds of vascular occlusion and embolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(newly formed) activation of fibrinolytic formations may lead to shrinkage/dissolution
*may acquire resistance to lysis |
|
|
Term
| organization and recanalization of thrombus |
|
Definition
Over time becomes organized by ingrowth of endothelial cells, smooth muscles cells, and fibroblasts.
In time capillary channels are formed that create conduits around thrombus re-establishing continuity of orginal lumen. |
|
|
Term
| 2 reasons why thrombi are significant |
|
Definition
1) cause obstruction of arteries/veins
2) may give rise to emboli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reduction or failure of blood supply to tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized area of necrosis, resulting from inadequate blood supply (decreasing oxygen). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypoxia & cell necrosis
Functional changes in tissues
Gradual death of specialized cell or organs and tissue
Pain
Ultimately infarction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heart attack
An area of myocardium is deprived of blood due to occlusion of a coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| CRITICAL narrowing of the lumen of a major coronary artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting the outcome of arteriole obstruction |
|
Definition
1) availability of collateral circulation
2) the integrity of the collateral arteries
3)Tissue susceptibility to ischemia
4) the tissue metabolic rate
5) the rate of development of the obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
presence or development of alternatae pathways through which blood might flow
in order to reach downstream target. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Venous infarct cause hypoxia which leads to damaged vessel causing hemorrhage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twisting of pedicle (stalk with blood supply) of an organ |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting the outcome of venous obstruction |
|
Definition
size of vein
How quickly the obstruction develops
availability of collateral draining (generally greater availability in veins than arteries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the testicle becomes twisted on its axis completely obstructing all venous drainage through spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a twist in the mesentery at the root of the colon with collapse of the veins of large intestine that is congested. Leads to hemorrhagic and edematous infarct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
DIC |
|
Definition
| Thrombohemorrhagic disorder resulting from coagulation, which leads to widespread thrombosis in the microcirculation of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) release of tissue factor/thrombosplastic substances
2)widespread endothelial cell injury |
|
|
Term
| cycle of thrombus foramtion and fibrinolysis in DIC leads to: |
|
Definition
1) widespread fibrin deposited within the microcirculation
2)bleeding diathesis (from the depletion of platelets and clotting factors and the secondary release of plasminogen activators) |
|
|
Term
| Changes associated with DIC that would be used in lab tests |
|
Definition
Seeing damaged RBCs of CBC
Thrombocytopenia
Prolongation of the PT and the PTT
Increased fibrin split products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by a generalized reduction in tissue perfusion related to a decrease in the effective cardiac output or in effective blood circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in blood volume. Shock associated with hemorrhage or fluid loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of shock associated with anaphalaxis, neurogenic and septic shock. Widespread vasodilation decrease HP leading to tissue hypoperfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of heart to function as a pump type shock. Asssociated with primary disease in the heart and with conditions obstructing blood flow in the heart or filling ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| non-progressive stage of shock |
|
Definition
| reflex compensatory mechanisms are activated and vital organ perfusion is maintained. |
|
|
Term
| progressive stage of shock |
|
Definition
| Characterized by tissue hyperfusion and onset of worsening circulatory and metabolic derangement, including acidosis. |
|
|
Term
| Irreversible stage of shock |
|
Definition
| cellular and tissue injury is so severe that even if the hemodynamic defects are corrected survival is not possible. |
|
|
Term
| widespread tissue hypoxia |
|
Definition
Affect function of tissue/organ
Confusion(less blood to brain)
Prolonged vasoconstriction leads to a cycle in which acidosis and lysosomal enzyme release further cellular injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When parenchymal cells are lost the adjacent surviving cells may undergo division to replace them.
Depends on cells ability to divide, the numbers of surviving cells, and the amount of surviving connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells which normally divide actively though life to replace cell which are normally being lost.
i.e. hematopoietic cells of bone marrow (regenerate from stem cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long-lived cell that have a low rate of division. With exception of the liver stable tissues have a limited capacity to regenerate after injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells which cannot divide after fetal life. Terminally differentiated anf nonproliferative. Heal by scarring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary motivators for cell replication. Interact with cyclin dependent kinases in the nucelus. |
|
|
Term
| control of cyclins can be modified by: |
|
Definition
1) external growth fators
2) systemic hormones
3) inhibitory signals |
|
|
Term
| Net Rate of Cell Proliferation is dependent on: |
|
Definition
1) the ability to replication
2) the balance between proliferative and inhibitory signals
3) the balance between the rate of cell proliferation and cell loss secondary to apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The replacement of normal tissue by a dense collagenous connective tissue after injury, the result of healing by fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A) regeneration is not possible (permanent cells, sufficient necrosis to connective framework and stable/labile cells)
B) When an acute inflammatory process is not resolved or there is ongoing tissue necrosis in chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Debridement
Granulation tissue formation
Angiogenesis
Collagenization
Muturation
Contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly vascular immature scar tissue which consists of proliferating fibroblasts, newly formed capillaries, and some inflammatory cells that acts to fill injured area until more mature scar tissue can develop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycoprotein with an important role in the formation of granulation which is synthesized by endothelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. It is chemostatic for fibroblasts and helps organize endothelial cells into new capillaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibroblasts that contain actocyosin filaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of incidence of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proportion of deaths within a designated population of those affected with a medical condtion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia. |
|
|
Term
| Factors that contribute to reperfusion injury |
|
Definition
Mitochondrial dysfunction (release contents that promotes apoptosis)
Myocyte hypercontracture (contraction of myofibrils is augmented and uncontrolled cauing cytoskeletal damage and cell death)
Leukocyte aggregation
Platelet and complement activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superficial layer of skin. Cornified/keratinized layers of cells are continually being lost. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supportive connective tissue, blood vessel, adnexa, sebaceous glands, apocrine gland, sweat glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
graze/scrape
Epidermal cells of the skin are removed. Mildest form of skin injury. Involves meachanical force. Basal layers not affected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tearing, especially over bony surfaces. Affect both dermis and epidermis but there is little loss of the basal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cutting on tissue by a sharp-edged object. Affect both dermis and epidermis but there is little loss of the basal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bruise produced by blunt trauma; there is blood vessel damage and hemorrhage into the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tearing away of a part due to severe trauma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| STAB. Penetration by an object, usually of small diameter, onto the skin or other tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Puncture wounds that go right through the tissue (entry and exit wound) |
|
|
Term
| Healing by first intention |
|
Definition
| Quick healing with minimal scarring which can only occur with uncomplicated, approximated wounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clotted blood and inflammatory cells that develop over the wounds to protect the wound from infectious agents. |
|
|
Term
| Healing by second intention occurs when: |
|
Definition
1) Large wound sites
2) At site of abscess formation
3) ulceration
4) ischemia necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Complications of healing by second intention |
|
Definition
Secondary inflammation mediated injury
Greater mass of scar tissue
Fibrosis (can lead to organ dysfunction or failure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in the tissue, often part of chronic disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of abnormal nodular masses of collagen. Can result from even minor skin wounds. |
|
|
Term
| Factors that extent or effectiveness of wound healing: |
|
Definition
Nutrition (defi vit C, ptn, zinc)
Drugs (corticosteroids)
Foreign material
Blood supply
Age
Size and shape of the wound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant or animal which live upon, or within another living organism, at whose expense it obtains some advantage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of an organism to colonize tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of an organism to cause disease (low-grade vs high-grade) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low-grade pathogens that only cause disease in immune-compromised hosts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high-grade pathogens which may cause disease even in healthy hosts. |
|
|
Term
| obligate intracellular parasite |
|
Definition
Require host cells to grow and multiply, using the hosts' metabolic machinery for growth
Viruses, prions, rickettsia and chlamydia bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiply outside of cells and include most pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| barriers to organism entering the body |
|
Definition
skin
respiratory tract
intestinal tract
urogenital tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucosal antimicrobial peptides |
|
|
Term
| Four principle methods of the spread of infection |
|
Definition
Physical contact
Airborne infection
Foodbourne infection
Insect-borne infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) the invader dies (most likely), due to actions of both nonspecific defense and specific immune responses
2) the invader may survive without give rise to obvious clinical disease, but causes an immune response
3) The invader survives, multiples, and produces clinical infection |
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect the virulence of the pathogen |
|
Definition
Ability of the bacteria to adhere to host cells
Ability to invade host cells/tissues
Ability to deliver toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the infectious agent lead to development of an immune response but disease is not clinically present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causal retrovirus enters vis the intestinal tract but there is usually no sign of intestinal infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small numbers of bacterial in the bloodstream which are removed by the body preventing multiplication.
May be of significance in immune-compromised and those which chronic valve disease or valve prosteses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large numbers of bacteria in the bloodstream which are capable of overwhelming the body's defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presense of bacterial toxins within the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of larger numbers of bacteria or their toxic by-products within the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Larger numbers of parasites in the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small numbers of bacterial in the bloodstream which are removed by the body preventing multiplication.
May be of significance in immune-compromised and those which chronic valve disease or valve prosteses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large numbers of bacteria in the bloodstream which are capable of overwhelming the body's defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presense of bacterial toxins within the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of larger numbers of bacteria or their toxic by-products within the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Larger numbers of parasites in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| general structure of viruses |
|
Definition
1) central core of nucleic acids
2) a well-structured protein coat
3) an outer-lipid envelop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
certain viruses preferentially affect specific parenchymal cells.
Determine by the presence of appropritae cell receptors for the virus. |
|
|
Term
| virally mediated cell injury |
|
Definition
| Impair normal cell functional direction, resulting in sublethal or lethal cell injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of sustainable substances which are formed during viral replication.
Used diagnostically in microscopic identification of specific viral infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Result in death
Prevent synthesis of critical host macromolecules
Produce degenerative enzymes and toxic proteins
Induce apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filamentous, enveloped RNA virus that is highly cytopathic generally leading to cytolysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The loss of normal lobular architecture of the liver as a result of necrosis by scarring fibrosis and nodular regeneration.
May be the result of Hep C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A severe conjunctivitis (chlamydia) leads to eventual scarring and opacification of the cornea. Leading cause of blindness worldwide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diseases which can be transmitted from animals to man |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria which are obligate intracellular parasites that require arthropod vector for transmission. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subviral transimmisable agent consisting of abnormal forms of a host protein that lack nucleic acid. Caused by spongiform. No inflammatory reaction! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterittic vascular denegation seen in the brain. |
|
|
Term
| infectious prion proteins |
|
Definition
PrPsc (scabie-abnormal conformation)
PrPres (high content of beta sheets that makes it resistant to proteolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria that normally resides in the body. Many serve a protective role, helping to prevent the colonization of more virulent organisms by competing for growth factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beneficial under normal conditions but in certain situation they can cause disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kill bacteria outside of a host by denaturing bacterial proteins or interfering with bacterial metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit the growth or multiplication of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of bacterial injury |
|
Definition
Adhere to host cell
Invade cells and tissues
Deliver toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific genes are expressed when bacteria reach high concentrations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
community of bacteria live within a viscous layer of extracellular polysaccharides that adhere to host tissue, medical devices, etc.
Leads to increased resistance to host defences and antimicrobial drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial surface molecules that bind host cell or ECM |
|
|
Term
| Gram + cocci bind host cells by |
|
Definition
lipotheichoic acid that binds to fibronectin.
(Fibrillar surface M proteins prevent phagocytosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) exchange of genetic material (sex pili)
2) adhesion to the host cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipopolysaccharide component of the cell wall of gram _ bacteria and are released into the blood following bacterial death and lysis. |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial endotoxins cause: |
|
Definition
Peripheral vasodilation(shock)
Endothelial injury
Activation of coagulation cascade
Massive cytokine response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted proteins that directly cause cell injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typically enzymes secreted into their immediate environment which have a rile in breaking down complex food to products which are used for bacterial metabolim and are useful for tissue invasion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
produced by staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram + anaerobe. Lead to the production of severe necrotizing inflammation, eith gas production. |
|
|
Term
| remotely-acting exotoxins |
|
Definition
| Toxins which are secreted by living bacteria and absorbed into the bloodstream. Often mediate thier effects at distant sites in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of connective tissue which lies subcutaneously and which separates muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapidly advancing necortizing process caused by exotoxins.
Can affect previously healthy individuals after surgery or trauma.
Systemic signs: leukocytosis, fever, chills, and prostation. Septicemia develops and may progess to become fatal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causal organism does not multiply inside the body and disease is caused by ingesting pre-formed exotoxins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram + anaerobe that can survive for long periods as spores. Usually acquired through contamination of wounds. interferes with release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. Leads to violent spasms "lockjaw" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exotoxins which exert their effect on intestinal mucosal cells and are produced by bacteria during replication. Attach to get mucosal receptors causing either structural damage or functional alterations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute gastroenteritis (causing severe vomiting and diarrhea) caused by the action of bacterial toxins, due to bacterial contamination of food or drink. |
|
|
Term
| Response to bacterial infections |
|
Definition
acute inflammation
Increased vascular permeability
Neutrophils attracted by chemotactic factors released by the bacteria at the site of infection.
suppurative inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often result of destruction of the lumen of the appendix and subsequent suppurative inflammation caused by bacterial organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrinopurulent pericarditis, likely of bacterial origin. Lungs have a glistening wet appearance which pulmonary edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) the causal organism can be found in disease lesions
2) the organism can be isolated in culture
3) secondary inoculation of the purified organism causes lesion in experimental animals
4) the organism can be recovered from the experimental animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large colonies of hyphae, may be grossly apparent |
|
|
Term
| Requirements for fungal growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungi that grow as hyphal forms at room temperature but yeast forms at body temperature. |
|
|
Term
| Fungal infections cause injury by: |
|
Definition
| inducing DTH hypersensitivity response to fungal antigens or (some) by directly invading small blood vessels, leading to thrombosis and necrosis of the adjacent tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
histoplasmosis
coccidioidomycosis
blastomycosis
acute primary pulmonary infection
chronic granulomatous pulmonary disease
primar pumost nodules
flu-like symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly contagious and difficult to treat superficail fungal disease that cause patchy, reddened, scaling lesions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often caused by commensal organisms on mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complicated life cycle that involves more than one host. Cause inflammatory reactions which are often characterized by eosinophils and granulomatous inflammation.
Type I/II hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Host of the adult male (mature, reproducing) parasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One-celled intracellular or extracellular parasites which dominate as causes of infectious disease. Difficult to treat as they can assume a variety of forms.
Transmitted via insect vectors or by ingestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protozoa which uses man and specific insects to complete its life cycle. I man sporozites from insect saliva multiply rapidly to form a schizont conatining thousands of merozoites which are later released to quickly infect red cells. Either continue asexual reproduction or give rise to gametocytes capable of infecting next hungry misquito. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temperature spikes that coincide with showers of new malaria merozoites that are released from red cells at intervals of about 48-72 hours. |
|
|
Term
| Distinct clinical features of malaria |
|
Definition
Episodic chill and fever
hemolytic anemia
massive splenomegaly and occasion hepatomegaly (marked hyperplasia of mononuclear phagocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protozoa which uses man and specific insects to complete its life cycle. I man sporozites from insect saliva multiply rapidly to form a schizont conatining thousands of merozoites which are later released to quickly infect red cells. Either continue asexual reproduction or give rise to gametocytes capable of infecting next hungry misquito. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temperature spikes that coincide with showers of new malaria merozoites that are released from red cells at intervals of about 48-72 hours. |
|
|
Term
| Distinct clinical features of malaria |
|
Definition
Episodic chill and fever
hemolytic anemia
massive splenomegaly and occasion hepatomegaly (marked hyperplasia of mononuclear phagocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protozoa which uses man and specific insects to complete its life cycle. I man sporozites from insect saliva multiply rapidly to form a schizont conatining thousands of merozoites which are later released to quickly infect red cells. Either continue asexual reproduction or give rise to gametocytes capable of infecting next hungry misquito. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temperature spikes that coincide with showers of new malaria merozoites that are released from red cells at intervals of about 48-72 hours. |
|
|
Term
| Distinct clinical features of malaria |
|
Definition
Episodic chill and fever
hemolytic anemia
massive splenomegaly and occasion hepatomegaly (marked hyperplasia of mononuclear phagocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multicellular parasites including nemotodes, cestodes, and trematodes.
Man can act as natural/accidental host or aberrant host. Type of disease produced is variable but systemic signs may include fever and anemia and eosinphilia |
|
|
Term
| natural or accidental Host |
|
Definition
| parasite is able to progress through its life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Further development of the parasite in the host in blocked and it dies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Round worms.
Most cases no intermediate hosts are required for completion of life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tapeworms.
Spends part of their life cycle in man and part in another animal.
Long, flattened, segmented worms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flukes
Flatworms which require an intermediate host (often snails) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arthropod parasites, ectoparasites that live on or in the skin.
Itching lead to traumatic injury to the skin which may lead to secondary bacterial infection.
Some individuals may develop hypersensitivity reactions to the saliva deposited in the skin from bites.
May carry disease and are vectors for a variety of bacterial, rickettsial, and protozoal diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arhropod picks up the infecting agents and either deposits on exposed food or passes it on vis the contamination of biting mouth parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arthropod has an essential role in the completion of the life cycle of the infecting agent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Round worms.
Most cases no intermediate hosts are required for completion of life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tapeworms.
Spends part of their life cycle in man and part in another animal.
Long, flattened, segmented worms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flukes
Flatworms which require an intermediate host (often snails) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arthropod parasites, ectoparasites that live on or in the skin.
Itching lead to traumatic injury to the skin which may lead to secondary bacterial infection.
Some individuals may develop hypersensitivity reactions to the saliva deposited in the skin from bites.
May carry disease and are vectors for a variety of bacterial, rickettsial, and protozoal diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arhropod picks up the infecting agents and either deposits on exposed food or passes it on vis the contamination of biting mouth parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arthropod has an essential role in the completion of the life cycle of the infecting agent. |
|
|
