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Principle of Disease and Epidemiology
Lecture 7 CCM Microbiology
97
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
04/01/2010

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Term
Pathology
Definition
Study of disease
Term
Etiology
Definition
Study of the cause of a disease
Term
Pathogenesis
Definition
Development of disease
Term
Infection
Definition
Colonization of the body by pathogens
Term
Disease
Definition
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Term
Normal Microbiota
Human eye - conjunctiva
Definition
Staph; Streptococci;Coagulase-neg Staph; Haemophilus spp
Term
Normal Microbiota (Nose)
Definition
Viridians Strep;Coagulase-neg Staph; Nesseria spp.; Haemophilus spp
Term
Normal Microbiota (Stomach)
Definition
Staph; Strep;Lactobacillus;Peptostrep
Term
Normal Microbiota (Large intestine)
Definition
Staph; Fusobac spp;Klesiella; Escherichia coli
Term
Normal Microbiota (Urethra)
Definition
Myco spp; Coagulase-neg staph; Peptostrep;Diphtheroids
Term
Normal Microbiota (Outer ear)
Definition
Pseudomonas spp; Enterobac; Diphtheroids;
Term
Normal Microbiota (Mouth and Oropharynx)
Definition
Viridians Strep; Fusobac spp; Actinomyces spp; Candida spp
Term
Normal Microbiota (small intestine)
Definition
Clostridium spp; Entero;Lacto Myco spp
Term
Normal Microbiota (Vagina)
Definition
Candida spp; Garnerella vaginulis; Bacteriodes spp; Lacto spp
Term
Normal Microbiota (Skin)
Definition
Malassezia furfur; Bacillus spp; Staph Au; Candida
Term
Respiratory tract
Definition
1) Normally, no microbiota
2) Action of ciliated epithelial cells
3) Alveolar macrophages
Term
Oral Cavity
Definition
Bacteria present;
Streptococcus ;
Neisseria ;
Actinomyces ;
Veillonella ;
Lactobacillus ; Some yeasts
Term
Stomach
Definition
Low microbial content (<10/g)
due to acid (pH2-3)
Term
Large intestine
Definition
High microbial content (1012/g)
Many anaerobes
Many facultative anaerobes (Escherichia)
Term
Genitourinary tract
Definition
1) Upper regions (kidneys, ureters, and
urinary bladder) are usually free of
microbes
2) A few bacteria present in distal portion of urethra
3) Adult female genital tract has complex microbiota
4) Plays a significant role in health --
Lactobacillus acidophilus (Doderleins
bacilli) keep pH of vagina low
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
It must be isolated from the host and
grown in pure culture.
It must reproduce the original disease
when introduced into a susceptible host.
It must be found in the experimental
host so infected.
Term
Symptom
Definition
A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
Term
Sign
Definition
A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease.
Term
Syndrome
Definition
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.
Term
Communicable
Definition
A disease that is easily spread from one host to another.
Term
Incidence
Definition
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during specific time.
Term
Prevalence
Definition
Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time.
Term
Sporadic disease
Definition
Disease that occurs occasionally in a population.
Term
Endemic disease
Definition
Disease constantly present in a population.
Term
Epidemic disease
Definition
Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time.
Term
Pandemic disease
Definition
Worldwide epidemic.
Term
Herd immunity
Definition
Immunity in most of a population.
Term
Acute disease
Definition
Symptoms develop rapidly
Term
Chronic disease
Definition
Disease develops slowly
Term
Subacute disease
Definition
Symptoms between acute and chronic
Term
Latent disease
Definition
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive
Term
True pathogens
Definition
capable of causing disease in healthy
persons with normal immune defenses
Term
Opportunistic pathogens
Definition
cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them.
ex P. sp & candida albicans
Term
Toxemia
Definition
Toxins in the blood
Term
Viremia
Definition
Viruses in the blood
Term
Primary infection
Definition
Acute infection that causes the initial illness
Term
Secondary infection
Definition
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
Term
Subclinical disease
Definition
No noticeable signs or symptoms inapparent infection)
Term
Local infection (Host)
Definition
Pathogens limited to a small area of the body
Term
Systemic infection (Host)
Definition
An infection throughout the body
Term
Focal infection
Definition
Systemic infection that began as a local infection
Term
Bacteremia
Definition
Bacteria in the blood
Term
Septicemia
Definition
Growth of bacteria in the blood
Term
Infectious disease
Definition
a departure from the normal state of health due to the presence or growth of a microorganism
Term
Pathogen
Definition
a parasite that causes disease
Term
Virulence
Definition
the ability to cause disease
Low virulence - common cold
High Virulence -rabies
Term
Invasiveness
Definition
ability of the pathogen to spread to
adjacent or other tissues
Term
Infectivity
Definition
the ability of an organism to establish
a focal point of infection
Term
Toxigenicity
Definition
is the pathogens ability to produce toxins
Term
LD50 or ID50
Definition
Lethal dose 50 or infective dose 50
Term
Incubation period
Definition
No sign or symptoms
Term
Prodromal period
Definition
Mild signs or symptoms
Term
ID (Infectious Dose)
Definition
-minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed
-microbes with small IDs have greater virulence

1 rickettsial cell in Q fever
10 bacteria in TB, giardiasis
10 to 9 bacteria in cholera

- Lack of ID will not result in
infection
Term
Portal of entry
Definition
Skin
GI tract
Respiratory tract
Urogenital tract
Term
Contact Transmission of Disease
Definition
Direct (close assoc)
Indirect (by fomites)
Droplet (via airborne)
Term
Vehicle (Transmission of Disease)
Definition
Transmission by an inanimate reservoir
(food, water)
Term
Vector (Transmission of Disease)
Definition
Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and
mosquitoes
Term
Mechanical (Transmission of Disease)
Definition
Arthropod carries pathogen on feet
Term
Biological (Transmission of Disease)
Definition
Pathogen reproduces in vector
Term
Nosocomial Infections
Definition
are the infections acquired during hospital stay
Term
UTI (Nosocomial Inf)
Definition
Most common, about 34% of all nosocomial inf. related to urinary catheterization
Term
Cutaneous Nosocomial Inf
Definition
Least common but have high rate in newborns
Term
Morbidity
Definition
incidence of a specific notifiable disease
Term
Mortality
Definition
deaths from notifiable diseases
Term
Morbidity rate
Definition
number of people affected/total population in a given time period
Term
Mortality rate
Definition
number of deaths from a disease/total population in a given time
Term
LD50
Definition
Lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population
Term
ID50
Definition
Infectious dose for 50% of the test
population
Term
Mechanism of adhesion
Definition
fimbrae, flagella, adhesive slimes or capsules
Cilia, Suckers, Hooks ,barbs
Nonspecific adhesion due to hydrophilic
interactions,
Term
exoenzymes (virulence factor)
Definition
digest epithelial tissues & permit invasion of pathogens
Term
endotoxins
Definition
lipid A of LPS of gramnegative bacteria
Term
exotoxins
Definition
proteins secreted by grampositive and gram-negative bacteria
Term
antiphagocytic factors
Definition
help bacteria to kill or avoid phagocytes, include leukocidins and capsules
Term
Coagulase (enzyme)
Definition
Coagulate blood
Term
Kinases
Definition
Digest fibrin clots
Term
Hyaluronidase
Definition
Hydrolyses hyaluronic acid
Term
Collagenase
Definition
Hydrolyzes collagen
Term
IgA proteases
Definition
Destroy IgA antibodies
Term
Siderophores
Definition
Take iron from host iron- binding proteins
Term
Antigenic variation
Definition
Alter surface proteins
Term
Toxin
Definition
Substances that contribute to pathogenicity
Term
Toxigenicity
Definition
Ability to produce a toxin
Term
Toxemia
Definition
Presence of toxin in the host's blood
Term
Toxoid
Definition
Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
Term
Antitoxin
Definition
Antibodies against a specific toxin
Term
A-B toxins
Definition
Superantigens Cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells
Term
Membrane-disrupting toxins
or type II toxins
Definition
Lyse host’s cells by:
• Making protein channels in the
plasma membrane (e.g.,
leukocidins, hemolysins)
Term
Portals of Exit
Definition
Resp tract
-coughing, sneezing
GI tract
-feces, saliva
Genitourinary tract
-urine, vaginal secretions
Skin
Blooc
-biting arthropods, needles/syringes
Term
localized infection
Definition
microbes enters body & remains confined to a specific tissue
Term
systemic infection
Definition
infection
spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream
Term
focal infection
Definition
when
infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues
Term
Endotoxins
Definition
are part of the outer potion of the cell wall (lipd A) of gram - bacteria. They are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart.
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