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Definition
| The process by which people develop a sense of self and learn the ways of the society in which they live. |
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Definition
| The process in which people take as their own and accept as binding the norms, values, beliefs, and language that their socializers are attempting to pass on. |
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Human genetic makeup or biological inheritance |
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The Social Environment, or the interaction experiences that make up every individual's life. |
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| The experiences shared and recalled by a signifiant number of people. Such memories are revived, preserved, shared, passed on, and recast in many forms, such as stories, holidays, rituals, and monuments. |
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Definition
| A word, gesture, or other learned sign used to convey a meaning from one person to another. |
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Definition
| Nonverbal cues, such as tone of voice and body movements, that convey meaning from one person to another. |
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Definition
| The process of stepping outside the self and imagining how others view its appearance and behavior from an outsider's perspective. |
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Definition
The spontaneous, autonomous, creative self, capable of rejecting expectations and acting in unconventional, inappropriate, or unexpected ways.
(The I takes chances and violates expectations) |
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Definition
| The social self- that part of the self that has learned and internalized society's expectations about what constitutes appropriate behavior and appearances. |
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Definition
| A voluntary and often spontaneous activity with few or no formal rules that is not subject to constraints of time or place. |
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| People or characters who are important in an individual's life, that they greatly influence that person's self-evaluation or motivate him or her to behave in a particular manner. |
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| Structured, organized activities that usually involve more than one person and a number of constraints, such as established roles, rules, time, place and outcome. |
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Definition
| A system of expected behaviors, meanings, and viewpoints that transcend those of the people participating. |
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| A process in which a sense of self develops, enabling one to see oneself reflected in others' real or imagined reactions to one's appearance and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
-(Birth-Age 2)
-Children explore the world with their senses.
-Cognitive Accomplishments: Understanding of self as separate from other persons, & realizing that objects and persons exist when they are out of sight. |
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Term
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Definition
-(Ages 2-7)
-Assign human feelings to inanimate objects.
-I.E. ( Dark Clouds are Angry)
-Cannot conceive the world form others' viewpoints
-Center their attention on one detail and fail to process information that challenges that detail |
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Term
Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
-(Ages 7-12)
-Have difficulty thinking hypothetically or abstractly without reference to a concrete event or image. |
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Definition
-(Adolescence and Up)
-People can think abstractly
-Can conceptualize their existence as a part of a much larger historical continuum and a larger context. |
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Term
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Definition
Significant others, primary groups, ingroups, outgroups, and institutions that:
1) Shape or sense of self or social identity
2) Teach us about the groups to which we do and do not belong.
3) Help us realize our human capacities.
4) Help us negotiate the social and physical environment we have inherited. |
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Definition
| Two or more people who share a distinct identity, feel a sense of belonging, and interact directly or indirectly w/ one another. |
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Definition
| A social group that has face-to-face contact and strong emotional ties among its members. |
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Definition
| A group with which people identify and to which they feel closely attached, particularly when that attachment is founded on hatred or opposition toward an outgroup. |
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Definition
| A group toward which members of an ingroup feel a sense of separateness, opposition, or even hatred. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms of communication designed to reach large audiences without face-to-face contact between those conveying and those receiving the message. |
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Term
Human Life Cycle
(8 Steps) |
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Definition
1) Infancy
2) Toddler
3) Preschool
4) Ages 6-12
5) Adolescence
6) Young Adulthood
7) Middle Age
8) Old Age |
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Term
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Definition
-Need consistent predictable care
-Inadequate or unpredictable care can leave infants uncertain of their ability to elicit care and makes them feel the world is not reliable. |
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Term
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Definition
-Maturation of child's nervous and muscular systems.
-Abilities in one area are frustrated by inabilities in another.
-Unaware of consequences for their actions
-Need protection by caregivers but supportive of independence |
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Term
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Definition
-Corresponds with the "play" stage
-Children play like the persons they hope to grow up to be.
-Need to be shown approval and encouragement and let kids know they are equal in worth if not yet in ability. |
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Term
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Definition
-Systematic instruction is central to this stage.
-Recognition is won by doing things.
-Danger that children can develop a sense of inadequacy and inferiority. |
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Term
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Definition
-Characterized by rapid body growth and genital maturation.
-Begin to search for an identity.
-Struggle with being a part of a group and being themselves.
-May over-identify with unrealistic culture or group heroes * exclude people they deem "diff" |
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Term
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Definition
-Form close and intimate bonds w/ others.
-Healthy personality at this stage is marked by the ability to love and do work productively.
-Opposite of intimacy is self-absorption, which involves the readiness to isolate if necessary to destroy those forces and people who seem dangerous to one's own |
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Definition
-Make an effort to guide and help establish the next generation and to pass on what they have contributed to life.
-Strengthened commitment to the care of cherished persons or objects. |
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Term
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Definition
-"One faces the totality of life. At last, life hangs together."
-Accepts life they have lived and acknowledge the people significant to it.
-Biography is accidental coincidence of but one life cycle in but one segment of history." |
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Definition
| The process of discarding values and behaviors unsuited to new circumstances and replacing them with new, more-appropriate values and norms. |
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Definition
| Institutions in which people surrender control of their lives, voluntarily or involuntarily, to an administrative staff and carry out daily activities with others required to do the same thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| An everyday event in which at least two people communicate and respond through language and symbolic gestures to affect one another's behavior and thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
-Work that is broken down into specialized tasks, each performed by a different set of persons trained to do that task.
-(People may be geographically separated, and parts manufactured may come form different parts of the world as well.) |
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Definition
| The ties that bind people to one another in a society. |
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Definition
| Social order and cohesion based on a common conscience, or uniform thinking and behavior. |
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Definition
| Social order based on interdependence and cooperation among people performing a wide range of diverse and specialized tasks. |
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Definition
| A position in a social structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more people occupying social statuses and interacting in expected ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the statuses an individual assumes. |
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Term
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Definition
Social Statuses that result from a chance, that is the individual exerts no effort to obtain them.
(I.E. Birth order, race, sex, nationality) |
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Term
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Definition
Social Statuses acquired through some combination of personal choices, effort, and ability.
(I.E. Occupation, Marital Statues, education achieved) |
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Term
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Definition
| One status in a status set that is so important to a person's identity it overshadows all other statuses a person occupies shaping every aspect of life and dominating social interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
The behavior, obligations, and rights expected of a social status in relation to another social status.
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship and behavior a person enacting a role must assume toward others occupying a particular social status |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavior that a person assuming a role can demand or expect form another. |
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Definition
| A predicament in which the social role a person is enacting involves conflicting expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A predicament in which the expectations associated with two or more roles in a role set contradict one another. |
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Definition
| A model in which social interaction is viewed as if it were a theater, people as actors, and roles as if they were performances before an audience in a particular setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which people in social situations manage the setting, their dress, their words, and their gestures to correspond to the impression they are trying to make/project. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of everyday life visible to an audience, where people take care to create and maintain the images and behavior the audience has come to expect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The are of everyday life out of an audience's sight, where individuals can do things that would be inappropriate or unexpected on the front stage. |
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Term
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Definition
"If people define situations as real, their definitions have real consequences."
- Interpretation of a situation causes the action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forces over which individuals are supposed to have control-including personal qualities or traits, such as a motivation level, mood, and effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forces outside an individual's immediate control-such as weather, chance, and others' incompetence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person or group blamed for conditions that (a) cannot be controlled, (b) threaten a community's sense of well-being, or (c) shake the foundations of an important institution. |
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Definition
| Coordinating mechanisms that bring together people, resources, and technology and then channel human activity toward achieving a specific outcome. |
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Definition
| Impersonal associations among people who interact with a specific purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal organizations that draw together people who give time, talent or treasure to support mutual interests, meet important human needs, or achieve a not for profit goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal organizations that draw people who have no choice but to participate; such organizations include those dedicated to compulsory socialization or to re-socialization or treatment of individuals labeled as deviant. |
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Term
Utilitarian Organizations |
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Definition
Formal organization that draw together people seeking material gain the form of pay, health benefits, or a new status.
(I.E. Companies that employ people.) |
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Term
Bureaucracy
(& 7 Characteristics) |
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Definition
An organization that strives to use the most efficient means to achieve a goal.
1) Division of Labor
2) Hierarchical Authority
3) Written rules to specify the way relationships and tasks should be.
4) Positions filled based on objective criteria.
5) Administrative decisions, rules, procedures, and activities recoded in permanent files.
6) Authority belongs to positions not people.
7)Organizational personnel treat clients as "cases" |
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Term
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Definition
| A deliberate simplification or caricature that exaggerates defining characteristics, thus establishing a standard against which real cases can be compared. |
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Term
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Definition
| The official aspect of an organization, including job descriptions and written rules, guidelines, and procedures established to achieve valued goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unofficial aspect of an organization, including behaviors that depart from the formal dimension, such as employee-generated norms that evade, bypass, or ignore official rules, guidelines, and procedures. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which thought and action rooted in emotion, superstition, respect for mysterious forces, or tradition is replaced by thought and action grounded in the logical assessment of cause and effect or the means to achieve a particular end. |
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Term
Mcdonaldization of Society |
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Definition
| The process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
An organization's claim of offering the "best" products and services, which allow consumers to move quickly from one state of being to another.
(I.E. hungry to full, fat to thin) |
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Term
Quantification and Calculation |
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Definition
Numerical indicators that enable customers to evaluate a product or service easily.
(I.E. 30 min or less, lose 10 lbs in 10 days.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The expectation that a service or product will be the same no matter where or when it is purchased. |
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Term
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Definition
| The guiding or regulating, by planning out in detail, the production or delivery of a service or product. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of irrationalities that rational systems generate. |
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Term
Multinational Corporations |
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Definition
| Enterprises that own, control, or license production or service facilities in countries other than the one where the corps. are headquartered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hidden costs of using, making, or disposing of a product that are not figured into the price of the product or paid for by the producer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability, because of limited training, to respond to new or unusual circumstances or to recognize when official rules or procedures are outmoded or no longer applicable. |
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Term
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Definition
| To use computers to increase workers' speed and consistency or to monitor workers' performance. |
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Term
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Definition
-To empower workers with decision-making tools.
-(EX: Employee-scheduling software, which ensures that enough employees are scheduled for the busiest times and shifts.) |
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Statistical Measures of Performance |
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Definition
| Quantitative (and sometimes qualitative) measures of how well an organization and its members or employees are performing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rule by the few, or the concentration of decision-making power in the hands of a few persons, who hold the top positions in a hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A trend in which organizations hire experts with formal training in a particular subject or activity-training needed to achieve organizational goals. |
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Term
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Definition
A state of being in which human life is dominated by the forces of its own inventions.
1) From the process of production.
2) From the product
3) From the fam & community of fellow workers
4) From the self |
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Term
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Definition
| Any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned because it departs from the norms and expectations of a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior and appearance that follow and maintain the standards of a group. Also, the acceptance of culturally valued goals and the pursuit of those goals through means defined as legitimate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Methods used to teach, persuade, or force a group's members, and even nonmembers, to comply with and not deviate from its norms and expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Customary ways of handling the routine matters of every-day life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Norms that people define as essential to the well-being of their group. People who violate mores are usually punished severely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions of approval or disapproval to others' behavior or appearance. |
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Definition
An expression of approval and a reward for compliance.
(EX: applause, a smile, pat on the back.) |
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Definition
An expression of disapproval for noncompliance.
(EX: withdrawal of affection, ridicule, ostracism.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spontaneous, unofficial expressions of approval or disapproval that are not backed by the force of law. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressions of approval or disapproval backed by laws, rules, or policies, that specify that conditions under which people should be rewarded or punished and the procedures for allocating rewards and administering punishments. |
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Definition
| A method of preventing information from reaching an audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| People whose job it is to sift info conveyed through movies, books, letters, TV, the internet, and other media and to remove or block any material that those in power consider unsuitable or threatening. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mechanism of social control that involves monitoring the activities of people who are believed like to engage in wrongdoing, catching those who do it, preventing people from doing it, and ensuring the publics safety from these people. |
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Definition
| People who have not violated the rules of a group and are treated accordingly. |
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Definition
| People who have broken the rules and are caught, punished and labeled as outsiders. |
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Term
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Definition
| An identification marking a rule breaker first and foremost as a deviant. |
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Definition
| People who have broken the rules of a group but whose violation goes unnoticed or, if it is noticed, prompts no one to enforce the law. |
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Definition
| People who have not broken the rules but are treated as if they have. |
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Term
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Definition
| A campaign to identify, investigate, and correct behavior that is believed to be undermining a group or country. Usually to distract people's attention from the real cause of a problem or to make the problem seem manageable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crime committed by a corporation as it competes with other companies for market share and profits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sociological approach that focuses on the way specific groups, activities, conditions, or artifacts become defined as problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who articulate and promote claims and who tend to gain in some way if the targeted audience accepts their claim as true. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions taken to draw attention to a claim, such as "demanding services, filling out forms, lodging complaints, filing lawsuits etc... |
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Term
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Definition
| Any situation in which (1) the goals defined as valuable and legitimate for a society have unclear limits, (2) people are unsure whether the legitimate means that the society provides will allow them to achieve the goals, (3) and legitimate opportunities for reaching the goals remain closed to a significant portion of the population. |
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Term
Conformity
(Achieving Goals) |
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Definition
| Acceptance of the cultural goals and the pursuit of those goals through legitimate means. |
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Term
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Definition
| The acceptance of cultural goals but the rejection of the legitimate means to achieve them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rejection of cultural goals but a rigid adherence to the legitimate means of achieving them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rejection of both cultural goals and the means of achieving them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The full or partial rejection of both cultural goals and the means of achieving them and the introduction of a new set of goals and means. |
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Definition
| A theory of socialization that explains how deviant behavior, especially delinquent behavior, is learned. It states that "when persons become criminal, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and also because of isolation from anti-criminal patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups that are part of the larger society but whose members adhere to norms and values that favor violation of the larger society's laws. |
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