Term
|
Definition
- fused metopic suture
- loss of stapedial artery
- lack tapetum lucidum
- post orbital closure
- short snout
- upper molar hypocone
- tympanic ring fused to lateral wall of bulla
- fused mandibular symphisis
- incisors vertically implanted
- no paraconid cusps on molars |
|
|
Term
| Geographic Locations of Important Early Anthropoids |
|
Definition
Algeripithecus - Algeria
Proteopithecus and Biretia - Fayum
Eosimias and Amphipithecids - China/Myanmar |
|
|
Term
Early Anthropoid Adaptations
(body size and diet) |
|
Definition
Body Size and Diet:
- Early haplorhines (omomyoids and anthropoids) were smaller than 500 grams
- insectivores (Kays)
- no major change in diet or body size associated with anthropoids |
|
|
Term
Early Anthropoid Adaptations
(locomotion) |
|
Definition
- not well known in omomyoids, but leaping is indicated
- not well known in eosimiids, but less leaping, more general AQ
- slight indication of change in locomotor behavior |
|
|
Term
| Early Anthropoid Activity Cycle |
|
Definition
- living anthropoids have relatively small orbits because they are diurnal
- tarsiers lack a tapetum lucidumand have relatively large orbits because they are nocturnal and came from a diurnal ancestor
- being diurnal with a reduction in orbit size occured in the common ancestor of tarsiers and anthropoids, after splitting from nocturnal omomyoids
- not specifically associated with anthropoid evolution |
|
|
Term
| Anthropoid Origins: Adaptive scenario |
|
Definition
Earliest anthropoids were small, diurnal, insectiverous arboreal quadrupeds
- visual predators so sight very important
Postorbital closure is associated with the shift from being a nocturnal visual predator to a diurnal visual predator
- need a bony septum to seperate eyeball from chewing muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fayum: Jebel Qatrani Formation: Ages |
|
Definition
upper sequence: younger than 34 mya.
lower sequence: 37-34 mya. sandstones deposited by meandering streams and floodplains, lots of petrified woods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper sequence: mature paleosols
Lower Sequence: sandstones deposited by meandering streams and floodplains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upper sequence: abundant vertibrate fossils
- Duke fossil collections (15,000 specimins): primates 8%, other fossils 64%, birds 2%, reptiles 12%, fish/mic. 15%
Other = Hyracoidea 31%, Rodentia 31%
lower sequence: lots of petrified wood
- more than 26 species of primates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- meandering streams, paleosols
- warm, wet, seasonal climate
- lush, wet, tropical forest
- diverse forest herbivores |
|
|
Term
| Phylogeny of Fayum Primates |
|
Definition
| Parapithecids, (Platyrrhines), Oligopithecids, Propliopithecids ... cercopithecoids etc. |
|
|
Term
| Primate Fossils Appear in South America: Where did they come from? |
|
Definition
* The first primates found in the new world fossil record are all anthropoids
*Africa - fayum anthropoids great candidate for platyrrhine ancestor
- Fayum primates - dental formula, tympanic ring, zippy contact (similar to platyrrhines)
- Good candidates at the right time - probably from here
- Hystricomorph rodents (caviomorph rodent = capybara) also go from Africa to South America, so it adds credibility
*No fossil record of anthropoids in N. America, so probably not a very likely source for S. America
*Eosimiad anthropoid from asia could have traveled over to N. America and down, unlikely |
|
|
Term
| Primates appear in fossil records of South America: How did they get there? |
|
Definition
* How did they cross the atlantic to get to S. America?
* mats of dense vegetation collect at the base of rivers and flow out into the ocean, carrying local life with them
* 30 m. years ago they were a lot closer, maybe 1000 km. away during the late Eocene and early Oligocene (2/3 closer than it is today)
* sea levels were lower in Oligocene, cutting down on space to cross
* Lots of volcanic activity in Oligocene - lots of islands, raft from one island to another
*Ocean currents flow from eats to west |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pithecines: Red face saki, Red ukari
Atelines: Spider monkey, Howler monkey
Callitrichines: Marmoset, Tamarin
Cebines: Capuchin, Squirrel monkey
Callicebines: Titi monkey
Aotines: Owl monkey |
|
|
Term
| Fossil New World Monkey: phylogeny |
|
Definition
Extinct relatives of living subfamilies by late miocene
- sparse record, dramatic extinctions |
|
|
Term
| Miocene Catarrhines of Africa: Chronology |
|
Definition
proconsul: 20-17 mya
Rangwapithecus: 20-19 mya
Dendropithecus: 20-17 mya
Micropithecus: 20-15 mya
Nyanzapithecus: around 18.5-12 mya
Afropithecus: around 18-17 mya |
|
|
Term
| Miocene cattarhines of Africa, Anatomy. |
|
Definition
- larger brain
- Y-5 molar pattern
- loss of tail
- long arms
- broad thorax
- highly mobile shoulder and hip |
|
|
Term
Fossil Sites
(just make sure they're recognizable) |
|
Definition
lothidok
moroto
koru
songhor
rusinga
mfwangano
kalodirr
buluk
nachola
maboko
fort ternan
*otavi
samburu |
|
|
Term
| African Cattarhine Dental Anatomy |
|
Definition
- 2:1:2:3
- broad upper central incisors and small laterals
- large, sexually dimorphic canines
- upper premolars broad and bicuspid
- square upper molars
- Y-5 pattern on lower molars
- honing facet on p3 |
|
|
Term
| African Cattarhine cranial anatomy |
|
Definition
- diversity in face shape
- small orbits (diurnal)
- small brains
- tubular tympanic |
|
|
Term
| African Cattarhine postcranial anatomy |
|
Definition
- most remains indicate GAQ
- limbs equal in length
- joints don't show extreme mobility
- narrow thorax
- narrow illium
- ONE taxon, Morotopithecus, is similar to hominoids |
|
|
Term
| Early Miocene Cattarhine Phylogeny |
|
Definition
(Kamoyapithecus)
*Dendropithecus
*Micropithecus
(simiolus)
*Proconsul
(heliopithecus)
*Afropithecus
Turkana
Rangwa
Maboko
*Nyanzapithecus
Cercopitchecoids
*Morotopithecus
Hylobatidae
Hominidae |
|
|
Term
| Miocene Catarrhines of Africa: time and place |
|
Definition
Otavipithecus: 13 mya: Namibia
Equatorius: 15.5-14 mya: Tugen Hills, Maboko
Kenyapithecus: 14 mya: Fort Ternan
Chororapithecus: 10 mya: Ethiopia
Samburupithecus: 9 mya:
Nakalipithecus: 10 mya: Kenya |
|
|
Term
| Paleocology of African Miocene |
|
Definition
Rusinga, Songhor, Koru; 18-20mya (early); tropical rainforest
(Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Nyanzapithecus, Dendropithecus)
Maboko, Fort Ternan (middle); 13-15mya; grassy woodland
(Equatorius, Kenyapithecus, Nyanzapithecus) |
|
|
Term
| Paleoecology of Eurasian Miocene |
|
Definition
Early (22-17)- hardwood deciduous forest
Middle (16-10)- tropical rainforest
Late - grassy woodland |
|
|
Term
Miocene Cattarhines of Eurasia
Cast of Characters |
|
Definition
-Oreopithecus-
-Dryopithecus-
-Pierolapithecus-
-Sivapithecus-
-Gigantopithecus-
-Ouranopithecus- |
|
|
Term
| Miocene Catarrhines of Eurasia: Localities |
|
Definition
Pliopithecidae, Dryopithecus - Europe and Asia
Oreopithecus - Northern Italy
Pierolapithecus - Spain
Sivapithecus - N. India, Pakistan
Gigantopithecus - India/Pakistan, Vietnam/China
Ouranopithecus - Greece |
|
|
Term
| Miocene Catarrhines of Eurasia: Dietary Reconstruction |
|
Definition
| foliverous (oreo), hard object (Ourano, Siva) |
|
|
Term
| Miocene Catarrhines of Eurasia: Paleoecology |
|
Definition
Early Middle Miocene - Foliverous, pliopithecids, swamp forest
Late Middle Miocene - Frugiverous, Dryopithecus, wet open woodland
Late Miocene - hard object feeders, Siva Ourano, Dry open parklands |
|
|
Term
| Miocene Catarrhines of Eurasia: Evolution of Extant Hominoids |
|
Definition
- Early Miocene East Africa many catarrhines appear, featuring lack of tail, slightly larger brain, hints of powerful grasping
- they emerged and dispersed into Eurasia
- Late Miocene European and Eurasian Hominoids are dwindling ... extinction moving from West to East
- One eurasian group led to Pongo and Gigantopithecus
- One (Dryo or Ourano maybe) moved pack to Africa and founded the African apes and possibly Homo |
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