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Principles of Ocular Drug Administration
Lecture 1
29
Pharmacology
Graduate
02/18/2010

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Dipivalyl epinephrine
Definition

Prodrug

 

pivalvyl groups removed by esterases in cornea, leaving epinephrine to act at recept

 

Epinephrin penetraion increase 10 fold

Term

Latanoprost (Xalatan)

 

Travoprost (Travatan)

Definition

Prodrugs

 

ester-linked group is cleaved off after penetrating cornea

 

free acid remains in aqueous

Term

Loteprednol etabonate

 

Definition

Prodrug

 

active metabolite of prednisolone

 

less potential adverse effects due to ____

Term
Types of Preservatives
Definition

1. Surfactants

2. Chemical Toxins

3. Oxidative

Term

Preservatives

 

surfactants

Definition

  • ionically charged molecules that disrupt plasma membrane
  • usually bacterial cidal

 

Term

Preservatives

 

Chemical toxins

Definition

Mercury, iodine, EtOH

 

Block normal metabolic processes of cell

 

bactericidal/static

Term

Preservatives

 

Oxidative

Definition

  • penetrate cell membranes or walls
  • interfere with cellular function
  • hydrogen peroxide, Purite 

Term
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC)
Definition

Surfactant, GL med

 

  • quarternary surfactant
  • cationic
  • stable, antimicrobial, long shelf life
  • increase corneal drug penetration by disrupting epithelial surface
  • toxic inflammatory effect

 

Term

Chlorhexidine

 

  • Diguanide

 

Definition

 

  • Surfactant
  • does not alter corneal permeability as BAC
  • gentler to ocular surface
  • cannot intercalate into lipid layer as BAC

 

Term

Preservatives

 

Chemical

Definition

Mercurials - Thimerosal

Alcohol - Chlorobutanol

 

Term
Thimerosal
Definition

Chemical Preservatives - Mercurials

 

Not used much anymore because of contact sensitivity/allergic reactions

Term
Cholorobutanol
Definition

Chemical Preservatives - Alcohol

 

less effective than BAC

fewer allergic rxns

more effective with EDTA

Term

Preservatives

 

Oxidative

Definition

1. Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (Purite) - (Refresh Tears®)

2. Sodium Perborate (GenTeal®)

  • neutralized by cells, no accumulation
  • effective on microorganism, low toxicity

Term

Preservatives

 

Miscellaneous

Definition

1. Methylparaben, propylparaben

2. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

3. Sofzia

Term
Methylparaben, Propylparaben
Definition

Preservatives

 

- Artificial Tears

Term
EDTA
Definition

Preservative

  • chelating agent - chelates Ca2+ for cell junction formation
  • alone is not a sufficient antimicrobial 
  • assist action of Thimerosol and BAC
  • contact dermatitis
  • cytotoxic if prolonged use

 

Term
SofZia
Definition

Preservative

  • in Travatan Z

Term
Excipients Definition
Definition
An excipient is an inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
Term

Excipients

 

Viscous Agents

 

Name the 8 of them

Definition

 

  1. Methylcellulose (MC)
  2. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
  3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Providone) (PVP)
  4. Polysorbate 80
  5. Dextran
  6. Gelatin
  7. Carbomers (eg. 934, 940)

 

Term

Excipients

 

Antioxidants

 

Name the 2

Definition

1. Sodium sulfites

2. EDTA

Term

Excipients

 

Buffers

 

A. Definition

 

Definition

A) a chemical system that prevents the change in concentration of another chemical system

- to give a soln' the property of resisting a change in pH




Term

Excipients

 

Buffers

 

The 5 names

Definition

 

  • Acetic, boric, hydrocholoric acids
  • Potassium and sodium bicarbonate
  • Potassium and sodium borate
  • Potassium and sodium phosphate
  • Potassium and sodium citrate

 

 

Term

Vehicles

 

 

Definition

 

  1. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
  2. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone) PVP
  3. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)
  4. Carboxymethylcellulose

 

Term

Vehicles

 

for shear thinning 

Definition

 

  1. Mucin
  2. Sodium hyaluronate (SH)

 

Term

Vehicles

 

Gel-Forming Systems

Definition

Gel-rite - Timoptic XE in GL

 

Xanthan gum vehicle

Term

Vehicles

 

Polyacrylic acids

Definition
Carbopol gels
Term

Vehicles

 

Cation exchange Resin (Amberlite)

Definition

1. Polyacrylic Acids

  • Carbopol gels

2. Betaxolol susp. (Betoptic S)

Term

Vehicles

 

Types

Definition

 


 

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