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Definition
| A subspecialty within sociology that focuses on the study of human populations, particularly on their size and rate of growth. |
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| The annual number of births per 1,000 people in a designated geographic area. |
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| The annual number of births per 1,000 women of a specific age group. |
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| The average number of children that women in a specific population bear over their lifetime. |
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| The annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a designated area. |
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| The annual number of deaths of infants one year old or younger for every 1,000 such infants born alive. |
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| The movement of people from one residence to another. |
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| The difference between the number of people entering and the number of people leaving a designated geographic area in a year. Divide that difference by the size of the relevant population and multiply the result by 1,000. |
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| The conditions that encourage people to move out of a geographic area. |
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| The conditions that encourage people to move into a geographic area. |
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| The departure of individuals from one country or other geographic are to take up residence elsewhere. |
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| The entry of individuals into a country or other geographic are of which they are not natives to take up residence there. |
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Definition
| The movement of people within the boundaries of a single country- from one state, region, or city to another. |
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Definition
| The movement of people into a designated geographic area, such as a country, city or region. |
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| The movement of people out of a designated geographic area, such as a country, region, or city. |
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Term
Natural Population Increase |
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Definition
| The number of births minus the number of deaths occurring in a population in a year. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of births minus the number of deaths occurring in a population in a year, divided by the size of the population at the beginning of the year. |
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Definition
| The estimated number of years required for a country's population to double in size. |
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Definition
| A series of horizontal bar graphs, each representing a different five-year age cohort, that allows us to compare the sizes of cohorts. |
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Definition
| A group of people born around the same time who share common experiences and perspectives by virtue of the time they were born. |
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Definition
| A triangular population pyramid that is broadest at the base, with each successive cohort smaller than the one below it. This pyramid shows that the population consists disproportionately of young people. |
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Definition
| A population pyramid that is narrower at the base than in the middle. It shows that the population consists disproportionately of middle-aged and older people. |
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Definition
| A population pyramid in which all cohorts (except the oldest) are roughly the same size. |
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Definition
| The number of females for every thousand males. |
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Definition
| Violent fluctuations in the death rate, caused by war, famine, or epidemics. |
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Definition
| Events that increase deaths- including epidemics of infections and parasitic diseases, war, famine, and natural disasters- and thus keep population size in line with the food supply. |
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Definition
| The difference between a population's birth rate and death rate. |
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Definition
| An increase in the number of cities in a designated geographic area and growth in the proportion of the area's population living in cities. |
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Term
Labor-Intensive Poop Economies |
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Definition
| Economies that have a lower level of industrial production and a lower standard of living than core economies. (They differ markedly from core economies on indicators such as doubling time, infant mortality, total fertility, per capita income, and per capita energy consumption.) |
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Definition
| Economies that have a higher level of industrial production and a higher standard of living than labor-intensive poor economies. They include the wealthiest, most highly diversified economies in the world. |
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Definition
| The point at which population growth overwhelms the environment's carrying capacity. |
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Definition
| Urban areas with populations of 1 million or more. |
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Definition
| An agglomeration of at least 8 million (UN definition) or 10 million (US definition) people. |
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Definition
| A situation in which urban misery-poverty, unemployment, housing shortages, insufficient infrastructure- is exacerbated by an influx of unskilled, illiterate, and poverty-stricken rural migrants, who have been pushed into cities out of desperation. |
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Metropolitan Statistical Area |
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Definition
| One of more cities with at least 50,000 residents, surrounded by a densely populated counties. |
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| The largest city within a metropolitan statistical area. |
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| An urban area outside the political boundaries of a city. |
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| Characteristic of a geographical area beyond the political boundaries of a central city and its suburb. |
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Definition
| Any significant alteration, modification, or transformation in the organization and operation of social life. |
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Definition
| Situations in which a previously rare event, response, or opinion becomes dramatically more common. |
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Definition
| A situation in which the social, political, financial, and cultural lives of people around the world are so intertwined that one country's problems- such as unemployment, environmental pollution, and the search for national security in the face of terrorism- are part of a larger global situation. |
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Definition
| The ever-increasing flow of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture across political borders. |
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Definition
| A process whereby thought and action rooted in emotion, superstition, respect for mysterious forces, and tradition are replaced by thought and action grounded in the logical assessment of cause and effect or the means to achieve a particular end. |
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Definition
| A profit-making strategy that involves producing goods that are disposable after a single use, have a shorter life cycle than the industry is capable of producing, or go out of style quickly even though the goods can still serve their purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process whereby the principles governing the fast-food industry come to dominate other sectors of the American economy, society, and the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unprecedented increase in the amount of stored and transmitted data and messages in all media. |
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Definition
| A situation in which much of the information released or picked up by the popular media is not subjected to honest, constructive criticism, because the critical audience that exists is too small to evaluate the information before it is used. |
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Definition
| The invention or discovery of something, such as a new idea, process, practice, device, or tool. |
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Definition
| Revolutionary, unprecedented, or groundbreaking inventions or discoveries that form the basis for a wide range of applications. |
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Definition
| Modifications of basic inventions that improve upon the originals- EX: making them smaller, faster, less complex, more efficient, more attractive, or more profitable. |
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Definition
| The number of existing innovations, which forms the basis for further inventions. |
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Definition
| A synthesis of existing innovations. |
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Simultaneous-Independent Inventions |
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Definition
| Situations in which more or less the same invention is produced by two or more persons working independently of one another at about the same time. |
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Definition
| A situation in which adaptive culture fails to adjust in necessary ways to material innovation. |
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Definition
| The portion of nonmaterial culture (norms, values, and beliefs) that adjusts to material innovations. |
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Technological Determinist |
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Definition
| Someone who believes that human beings have no free will and are controlled entirely by their material innovations. |
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Definition
| The dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study. |
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Definition
| An observation that a paradigm cannot explain. |
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Definition
| A situation in which a substantial number of people organize to make a change, resist a change, or undo a change in some area of society. |
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Regressive/Reactionary Movements |
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Definition
| Social movements that seek to turn back the hands of time to an earlier condition or state of being, one sometimes considered a "golden era." |
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Definition
| Social Movements that target a specific feature of society as needing change. |
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Definition
| Social movements that seek broad, sweeping, and radical structural changes to a society's basic social institutions or to the world order. |
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Counterrevolutionary Movements |
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Definition
| Social movements that seek to maintain a social order that reformist and revolutionary movements are seeking to change. |
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Definition
| The condition of the people who are the worst off or most disadvantaged- those with the lowest incomes, the least education, the lowest social status, the fewest opportunities and so on. |
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Definition
| A social condition that is measured not by objective standards, but rather by comparing one group's situation with the situations of groups who are more advantaged. |
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Definition
| A situation in which a core group of sophisticated strategists works ti harness a disaffected group's energies, attract money, and supporters, capture the news media's attention, forge alliances with those in power, and develop an organizational structure. |
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Definition
| The systematic use of anxiety-inspiring violent acts by clandestine or semi-clandestine individuals, groups, or state-supported actors for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons. |
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