Term
| Why citizen involvement in journalism is important? |
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Definition
| Implement the principle of the public forum and Make the news comprehensive and proportional |
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Term
| What are citizens’ rights and responsibilities when it comes to news? |
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Definition
| Citizens must set aside prejudice and judge the work of journalist on the basis of whether it contributes to their ability to take an informed part in shaping their society |
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Term
| citizens rights-on truthfulness |
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Definition
| citizens have an obligation to approach the news with an open mind and not just desire that the news reinforce existing opinion |
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Term
| citizens rights-on loyalty to citizens |
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Definition
| Stories should answer our needs as citizens and not just the interests of the players and the political economic system. Also, loyalty means disclosure of any partnerships or conflicts of interests |
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Term
| citizens rights-on independence |
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Definition
| we have a right to expect that the commentators, columnists, and journalists of opinion are serving the interests of citizens' debate rather than the narrow interests of a faction or a predetermined outcome |
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Term
| citizens rights-on monitoring power |
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Definition
| we have a right to expect monitoring on the most important and difficult centers of power (government, those with social, economic power, etc) |
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Term
| citizens rights-on a public forum |
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Definition
| citizens have an obligation to approach the news with open minds, accept new facts. responsibility to to show up to public forum or to contact editors |
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Term
| citizens rights-on proportionality and engagement |
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Definition
| we have a right to expect journalists to be aware of our basic dilemma as citizens:that we have a need for timely and deep knowledge of important issues and trends in our community |
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Term
| name the citizens rights and responsibilities |
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Definition
| 1. on truthfulness 2. on loyalty to citizens 3. on independence 4. on monitoring power 5. on a public forum 6. on proportionality and engagement |
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Term
| How can citizens participate in journalism |
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Definition
| 1. offer feedback 2. withhold business 3. participate in delivery process |
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Term
| What are the guarantees of the first amendment? |
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Definition
| 1. religion 2. press 3. speech 4. assembly 5.petition the government for redress of grievances 6. congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the exercise thereof |
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Term
| Elements of First Amendment theory |
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Definition
| 1. truth and the marketplace of ideas 2.self-governance 3. autonomy/ self-fulfillment |
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Term
| Hierarchy of speech/ levels of scrutiny |
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Definition
| political/social/cultural |
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Term
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Definition
| the government limiting when, where, and how I say versus what I am saying |
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Term
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Definition
| when a false and defamatory statement about an identifiable person is published to a third party, causing injury to the subjects repuation |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. defamatory communication 2. publication 3. falsity 4. identification 5. harm 6. fault |
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Term
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Definition
| exposes a person to hatred, ridicule, or contempt, lowers him in esteem of his fellows, causes him to be shunned, or injures him in business calling |
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Term
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Definition
| when information is negligently or intentionally communicated by newspapers, mags, books, radio, or tv |
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Term
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Definition
| absolute accuracy is not the appropriate criterion. Rather, the general standard is that the information must be substantially true |
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Term
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Definition
| plaintiffs must prove that the alleged defamatory publication refers to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| in some cases harm does not need to be shown if the statements in question concern a criminal offense, a loathsome disease, a female's unchastity, or matters harming a business trade, profession or office |
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Term
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Definition
| all plaintiffs must demonstrate that the news organization was at fault in some way |
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Term
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Definition
| libelous statements made by others are in certain settings are conditionally privleged if the reporter in good faith, accurately reports information of public interest |
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Term
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Definition
| generally a complete bar to recovery by any plaintiff |
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Term
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Definition
| one public figure writing about another public figure |
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Term
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Definition
| opinion is still protected under the first amendment |
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Term
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Definition
| if a person gives consent for the publication of the information |
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Term
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Definition
| certain time period after publication plaintif gets to sue |
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Term
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Definition
| is not absolute defense, but reduces damages |
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Term
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Definition
| strategic lawsuit against public participation-protects those engaged in debate about controversial matters from lawsuits that would deter the exercise of their constitutional rights. |
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Term
| Identify 3 types of citizen journalism |
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Definition
| newsroom opens up to public comments;the stand-alone citizen journalism site;a hybrid model: professional + citizen journalism |
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Term
Public figures have a stricter standard than average person in proving the
fault of newsroom. What is the difference? Why is there such a
difference? |
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Definition
| a plaintiff who is considered a public figure or official has a higher standard of proof in a libel case than a private plaintiff. |
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Term
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Definition
• The discovery of truth
• The continuance of self-governance
• A check on government power
• A promotion of stable change
• Individual fulfillment |
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Term
| How to judge whether it is a First Amendment Issue |
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Definition
1) Is government action involved? If yes, then 2) Does the government action
interfere activity that is predominantly expressive? If yes, then 3) Is my
expression fall into the protected category of speech? If yes then 4) What level of
protection does my speech enjoy? |
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Term
| What are the privacy torts? |
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Definition
• Someone’s privacy has been invaded if one of the following 4 things happened:
o Disclosure of private facts
o Intrusion/Trespassing3
o False Light
o Appropriation |
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Term
| Disclosure of private facts |
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Definition
| the publication of private information that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person and is not a matter of legitimate public concern |
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Term
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Definition
| the highly offensive invasion of another person's solitude, either physically or technologically |
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Term
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Definition
| the publication of highly offensive false information about an individual with actual malice, this is, knowing the information is false or with reckless disregard for whether it is true or not |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of another person's name, likeness or image, without permission, for commercial gain |
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Term
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Definition
| Deceptive juxtaposition of facts, improper context |
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Term
| How do journalists defend themselves against the privacy torts? |
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Definition
• Truth is usually you best defense, but it isn’t always enough in the area of privacy
o Courts really hate to punish truthful speech in matters of public concern |
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Term
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Definition
if you promise to do or not do to something you are obligated to it
o Promises can be explicit or implicit. |
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Term
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Definition
| if someone performs a favor then you have the obligation to return the favor |
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Term
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Definition
if any person deserves something that you are in a position to give or bring u have to
o In practice this means focusing on what people deserve rather than what they demand |
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Term
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Definition
| o If you can make some person better with respect to their existence you are obliged to do so |
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Term
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Definition
| o If you are in a position to avoid hurting someone you are obliged to do so |
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Term
| • Duty of self-improvement |
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Definition
| o If you can make yourself better with respect to your state of existence, you are obliged to do so |
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Term
| Why do we need codes of ethics in journalism? |
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Definition
1. Journalists have to balance their professional responsibilities and their societal obligations.
o 2. Codes of ethics serve as benchmarks and standards that quide what a journalists should do and should not do.
o 3. Codes of ethics are like mission statements that define identification, expectation and goal of a profession. |
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Term
| A good decision making process must follow 3 rules |
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Definition
| 1. reflection-recognizing important elements of the situation, 2. justification-how we explain our decisions to others, 3. and consistency-our decision cannot be random |
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Term
| Seven steps to make an ethical decision |
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Definition
1. What is the ethical issue or problem? 2. what are the facts that bear on the ethical decision to be made 3. list the people affected by your decision (claimants) 4. think about atleast 3 alternate courses of action 5. refer to ethical guidelines for instructions
-consequences: weighing benefits and harms
-utilitarianism: which alternative will generate most benefit (or least harm) for the greatest 6. decide course of action7. defend your decision |
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Term
| Know about some critical issues facing journalism now |
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Definition
| -the traditional revenue structure is collapsing |
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Term
| Know about some ongoing trend in media industry. |
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Definition
| Newspaper has a 44% decline in sales in the last 4 years |
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Term
| How will those issues and trends affect journalism? |
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Definition
| if newspaper business declines, the quality of journalism suffers. The model of a free press is critical to the ideal of democracy |
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Term
| Know about some business model experiments in journalism. |
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Definition
Day job-working in other profession outside of passion
Crowdsourcing- social networks. Post information on social networks |
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