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Primates, people, and prehistory
Midterm Vocab ANTH B101
60
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
10/06/2014

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
natural selection
Definition
the mechanism of evolutionary change first articulated by Darwin; refers to genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in population due to differential reproductive success between individuals.
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
(binomnial meaning "two names") in taxonomy, the convention established by Carolus Linnaeus whereby genus and species names are used to refer to species. For example, Homo sapiens refers to human beings.
Term
taxonomy
Definition
the branch of science concentrated with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships.
Term
catastrophism
Definition
the view that the earth's geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events. this view was promoted by Cuvier, especially in opposition to Lamarck.
Term
reproductive success
Definition
the number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age; an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation.
Term
selective pressures
Definition
forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals.
Term
fitness
Definition
pertaining to natural selection, a measure of relative reproductive success of individuals. fitness can be measured by an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation compared to that of other individuals. the term genetic fitness, reproductive fitness, and differential reproductive success are also used.
Term
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Definition
the double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code.
Term
genome
Definition
the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species.
Term

What are the 4 Fields of Anthropology?

Definition

biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology.

Term

Hominins

Definition

any of a taxonomic tribe (Hominini) of hominids that includes recent humans together with extinct ancestral and related forms

Term

Biocultural Evolution

Definition

describes cultural behaviors and biological factors influence to human evolution

Term

Evolution

Definition

is the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Term

 

Fixity of Species

Definition

Is a term which means all species remained unchanged throughout the history of the earth. This belief is generally not accepted by all.

Term
Charles Darwin
Definition

born on 12 February 1809

initially planned to follow a medical career

later switched to divinity at Cambridge. In 1831, he joined a five year scientific expedition on the survey ship HMS Beagle.

breakthrough in his ideas came in the Galapagos Islands, 500 miles west of South America.

Term

Alfred Russel Wallace

Definition
An intrepid explorer and brilliant naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace co-published the theory of evolution by natural selection with Charles Darwin.
Term

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Definition
French naturalist. He was a soldierbiologist,academic, and an early proponent of the idea that evolutionoccurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.
Term

Alleles

Definition
is one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus
Term

Codominance

Definition
Situation in which two different alleles (typicaly both recessive genes) for a genetic trait are both expressed.
Term

Genotype

Definition
is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific characteristic under consideration
Term

Heterozygous

Definition

Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a single trait.

The gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). A heterozygous plant would contain the following alleles for seed shape: (Rr).

Term

Homozygous

 

Definition

Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a single trait.

Example:

The gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). A homozygous plant would contain the following alleles for seed shape: (RR) or (rr).

Term

Macroevolution

Definition
Is a grand scale — what we see when we look at the over-arching history of life: stability, change, lineages arising, and extinction.
Term

Microevolution

Definition

mosquitoes have evolved in response to global warming, and insects have evolved resistance to our pesticides. These are all examples of microevolution — evolution on a small scale.

 


Term

Mendelian Traits

Definition

those traits which follow Mendel’s rules of only 2 possible versions (1 dominant, 1 recessive)

Term

Biological Determinism

Definition
is a term used in some literature[1] to describe the belief that human behavior is controlled solely by an individual's genes or some component of physiology.
Term

Biological Species Concept

Definition
A biological species is a group of individuals which can breed together (panmixia). However, they cannot breed with other groups. In other words, the group is reproductively isolated from other groups.
Term

Chordata

Definition
are a group of animals that includes more than 75,000 living species. Chordates are divided into three basic groups: vertebrates, tunicates, lancelets. Of these, the vertebrates—lampreys, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fishes—are the most familiar and are the group to which humans belong.
Term

Cladistics

Definition
is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are grouped together based on whether or not they have one or more shared unique characteristics that come from the group's last common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors. 
Term

Ecological Niche

Definition
a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem.
Term

Homoplasy

Definition
the cladistic term for Convergent evolution describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. 
Term

Sexual Dimorphism

Definition

s a phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species, meaning that there are obvious differences between the male and female of the species.

different organs, heights, behavior, in birds their colorful wings

Term

Speciation

Definition
Is the evolutionary process by which new biologicalspecies arise.
Term

Taphonomy

Definition
is the study of decaying organisms over time and how they may become fossilized.
Term

Adaptive Niche

Definition
the entire way of life of an organism; where it lives, what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators, etc.
Term
diurnal
Definition
active during the day.
Term
anthropoids
Definition
members of a suborder of Primates, the Anthropoidea. traditionally, the suborder includes monkeys, apes, and humans.
Term
omnivorous
Definition
having a diet consisting of many kinds of foods, such as plant materials (seeds, fruits, leaves), meat, and insects.
Term
stereoscopic vision
Definition
the condition whereby visual images are, to varying degrees, superimposed on one another. this provides depth perception, or the perception of the external environment in three dimensions. stereoscopic vision is partly a function of structures in the brain.
Term
arboreal
Definition
tree-living; adapted to life in the trees. (some monkeys)
Term
Cusps
Definition
the elevated portions (bumps) on the chewing surfaces of premolar and molar teeth.
Term
Quadrupedal
Definition
Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic mammalian (and primate) form of locomotion.
Term
brachiation
Definition
a form of locomotion in which the body is suspended beneath the hands and support is alternated from one forelimb to the other; arm swinging.
Term
behavioral ecology
Definition
the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection. behaviors and behavioral patterns hae been favored because they increase the reproductive fitness of individuals (i.e., they are adaptive) in specific environmental contexts.
Term
dominance hierarchies
Definition
systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another. higher-ranking animals have greater access to preferred food items than lower-ranking individuals. sometimes called "pecking orders."
Term
Communication
Definition
any act that conveys information, in the form of a message, to another individual. frequently, the result of communication is a change in the behavior of the recipient. communication may not be deliberate but may instead be the result of involuntary processes or a secondary consequence of an intentional action.
Term
Displays
Definition
sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states. nonhuman primates displays are most frequently associated with reproductive or agonistic behavior.
Term
biological continuum
Definition

 

refers to the fact that organisms are related through common ancestry and that behaviors and traits seen in one species are also seen in other to varying degrees. when expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories, they are said to exist on a continuum. color is such a phenomenon.

Term
Colobines
Definition
subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 59 species in 10genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs
Term

Dental Formula

Definition

Almost all mammals have four kinds of teeth this is a summary of a mammal's teeth. incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

Aslo:

one side of the mouth, or quadrant, with the upper and lower teeth shown on separate rows.

Term

Ischial Callosities

Definition
A thickened piece of skin found on the buttocks of animals, especially the baboon...nasty ass
Term

Lorises

Definition
is the common name for the primates of the subfamily Lorisinae in the family LorisidaeLoris is one genus in this subfamily and includes the slender lorises, while Nycticebus is the genus containing the slow lorises.
Term

Rhinarium

Definition

"belonging to the nose"; plural: rhinaria is the moist, naked surface around the nostrils of the nose in most mammals. 

(a dogs soft wet nose)

Term

Archaeology

Definition
is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material cultureand environmental data that they have left behind
Term

Artifact

Definition
something made or given shape by man, such as a tool or a work of art, esp an object of archaeological interest
Term

Ecofact

Definition
Is organic material found at an archaeological site that carries archaeological significance. Biofacts are natural objects found with artifacts or features[1] such as big horn sheep bones, charcoal, plants, and pollen.
Term
Feature
Definition
A feature is a collection of one or more contexts representing some human non-portable activity roads, ruins of buildings, the pirimids etc..
Term

Context

Definition
Are events in time which have been preserved in the archaeological record. Thecutting of a pit or ditch in the past is a context, whilst the material filling it will be another. Multiple fills, seen as layers in archaeological section would mean multiple contexts.
Term

Provenience

Definition
Is the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object.
Term

Typology

Definition
a classification according to general type, especially in archaeology, psychology, or the social sciences.
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