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primates
midterm
42
Psychology
Professional
10/21/2008

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Term
Tinbergen's four questions
Definition
causation, development, function, evolution
Term
causation
Definition
what external environmental factors lead to behavior?
Term
development
Definition
how does behavior change with age development?
Term
function
Definition
how does behavior contribute to survival and reproduction?
Term
evolution
Definition
when during the course of evolution did this behavior evolve?
Term
day range
Definition
distance moved in a day from sleep site to sleep site
Term
home range
Definition
area covered during normal movements and activities
-determined by group size, body size, feeding behavior
Term
core area
Definition
most intensively used part of a home range
Term
territory
Definition
-defended home range
-requires competition
-exclusive use of space is ecological consequence of territoriality, but other behavioral mechanisms can lead to non-overlapping ranges btwn conspecifics (avoidance behaviors)
Term
factors influencing variation in home range size
Definition
body size, feeding behavior, group size
Term
threats to primate populations
Definition
-HUNTING, DEFORESTATION, LIVE CAPTURE FOR RESEARCH
-hunting for food -bushmeat trade -skins/trophies -poaching -capture for research -slash and burn agriculture -human population growth -catastrophes -disease -demographic considerations (long interbirth intervals, low infant survivorship)
Term
males
Definition
-produce gametes or sperm that are tiny, mobile and consist of little more than a piece of self-propelled DNA
Term
females
Definition
-produce large, immobile, food-rich gametes called eggs
Term
sexual selection
Definition
effects of "a struggle between individuals of one sex, generally the males, for possession of the other sex"
Term
types of sexual selection
Definition
-intrasexual selection: favors ability of one sex (usually male) to compete directly with one another for fertilizations, for example by fighting
-intersexual selection: favors traits in one sex which attract other sex
Term
parental investment
Definition
-variance in reproductive success between the sexes is related to diff gametic investments. females make large contributions to eggs relative to males, who invest little in sperm
-females form a limiting resource in terms of reproduction, so males compete among themselves for mates
Term
sexual selection and potential rates of reproduction by males/females
Definition
-virutally all females reproduce, more variance in male reproduction
-if males invest more than females: -males more discriminating sex, -fem/fem competition for male access, -greater variance in reproduction among females than males
Term
solutions to reduce population threats
Definition
-ecotourism (humans and animals live together, education)
-2000 Apes Conservation Act
-curtailing trade through captive breeding programs and rehab centers
-IUCN(international union for the conservation of nature)
-education
Term
cooperative polyandry
Definition
-two or more males mate w/ single female and collaborate to raise offspring
-occurs in groups lacking older offspring (monogamy would occur where a sufficient number of older offspring remain to help)
Term
why is polygyny common in primates?
Definition
-females congregate in small, stale groups (spatiotemporal dispersion of mates)
-long interbirth intervals so few reproductively active females per male at one time (constraints imposed by parental care)
-males can economically defend multiple females
-sets stage for male-male competition
Term
primates
Definition
-nails, collar bone(arm motility), occipital area of skull, big toe, well developed large intestine, depend on vision a lot, 3 kinds of teeth, mostly diurnal, large brains for body size, no migration(philopatric), forward facing eyes(peripheral vision)
Term
prosimians vs. anthropoids
Definition
-suborder level
-prosimians: small, nocturnal, old world, split lips, insectivorous, solitary, no colors, claw on 2nd pedal digit, incisors/canines form grooming combs, tapetum, Madagascar
-anthropoids: large, diurnal, old/new world, colors, nails on digits
-tarsiers behaviorally like prosimians, anatomically like anthropoids
Term
colobines vs cercopithecines
Definition
-colobines (colobus monkeys): single/multimale groups, longer legs, folivorous, narrow incisors, deep jaw, long tail, broad interorbital region, complex stomachs
-cercopithecenes (baboons): multimale/female, similar arm/legs, omnivorous, broad incisors, shallow jaw, short tail, narrow interorbital region, cheek pouches

BOTH cercopithecoidea sub families
Term
hominoids vs. cercopithecoids
Definition
-NW hominoids (apes/humans): larger brains/body, brachiation, no tails, longer arms, postcranial skeletons
-OW cercopithecoids (baboons, monkeys): smaller brains/body, tails, more = limb length, less restricted habitats
Term
Darwinian fitness
Definition
-refers to the ability to reproduce
-individuals with high fitness are those who reproduce more than others
Term
types of natural selection
Definition
directional(favors one phenotypic extreme), stabilizing(reduces variability, favors average), disruptive(favors extremes, increases variability)
Term
Natural selection
Definition
-the differential reproduction of individuals based on the heritable differences between them
-requires heritable variation + reproductive competition
-operates on individuals
Term
territory benefits
Definition
-increased access to food, mates and valuable resources
-depends on size (too small or big will not have big B-C)
-economic defendability (sufficient nutrients, not too hard to defend)
Term
female mate choice criteria
Definition
-direct material benefits (defend territories, paternal care, protection)
-indirect benefits (prefer immigrant males to avoid inbreeding
-size, rank, un/familiarity, variety (some mate as many males as possible)
Term
mate choice
Definition
-pattern of behavior shown by members of one sex that leads to their being more likely to mate w/ certain members of opposite sex
-active solicitation of mates, refusal to mate, subtle signals that encourage males to seek matings
Term
types of mating systems
Definition
-polygamy: more than one mate
-polygyny: more than one female mate (common for primates)
-polyandry: more than one male mate
Term
monogamy evolution
Definition
-aggression by mated females leads to their spatial separation and prevents males from acquiring additional mates
-male parental care is indispensable to female reproduction
-neither sex can monopolize opposite sex (cause of ecological factors or parental care constraints)
Term
infanticide hypotheses
Definition
-population density hypothesis: due to high population densities, and is an aberrant/dysfunctional behavior, doesn't necessarily benefit killer
-sexual selection hypothesis: male reproductive tactic, males typically not father, mothers become sexually active earlier than if infant lived, infanticidal males benefit reproductively by killing offspring
Term
female counterstrategies to infanticide
Definition
-form aggressive coalitions (langurs, redtail and blue monkeys)
-form coalitions with other males who may be fathers WORKS (baboons)
-postconception estrus and promiscuity NO
Term
cooperative polyandry in callitrichines
Definition
-small body size
-mixed diet of fruit, small prey, plant exudates
-territorial
-small group sizes (2-15)
-twin: 80% of all births
-twins are fraternal
-helping in tamarins is necessary due to high costs of parental care
-lack older offspring
Term
factors influencing male-male competition
Definition
-expend energy to be dominant (reproductive benefit), in polygynous societies dominant male sires majority of offspring but more stress too
-relative diff in parental investment between sexes and sex ratio
-intensifies when female parental investment greatly exceeds males and if many more males
Term
sexual dimorphism
Definition
-systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species
-intensity of male-male comp affects levels of sexual dimorphism in body size
Term
relationship between diet and body size
Definition
-large animals require more food
-metabolic rate doesn't increase linearly with body size
-large animals retain heat better
-given their higher energy needs per unit weight, small animals eat easily digested foods that are processed fast
-foods don't have to be abundant because small animals require small amounts but large animals need abundant food that isn't easy to digest
Term
New World monkeys vs. Old World monkeys
Definition
-NW/platyrrhines: S/C America, small/med body, side facing nostrils separated by wide septum
-OW/catarrhine,apes,humans: larger, larger canines, more folivorous/terrestrial, large nostrils facing forward/down separated by narrow septum
Term
alternative male mating tactics
Definition
-small males force matings more often
-opportunistic: majority of matings, males line up and mate females in turn, little competition until ovulation
-possessiveness: high ranking males attempt to keep other males away
-consortship: male attempts to take female to territory outskirts, aggression initiates, lot are from low ranking males but small % total
Term
sperm competition
Definition
-in polyandry, males have large testes compared to body weight
-large testes can deposit more sperm, more likely your sperm fertilizes egg
Term
evolution of polygyny
Definition
-constraints imposed on parental care
-ecological factors will affect economics of mate defense
-patchy female distribution
-temporal female dispersion (harder to keep males away if reproductive at same time)
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