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Principles of Biochem &organic
ch 1-4
30
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
02/09/2008

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Organic compounds

Definition

covalent bonds

liquids/low melting solids/some gases

slow rxn rate

flammable

not water soluble

not a conductor when dissovled in water

Term
Alkane Nomenclature
Definition

1. find longest chain

2. find substituents and identify them with -yl ending

3. Position by lowest # and alpahbetical order, if there are more than one then use di, tri, tetra-

4. use cyclo for circles

5. trans- opposite, cis-same

6. isopropyl-carbon chain with two carbons coming off

7. t-butyl-carbon chain with three carbons coming off

 

Term
Alkane
Definition

single covalent bonds

CnH2n+2

nonpolar, insoluble in water, less dense that water, increase melting and boiling  points with increasing molecular weights

the longer the chain the stronger the IDP-IDP forces

normal rxn is combustion

Term
Alkene Nomenclature
Definition

1. longest chain that has the alkene in it

2. the alkene to have the lowest #

3. trans-diff, cis-same, cyclo-circle

 

Term
Alkenes
Definition

flammable

nonpolar

not soluble in water

increase molecular weights, increase boiling point

less dense than water

soluble in nonpolar solvents

 

Term
halogenation of Alkenes
Definition
adding a halogens to carbons and breaking bonds
Term
Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Definition
adding two hydrogens to alkenes and breaking the double bond
Term
addition of H-X to an alkene
Definition
H added the carbon with the most hydrogens, breaking double bonds between carbons
Term
Hydration of an alkene
Definition
adding water to an alkene, H must go to the carbon with the most carbons
Term
Addition of polymerization of an alkene
Definition
break pi bonds to form c-chain
Term
Alkyne
Definition
triple bonds between carbons
Term
benzoic acid
Definition
benzene ring with carboxylic acid hanging off
Term
Toluene
Definition
benzene ring with a methane hanging off
Term
Phenol
Definition
benzene ring with a hydroxide hanging off
Term
Aniline
Definition
Amine hanging off benzene
Term
Anisole
Definition
OCH3 hanging off benzene
Term
aromatic nomenclature for two substituents
Definition

ortho (1,2)

meta (1,3)

 para (1,4)

Term

Alcohol

Definition

-OH functional group

primary-one c

secondary-two c

tertiary- three c

higher bp than other compounds of the same molecular weight due to H-bonding

low molecular weight alcohols are soluble in water

 

Term
Important Alcohols
Definition

Methanol- a solvent and fuel

Ethanol-beverages, and gasol

isopropyl alcohol-rubbing alcohol

ethylene glycol-antifreeze

glycerol-moistening agent

Term
Ether nomenclature
Definition

alkoxyalkane

ex- 1,2-dimethoxycyclopentane

Term
ethers
Definition

oxygen attached to two carbons

cannot hydrogen bond

very limited water solubility

unreactive

 

Term
Thiols
Definition

just like an alcohol but with sulfur instead of oxygen

horrible stench

not very water soluble

nomenclature-ends with -thiol

Term
Aldehydes and Ketones
Definition

aldehydes end in -al

ketones end in -one

no hydrogen bonding

polar

soluble sometimes for low molecular weights

hydrogen acceptor but not a donor

Term

Tollen's Test/Silver Mirror Test

Definition

uses Ag+, NH3, OH-

test for aldehydes by oxidizing it to turn it into carboxylic acid, so silver is reduced from Ag+ to Ag^0 which is metallic and leaves a silver coating

Term
Benedict's Test
Definition

Uses Ca^2+ and OH-

oxidizes to Carboxylic Acid and forms Cu2O which is a brick red color

test for aldehydes, hydroxy group must be next to Aldehyde

Term
Important Aldehydes/Ketones
Definition

Fermeldehydes-embalming

acetone-organic solvent, good cleaning product

Progesterone and Testosterone

birth control pills

 hormone manipulation for athletes

Term
Addition of alcohol to aldehyde
Definition
aldehyde to hemicetal to acetal
Term
addition of alcohol to ketone
Definition
ketone to hemiketal to ketal
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