Oranguatans

males have large pads on fat on faces

Largely Arboreal

Males frequently travel on ground by fist walking

Agile climbers and hangers

Reproduce every 7.7 yrs,

NO ESTRUS

(mating cycle)

Only in Borneo and Sumatra

Tropical rain forests

Oranguatans are veggies

Fossil orangs are found widely throughout asia

Solitary social groups

Mother and child

Adult males live only (interact only during mating)

Not enought food supply in one area to support large groups

Gorillas

(general)

Largest primate

In equatorial Africa

Very sexually dimorphic

Males large canines

Blackish hair

Gorilla

(Characteristics)

Largely terrestrial

Knuckle walkers

Arms longer then legs, spines at an angle to the ground

all four limbs touch the gorund when walking, with weight of the arms resting on the knuckles

Forested areas of Africa

Exclusively Vegetarian

Small social groups

Adult silverback male, several females, and immature offspring

Silverback = dominant w/ rank varying amoung others

Spending < day eating

Chimpanzees

(General)

Africa

slight sexual dimorphism

Powerful shoulder/arms

Knuckle-walkers with longer arms then legs

Terrestrial and arboreal

(trees = sleep)

(ground on 2 legs to carry food)

African rain forests

dried fruit leaves seeds nuts insects and meat (sm. animals)

Lg. communities of 50 +

Constantly changing

inividuals leaving and joing

With smaller sub groups

Chimp

Bonds

Mother child is central to chimp

Mothering techniques are learned

Called pygmy chimps

Genetically anhd physically similar to chimps

higher forehead

faces are lil different

knucklewalkers

Rainforest of Zaire

Fruits, plants and very little animal protein

Relative Dating

Techniques

Stratigraphic and

Seriation

Chronometric

Radiometric

C-14 Carbon dating

K/Ar

Electro-spin resonance (ESR)

Living: C-12 is same as C-14

Death: C-14 increases C-12 decreases

Destructive not good in older artifacts

Decay of an unstable isotope of potassuim into argon Gas

 K40 goes to argon gas

Not good for recent artifacts >100,000 yrs

Study of primate and human evolution: fossils

Detaile excavations

Surface collections

Results of life in trees

Preying on small animales

emerged from insectivores

Primate evloution after drift

Continents moving and have joined and spearated

65 Million yrs ago

65 Mya

Plesiadapiforms

54-38 mya

2 families:

adapids and tarsiiformes

66-65 mya

earilest likely ancestors of primates

Nocturnal

Arboreal

Climbers

At least 27 different genera existed

Highly diverse

variation of body and dental

large incisors

teethe for slicing and eating nectar

Goes to different types of food

had some anatomical features of modern primates

lg eyes= noctural

somewhat like prosimains = lemurs and lorises

Relationships between fossil primates and anthropoids

related to tarsiers

33 mya

small eye sockets

Post-orbital bar

30 mya

Earilest fossil record

Storms blew monkeys out of trees

float across ocean

Oldest Fossil evidence for apes

22-5mya

Gigantopithecus

(giant ape)

9-.5 mya

in China

23-17 mya

Lived in forest and ate fruit

looks like ape and monkeys

15mya

looks like morden ape

but anatomical with chimp (ankle)

.

14-7 mya

grassland, woodland

Estimating the sequence and timing of the divergence of evolutionary line by genetic analyses

Molecular clocks