Term
| Defenses that are produced only when needed, i.e. in direct response to predation as seen in trees after having been chewed by beavers, are called constitutive defenses |
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Definition
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| Most primary production immediately enters the grazing food web. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some plants will secure sole access to resources such as water by poisoning competing plant species. This is an example of interference competition. |
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Definition
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Term
| The interactive hypothesis |
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Definition
| hypothesis associated with Clements emphasizes the role of biotic factors in determining community structure |
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Term
| Fossil Fuel use by humans has dramatically increase the movement of carbon from the fossil fuel pool to the atmospheric pool |
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Definition
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Term
| Agriculture, for example cows and rice paddies, are responsible for the production of large amounts of greenhouse gases such as methane |
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Definition
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Term
| Per capita rates of resource use by human populations is stable, so if we were able to stop population growth right now demands on resources would also stop increasing immediately |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulation of a population's size by the intesity of predation is an example of bottom up population regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| The flow of energy and the flow of nutrients through a community differ in that nutrients are recycled but energy is not. |
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Definition
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Term
| Although extinction is a natural process, humans have increased that rate of extiniction by far above the background rate, to a level approximating that of past mass extinctions. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The range of hatitats and conditions a species inhabits in the presence of competition with other species |
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Term
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Definition
| The precence of deserts 30degrees north and south of the equator are attributed to the influence of patterns of air circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Services that are provided by functioning natural landscapes, such as crop pollination, water purification, and protection of shorelines from storms and tsunamis |
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Definition
| A pool is the reservoir where materials are stored; the movement between these pools |
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Definition
| Bright coloration that serves as a warning to potential predators that a particular species is poisonous,venomous, or distasteful |
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Definition
| Predators such as starfish that exert a strong influence on the structure of prey communities |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that humans have caused the extinction of species through over hunting, even in prehistoric times |
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Term
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Definition
| The most important abiotic factors influencing the distribution of biomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The decrease in overlap of resource use between two species over evolutionary time, often accompanied by character displacement |
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Term
| Darwin's answer to the argument from design was the demonstration that organisms have shared ancestry |
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Definition
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Term
| Silent Point Mutations are non-harmful changes to the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Heritability refers to the proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to genetic(as opposed to, enviornmental) variation |
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Definition
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Definition
| The range of phenotypes that a single genotype will have depending on environmental circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| pairs of chromosomes in diploid organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| When populations are reduced to a small number of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits that are similar in appearance and function, but which evolved independently |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in chromosome nuber resulting from errors in meiosis after hybridization between two different species of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Speciation that occurs when a physical barrier divides the original population(eg. formation of a canyon or mountain range |
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Term
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Definition
| Interaction of genes, in which the alleles for one gene influence the expression of alleles for another gene |
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Term
| Fundamental Asymmetry of Sex |
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Definition
| The fact that eggs are larger than sperm and that therefore females typically make a greater investment in producing offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that affect many different aspects of the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| The most widespread energy yielding metabolic pathway, which can occur in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass of thread like tubes that have formed a mushroom for reproductive purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutualistic associations between fungi and either algae or cynobacteria, often some of the early colonizers of newly exposed rock |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a blastopore and two tissue layers |
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Term
| Production of fruits by flowering plants is energetically costly , but may be advantageous because it promotes the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 40 million year burst of diversification where many bilaterian groups appear |
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Term
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Definition
| Fulid filled space that transmits force within the bodies of many bilaterians |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Environment, Rainfall, temperature etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| How individuals interact with their enviornment |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors regulating population growth rates and population size |
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Term
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Definition
| Interactions bwetween different specis in an area |
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Term
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Definition
| Interactions between communities and their environments |
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Term
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Definition
| The total number of births per unit time |
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Term
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Definition
| per capita number of births/time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the total number of deaths per unit time |
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Term
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Definition
| per capita growth rate of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| the total number of deaths per unit time |
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Term
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Definition
| per captia growth of the population |
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Term
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Definition
Maximize reproductive output(rmax) at the expense of competititive ability
-Reproduce early
-many offspring
-little parental care
-good for colonizing newly available habitats |
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Term
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Definition
Maximize Competitive Ability
-Reproduce relatively late
-Fewer offspring
-More parental care
-good for competing when density-dependent factors are important |
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Term
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Definition
Pointed out Growth Potential 1798
Believed food production could not keep pace
Predicted poverty, famine, disease, misery, vice |
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Term
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Definition
Increased Brain Size
Planning abstract reasoning
Tool use
social organization
enviornmental modification
language
culture |
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Term
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Definition
Increased Brain Size
Planning abstract reasoning
Tool use
social organization
enviornmental modification
language
culture |
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Term
| Human Population 12,000 years ago |
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Definition
Mostly hunting gathering
Relatively Nomadic- followed
About 5 million years ago |
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Term
| Human population 10-8000 years ago to 1650a.d |
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Definition
Agriculture widespread
settle lifestyle promotes-stable food supply and greater food storage
Humans manage resources |
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Term
| 1650- Present ( Human Populations) |
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Definition
Major techical/scientific advances
Hygiene, medicine, food production
Reduction in d, increase in b
Increased population density |
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Term
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Definition
| n dimension description of resources, habitat, and lifestyle of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| niche a species could potentially occupy |
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Term
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Definition
| niche a species actually does occupy with competition |
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Term
| Interspecific Competition |
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Definition
| Species that use the same resources can affect each other's growth, survival, and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| differentaial abilities to use or extract the resource |
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Term
| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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Definition
| Two species with identical niches cannot coexists |
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Term
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Definition
use of resources(niche) different
-realized niches
-resource partitioning |
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Term
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Definition
| shared features move away from each other to reduce competition |
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Term
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Definition
| detection, capture, processing |
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Term
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Definition
| speed, crypsis, protection, chemicals, satiation, mimicry |
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Term
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Definition
| Predators drie prey to very low abundance then die out |
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Term
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Definition
| each prey drives down population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reduce digestibility of leaf(gypsy moths are tolerant) |
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Definition
| Prey limits predator ( plants defend themselves) |
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Term
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Definition
| a warning about defense to potential predators |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity in appearance between two species arising by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| A harmless tasty species evolves similarity to a harmful unpalatable species |
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Term
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Definition
| Distasteful or harmful species evolve to resemble each other |
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Term
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Definition
both species benifit
Nitrogen fixation Bacteria
Nutrient uptake Fungi and plants
Pollination and Fruit yield
Ants and aphids |
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Term
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Definition
group of species found in a particular area
group of species that interact in a particular place and time
"all the special that interact with each other in a certain area" |
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Term
| Competition-Biotic Factor |
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Definition
| can decrease species richness through competitive exclusion |
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Term
| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Disturbance is a regular event in many communities |
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Term
| Individualistic Hypothesis |
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Definition
| communities are composed of species that assemble along the same combinations of abiotic gradients |
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