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the evolutionary history of species/groups of species.
Can be based on common ancestries inferred from fossil, morphological, and molecular evidence |
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| These show the length of a branch that reflects number of changes that have taken place n a particular DNA sequence in that lineage. |
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| Branching pattern is same as in a phylogram, but all the brances that can be traced from the common ancestor to the present are of equal length |
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| Analytical approach to study the diversity and relationships of organisms of present day and extinct by using molecular bioinformatics |
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| An ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences. Ordered from the most general to the most specific. |
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| institued by Linnaeus, type of system used to define species, with the first letter being capitalized |
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| Homo sapien is an example of |
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| Bionomial nomenclature used to define species |
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| Links evolutionary relationships between organisms. |
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| Phylogenic Tree Links.... |
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| ...evolutionary relationships between organisms |
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| Hierarchal Classification: |
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| Increasing broad categories on morphological characters: Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> genus -> Species -> |
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| Linking classification and phyologeny |
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| is constructed from a series of dichotomies/2-way branch points, each branch point represents the divergence of 2 species from a common ancestor |
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| group of species that includes an ancestral species and all it's descendants |
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| analysis of how species may be grouped into clades |
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| Monophyletic grouping consists of |
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| the ancestor species and all its descendants |
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| Paraphyletic grouping consists of |
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| an ancestor and some of it's descendants |
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| Polyphyletic grouping consists of |
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| several species that lack the common ancestor |
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| Shared primitive Character |
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| a character that is shared beyond the taxon |
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| an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
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| a basis of comparison of an outgroup, which is a species/group of species that is closely related to the ingroup, the various species being studied |
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| Displays a mixture of shared primitive and derived characteristics |
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| The most important type of mutation in evolution |
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| Gene duplications because they increase the number of genes in the genome |
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| Ortholgous genes examples include |
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| hemoglobin genes in human and mice are orthologous |
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| Paralogous genes examples include |
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