Term
| Animals, plants and microorganisms are made of...? |
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Definition
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Term
| A cell is the smallest unit that has all of the...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All living organisms are composed of cells and substances produced by those cells. |
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Term
| Do most microorganisms grow and develop very quickly or very slowly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define 'metabolism' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| All of the biochemical reactions occurring in the cells of an organism |
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Term
| Define 'homeostasis' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| A stable, balanced, internal environment. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Define 'flagella' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| A tail-like appendage some microorganisms have to propel them through water. |
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Term
| Define 'cilia' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| Multiple hair-like appendages that beat simultaneously to aid in movement of some microorganisms. |
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Term
| Irritability, as it relates to microbiology, is the ability to...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment of an organism. |
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Term
| What are four (4) examples of stimuli? |
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Definition
1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Change
4. Chemical concentration of the environment |
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Term
| Define sexual reproduction as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| An egg is fertilized by sperm to produce a zygote. |
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Term
| Define asexual reproduction as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| Reproduction without sex. |
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Term
| Define 'mitosis' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| Production of two identical daughter cells. |
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Term
| Define 'binary fission' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| The reproduction process of bacteria, very similar to mitosis. |
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Term
| Define 'adaptation' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| The ability to develop physical and/or behavioral traits that allow survival in a changing environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is the living chemical molecule that makes up the chromosomes of every living organism. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA has the instructions or codes for a cell to use in making protein molecules which are needed to catalyze every biochemical reaction. |
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Term
| Name the eight (8) characteristics all living organisms have in common. |
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Definition
1. Cell structure
2. Growth and development
3. Have some form of metabolism
4. Movement
5. Irritability
6. Reproduction
7. Adaptation
8. DNA |
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Term
| Define 'classification' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| Science of assigning organisms to groups whose members have characteristics similar to one another but different from those of other groups. |
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Term
| Why is it important to use classification in microbiology? |
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Definition
To generalize knowledge obtained from studying a few strains (prototypes) to all members of the groups.
To identify germs in an effort to differentiate between pathogenic and normal flora.
Allows one to readily identify differences between groups of organisms.
Provides a common knowledge base. |
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Term
| Upon what is classification based? |
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Definition
1. Appearance of colonies on agar or broth.
2. Microscopic appearance when stained on a slide (shape, arrangement, staining characteristics)
3. Presence of external appendages such as flagella, cilia, or capsules. |
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Term
| Classification is also based on physiological characteristics such as.. |
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Definition
1. aerobic or anaerobic
2. temperature requirements
3. salt requirements in culture media
4. pH requirement (acidic or basic)
5. Nutritional requirements
6. Biochemical activities and structure
7. antigenic structure |
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Term
| Define 'antigenic structure' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| The presence of protein molecules on the surface of some microorganisms that stimulate a host to produce antibodies. |
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Term
| List three things about genetic makeup as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
1. Every living thing has DNA
2. The structure of the DNA of all members of a species is very similar
3. Genetic make up determines morphology and physiology |
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Term
| Kingdom is a group of related |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylum is a group of related |
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Definition
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Term
| Class is a group of related |
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Definition
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Term
| Order is a group of related |
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Definition
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Term
| Family is a group of related |
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Definition
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Term
| Genus is a group of related |
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Definition
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Term
| Define 'Species' as it related to microbiology. |
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Definition
| Members are most closely related to one another; they are very similar to one another in morphological, physical, and genetic makeup characteristics. |
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Term
| List the levels of classification in order. |
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Definition
1. Kingdom - a group of related phyla
2. Phylum - a group of related classes
3. Class - a group of related orders
4. Order - a group of related families
5. Family - a group of related genera
6. Genus - a group of related species
7. Species - members are most closely related to one another; they are very similar to one another in morphological, physical and genetic makeup characteristics. |
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Term
| Define 'Taxonomy' as it relates to microbiology. |
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Definition
| Science of naming living organisms scientifically. |
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Term
| Give two reasons for why we need a regulated system of naming organisms. |
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Definition
1. for organizational purposes
2. to prevent confusion |
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Term
| What language is used in taxonomy and why is that important? |
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Definition
| The use of Latin in taxonomy is important because it provides a universal vocabulary base |
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Term
| Who developed binomial nomenclature, and when? |
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Definition
| Carolus Linnaeus, in the mid 1700's |
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Term
| Binomial nomenclature assigns names by...? |
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Definition
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Term
| In binomial nomenclature, the _______ form of a word is used |
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Definition
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Term
| Binomial nomenclature requires that names be written in _________ or _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to regulate the naming of bacterial species? |
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Definition
| International Code of Nomenclature for Bacteria. |
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Term
| What book is used as a standard for identifying bacteria? |
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Definition
| Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology. |
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Term
| Name the five kingdoms of living organisms. |
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Definition
1. Animalia (animals)
2. Plantae (plants)
3. Monera (bacteria)
4. Protista (single celled animal-like microorganisms...protozoans)
5. Fungi (yeasts, molds, mildews and mushrooms) |
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Term
| All bacteria are __________? |
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Definition
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Term
| True bacteria are classified as_________? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three types of small bacteria |
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Definition
1. Rickettsiae (obligate intracellular parasites)
2. Chlamydiae (obligate itracellular parasites)
3. Mycoplasmas (unique species of bacteria because they do not have a CELL WALL) |
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Term
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Definition
| The "blue-green algae" -- similar to eubacteria, but has chlorophyll and undergoes photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Unicellular animal-like microorganisms
2. classified according to form of motion
3. NO cell wall
4. most are NOT photosynthetic |
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Term
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Definition
1. Plant like organisms, but do not have a cell wall
2. yeasts, molds, mildews and mushrooms |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nonliving infectious agents
2. Made of a piece of DNA or RNA, usually covered by a protein cap
3. Obligate intracellular parasites
4. Cause many infectious diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
They are little understood.
1. Infectious agents that are thought to be made of protein
2. Invade and damage the central nervous system |
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Term
| What are animal parasites? |
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Definition
1. Roundworms, flatworms, and tapeworms
2. Many are large enough to be seen without a microscope but usually diagnose by locating an egg or larvae upon microscopic examination of feces |
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Term
| Name the five types of eukaryotes (true bacteria). |
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Definition
1. Protozoa
2. Fungi
3. Viruses
4. Prions
5. Animal parasites |
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Term
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Definition
1. smallest life forms on earth
2. require a microscope to be seen
3. pathogenic and non-pathogenic |
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Term
| Where are microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Facts about microorganisms: |
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Definition
1. one pound of fertile soil contains about 50 million microorganisms
2. found on and in humans, plants, and animals
3. ocean depths, desert, volcanoes, Arctic and Antarctic, below earth's surface and in the atmosphere
4. 30 hours after death, there are approx 3.5 million microorganisms per GRAM of body tissue
5. More than 25 pathogenic species of microorganisms may be found on the remains of individuals who did NOT die of an infectious disease
6. the number of microorganisms exceeds the number of all other life-forms combined. |
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Term
| Beneficial qualities of microorganisms: |
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Definition
1. help digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste products, and production of vitamins B and K
2. used in the food industry to make cheese, pickles, olives, sauerkraut, yogurts, alcohol, soy sauce, buttermilk etc.
3. form the lowest level of the food chain
4. all naturally occurring antibiotics are produced by microorganisms or fungi
5. responsible for the decay and recycling of dead plants an animals
6. ferment plants to produce methane fuel
7. bioinsecticides (used to control bugs)
8. bioremediation (use of bacteria to digest oil and chemical spills)
9. produce certain medications such as insulin and growth hormones
10. used in biomedical research |
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Term
| Define 'Infectious disease' as it relates to microbiology |
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Definition
| Disease caused by a living organism |
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Term
| Pathogenic microorganisms cause_____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Microbiology as a science developed as people desired to decrease the ravages of _____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of infectious disease include: |
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Definition
Small pox
Typhus
Cholera
Bubonic plague
Tuberculosis
AIDS
SARS
Bird flu
Swine flu |
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Term
| What are communicable diseases? |
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Definition
| Diseases that can be spread from one person to another. |
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Term
| No association was made between the existence of microorganism and contagious or communicable disease until the development of...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Englishman who coined the term 'cells' for compartments he saw in cork
His observation of cells marked the beginning of cell theory
Cell theory: Every living thing is made of cells |
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Term
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Definition
Was a Dutchman
He made glass trinkets and noticed particles magnified by the glass -> development of the microscope
He made lots of scrapings and drawings
Drawings were very accurate
Was not accepted in scientific circles
Named the things he saw 'animacules' because they were animal-like |
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Term
| What is spontaneous generation? |
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Definition
| The idea that life can arise from non living matter |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that living matter comes from living matter |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated specific diseases with specific microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Frenchman who created the pasteurization process. He disproved spontaneous generation, proved yeast to be responsible for the fermentation of grapes, linked the connection between infection and the spread of microorganisms by using dirty medical instruments and not washing his hands
Created a rabies vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
German physician who developed solid culture media -> agar
Association between specific microorganisms and specific diseases
Worked with anthrax, tuberculosis and others by using sheep and cattle |
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Term
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Definition
1. Microorganisms must be routinely found in animals or people who have the same disease
2. One must be able to culture the microorganism from the host
3. When the microorganism is given to another individual, they must develop the disease
4. One must be able to isolate the microorganism from the newly infected host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scottish surgeon who used carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and healthcare workers and thus lowered the rate of infections. [LISTERINE] |
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Term
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Definition
| British physician who created the vaccine for smallpox |
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Term
| Antibiotics were discovered when? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is molecular biology? |
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Definition
| the study of how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins |
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Term
| What is microbial genetics? |
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Definition
| The study of how microorganisms inherit traits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of immunity and antibodies |
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