Term
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Definition
1. Brain
2. generalized skeletal structure (retention of the clavicle)
3. upright posture
4. primate hands & feet - opposable thumb, precision grip, tactile pads, nails, 5 digits
5. reduction in olfaction
6. vision as dominant - stereoscopic & binomial
7. reudction in size & # of teeth
8. life history traits - longer IBI, infant altricial
9. single births
10. tendency towards sociality |
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Term
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Definition
| Interbreeding group of biological organisms that is isolated reproductively from others |
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Term
| Phylogenetic reltionships |
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Definition
| common evolutionary descent - look at genes, behavior, fossil record, comparative anatomy |
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Term
| Phylogenetic species vs. biological species concepts |
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Definition
| Phylogenetic - shared & unique evolutionary history, common ancestor, derived traits. VS. interbreeding orgs, reproductively isolated (some can interbreed) |
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Term
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Definition
| Change over time - the cumulative change in the average characteristics (genetic structure) of a population that occur over many generations. Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic of an organism that allows it to live and reproduce in an environment where it could not otherwise |
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Term
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Definition
| complex of features that characterize the position a species occupies in its ecosystem - diet, social organization, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
1. struggle for survival
2. individuals vary in their ability to survive & reproduce = survival of the fittest
3. Variation is heritable |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid speciation of a single or few species to fill many ecological niches |
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Term
| When do the first primate fossils appear? |
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Definition
| 40-50 mya - thinks adaptive radiation began 90 mya |
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Term
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Definition
| Le Gros Clark - adapted to life in the trees - but there are many other mammals that also live in the trees and don't exhibit the primate pattern |
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Term
| Visual Predation hypothesis |
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Definition
| Cartmill - adapted for visually oriented predation (insects), habitat = terminal branches & understory of forest. BUT insect diet is rare among primates today (only tarsiers) |
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Term
| Angiosperm radiation hypothesis |
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Definition
| Sussman - appearance of primates coincides with the adaptive radiation of angiosperms (flowering plants) - primates adapted for feeding in a small arboreal habitat and feeding on an omnivorous diet. Co-evolution - seed dispersers |
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Term
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Definition
| Plesiadapiformes -more in common with rodents, bats, sugar gliders. Have long tails, claws, rodent like jaw & teeth, eyes on the side of their heads, but limbs in common with primates |
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Term
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Definition
| emergence of Prosimians in Egypt - Adapidae - adapiformes ancestral to lemurs - modern strepsirhines. & Omamayades - common to tarsiers - ancestral to modern Haplorhines. |
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Term
| 37 1/2 - 23 mya Oligocene |
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Definition
| decline in prosimian diversity - rise of the monkeys - platyrhines 26mya. NW monkey fossils are rare because of s American environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Age of the Apes - Proconsulates - 23-17mya. OW Monkey/Ape split - 23 mya. Gorillas and chimps split 8-9mya, humans and chimps 5-7mya and chimps & bonobos - 1 mya. |
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Term
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Definition
| doesn't include Tarsiers - tapetum lucidum, grooming claw, post-orbital bar, moist rhinarium, fixed upper lip, unfused mandibular symphysis, dental comb |
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Term
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Definition
| Order: Primates, Suborder: Prosimii, Infraorder: Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes, Tarsiiformes. General characteristics - unfused mandible, tactile hairs, independently mobile ears, scent marking, mostly solitary foragers (except some lemurs) |
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Term
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Definition
| includes subfamiles: Galaginae (Bush babies), Lorisinae (Asia Lorises), & Perodicticinae - Pottos & Angwantibos in Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| Prosimii-Lorisiformes- Bush Babies - Africa, big ears & eyes, nocturnal, species distinguishable by different genital morphology, long tail, 180 degree head spin, VCL anatomy - enlongated hind limbs, short forearms, upright trunk, simpatric |
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Term
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Definition
| Prosimii - Lorisiformes - Lorisinae - Asia, Cantilevering - slow climbing and walking, no leaping, reduced 2nd digit, widely spaced opposable thumb, more equal hindlimbs and forelimbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Madagascar, alopatric, only diurnal prosimians. 5 families: Lemuridae, Indridae, Daubentoniidae (aye-aye), Cheirogalidae (dwarf & mouse lemurs), & Lepilemuridae. Most show female dominance and low sexual dimorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| Prosimii - lemuriformes - lumuridae family - more like monkeys of the lemurs, diurnal, terrestrial, quadrupedal, no sexual dimorphism, female dominance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cathemeral (active during the day & night), indris, wooly lemur, sifakas. VCL, pair bonding groups, female dominance |
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Term
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Definition
| Prosimii - Lemuriformes - Aye-aye - tiny, nocturnal, hunted by madagascar ppl. enlongated middle finger, 18 continuously growing sharp teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| Prosimii - lemuriformes - dwarf and mouse lemurs, smallest, females have 3 nipples, SINGLE BIRTH EXCEPTION - have twins |
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Term
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Definition
| Prosimii - Tarsiiformes - Tarsiers. S.E. Asia - prosimii traits - large eyes, 180 degree head rotation, anatomy to VCL, grooming claws, nocturnal, arboreal. Haplorhine traits - dry nose, no tapetum lucidum, free moving upper lip. UNIQUE - 100% insectivorous, suction cup fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| Order: Primates, Suborder: Anthropoidea, Infraorder: Platyrrhini. Superfamily: Ceboidea --> NEW WORLD MONKEYS, 5 families. Mostly arboreal, side directed nostrils, prehensile tail, more primitive dental & cranial traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Primates-->Anthropoidea-->Platyrrhini--> Ceboidea --> Callitricidae = marmosets & tamarins - TWINS & CLAWS, 2-1-3-2dental formula, little sexual dimorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| Anthropoidea-->Platyrrhini-->Ceboidea--> Aotidae: owl/night monkey - only nocturnal NW monkey, no tapetum lucidum, pair bonded |
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Term
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Definition
| Anthropoidea-->Platyrrhini-->Ceboidea-->Pitheciidae: subfamilies Callicebinae (Titis) & Pithecinae (Saki, bearded saki, & cacajao). Titi- pair bonding (wrap tails), morning duets, fission fusion social system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anthropoidea-->Platyrrhini--> Ceboidea --> Cebidae: capuchins - semi-prehensile tail, smart, pets. & Saimiri (squirrel monkey) - 2nd most frequently used in biomedical research |
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Term
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Definition
| Anthropoidea-->Platyrrhini-->Ceboidea--> Atelidae: Fully prehensile tail. Subfamily - Alouattinae - howler monkeys, cows of the trees, folivorous, howl (enlarged hyoid). Subfamily - Atelinae (spider monkeys) - Brachiation - reduced thumb. Male philopatric, fission fusion. Spider monkey, woolly monkey, woolly spider monkey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Primates, Suborder Anthropoidea, Infraorder Catarrhini --> downward facing nose, OLD WORLD MONKEYS, apes, humans - super familes: Cercopithecoidea & Hominoidea |
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Term
| Cercopithecoidea superfamily |
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Definition
| Cercopithecinae family - Cercopithecinae subfamily & Colobinae sub family. No prehensile tails, single births, ischial callosities, diurnal, quadrupedalism |
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Term
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Definition
| Anthropoidea-->Catarrhini-->Cercopithecoidea--> cercopithecinae subfamily. Baboons, Macaques, Guenos, Mandrills, Drills. Macaques = most widely distributed. Rhesus macaque - most used in research. Patas = fasted NHP on the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| Anthropoidea suborder--> Catarrhini infraorder--> Cercopithecidae superfamily--> cercopithecinae family--> colobinae subfamily. Colobus monkeys in Africa & Langurs in Asia. Colobus - "chimp food".Langurs - protected by Indians, leaf monkeys, sacculated stomach. Probiscus monkey - odd nose/snub nosed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order: Primates, Suborder: Anthropoidea, Infraorder: Catarrhini, SUperfamily: Hominoidea, families: Hylobatidae (Gibbons & Siamangs), Pongidae (great apes, orangutan, chimps, bonobos), Hominidae (humans). No tails, longer gestation & maturation, large weight & body size, large brain, more upright posture |
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Term
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Definition
| Primates-Anthropoidea-Catarrhini-Hominoidea-Hylobatidae: "lesser apes" - low sexual dimorphism, siamangs & gibbons, ball & socket wrist joint, long arms, mobile shoulders for brachiation. South East Asia |
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Term
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Definition
| Primates-Anthropoidea-Catarrhini-Hominoidea-Pongidae: Orangutan - mother+ offspring = basic social unit, quadrimandible locomotion, largest IBI, sexually mature at 15. Gorilla - 3 subspecies, quadrupedal, knuckle walking. Chimpanzee (Pan) - mall dominant, aggressive. Bonobos (Pan Paniscus) - female dominant, male philopatric, use sex to solve conflicts, fission-fusion. |
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