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preventive Dentistry
lesson 2 biofilm and calculus
72
Dentistry
Undergraduate 3
09/01/2013

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Term
what makes up biofilm microbial mix?
Definition
bacteria, yeast, protozoa and viruses make up biofilm microbial mix.
Term
what is a mass of living organisms that can/will become mineralized upon the death of the organisms?
Definition
biofilm
Term
is biofilm soft or hard?
Definition
soft
Term
is calculus hard or soft?
Definition
hard;because calculus us dead biofilm.
Term
how can biofilm be disorganized?
Definition
brushing and flossing
Term
can calculus be brushed off?
Definition
no, mineralized biofilm can not be brushed off.
Term
what type of charge does biofilm have?
Definition
negative charge
Term
what type of charge does a tooth have?
Definition
positive
Term

true or false

 

biofilms have a slime layer with fibrils or appendages that extend from cell walls or extracellular coating.

Definition
true
Term
do the actions of microbes impact the course of pathology?
Definition
yes they interact and influence each other.
Term
biofilms exposed to what type of antimicrobial agents may become resistant?
Definition
exogenous (outside)
Term
what works best to disturb biofilm attachment?
Definition
brushing/flossing
Term
what are some biofilm soft deposits?
Definition

-aquired pellicle or cuticle

 

-dental biofilm

 

-matereal alba (cottage cheese)

 

-food debris

Term
what are hard deposits?
Definition
calculus (mineralized biofilm)
Term
explain the properties acquired pellicle.
Definition

1.  forms within minutes of professional tooth polishing

2. amorphous (no specific shape)

3.acellular (not made of cells)

4. organic

5.composed of glycoprotein from saliva that has an attached carbohydrate component(glycoprotiend contains carb)

6. glycoprotein is adsorbed into tooth surface

Term
what is tooth surface made up of>?
Definition
hydroxyapatite
Term
what do glycoprotiens coat on the tooth
Definition
hydroxyapetite
Term
unstained pellicle surface
Definition

translucent

insoluble

not visible unless using disclosing agent

if there is biofillm it will stain darker.

Term
where is a subsurface pellicle?
Definition
embedded in tooth it is endogenous (occured during tooth formation)
Term
how could a surface pellicle be stained?
Definition

extrinisically

-brown

-gray

-green (weed)

Term
what is the purpose of pellicle?
Definition

protects against acids

 

lubricates

 

nidus for bacteria (allows bacteria to attach)

Term
what are some characteristics of dental biofilm?
Definition

dense, nonmineralized complex masses of microbial colonies

 

gel-like

 

adhere to pellicle

Term
what can dental biofilm adhere to?
Definition

calculus

 

Term
what is the "pioneer species" referring to?
Definition
primary colonizers that are not pathogenic and are able to stick directly to pellicle.
Term
what is the sequence of colonizers in dental biofilm?
Definition

cocci-usually streptococci

 

followed by short rod

 

followed by filamentous bacteria rods

 

areas of stagnation follow that

Term
what is the most abundant of biofim, is aerobic, and as it grows becomes more anaerobic?
Definition
areas of stagnation
Term
who is usually the first colonizer in dental biofilm?
Definition
streptococcus sanguis
Term
who usually follows strep sanguis?
Definition
s. mutans
Term
what are some aerobic bacteria that are 1st colonizers?
Definition
neisseiria and rothia
Term
what are some gram + rods that are found in plaque
Definition
fusobacteria
Term
what are some gram - rods found in plaque?
Definition
veillonella
Term
what is present on days 1-2 of not brushing/flossing?
Definition

gram positive cocci

s. mutans and s. sanguis

Term
days 2-4  what happens to cocci?
Definition
they increase in numbers and turn filamentus forms and slender rods that replace cocci.
Term
what dental biofilm appears day 7-14?
Definition
vibrios and spirochetes, this is where white blood cells increase and gums become enflammed. the tissue is smooth and red and bleeds easily.
Term
what happens days 14-21 in the mouth?
Definition
vibrious and spirochetes are prevalent and cocci is in filamentus form, microorganisms are perpendicular to tooth in palisade. and gingivitis is evident.
Term
what demineralizes tooth surface and over time causes cavitation?
Definition
acidgenises
Term
can soft biofilm be rinsed off with just water?
Definition
no.... brushing flossing and interdental aids are the only things that can remove soft deposits.
Term
is gingivitis reversible?
Definition
yes it only takes a few days of proper care to reverse gingivitis.
Term
how long does it take to develop gingivitis?
Definition
2-3 weeks
Term
what type of microorganisms are subgingival?
Definition

anarobic 

motile

gram negative

Term
how does subgingival biofilm develop?
Definition

-attach to pellicle

-can be associated with calculus

-root caries

-root resorption

Term
what makes up organic subgingival biofilm?
Definition

70-80% microorganisms

20% water

carbs and protiens

varies with age and tooth surface

Term
what makes up inorganic subgingival biofilm?
Definition

-calcium

-phosphorus

-magnesium

-flouride

Term
where does protein come from in subgingival biofilm?
Definition

saliva

sulcus fluid

Term
where do carbs come from in subgingival biofilm?
Definition

-glucans

-fructans

-levans

Term
what is considered supragingival?
Definition
just above the CEJ
Term
where is ginviva thickest>?
Definition
at gingival margin
Term
where are fissures and pits located on teeth?
Definition
occlusal surface
Term
if something is subgingival it is to be considered where?
Definition
sulcus
Term
what can influence biofilm accumulation?
Definition

-teeth crowding

-rough surfaces

-difficult to clean areas

-out of occlusion

-bacterial multiplication

Term
if there is a thin layer of biofilm how would it be seen?
Definition
invisible, translucent
Term
can biofilm be stained
Definition
yes if thick enough it will stain teeth yellow or other colors
Term
if there is thick biofilm what would it be like
Definition
fur like
Term
how could one detect biofilm?
Definition

-tactile explorer or probe

-use of disclosing agent

-recording of biofilm score

Term
is biofilm transmissable
Definition
yes
Term
material alba
Definition
soft deposits of biofilm looks like cottage cheese, very loosely packed dead material.
Term
what could cause material alba?
Definition

gingival inflammation

dental demineralization

Term
can calculus harm teeth
Definition
yes if on cementum
Term
what can increase risk of calculus but decrease risk of caries?
Definition
alkaline saliva
Term
what can decrease risk of calculus and increase risk of caries?
Definition
acidogenic
Term
what exactly is calculus?
Definition
crystals that vary in calcium and phosphate combination that cover hydroxyapetite and brushite and whitelockite
Term
where are the places where calculus is most likely formed?
Definition
mandibular anterior linguals and maxillary 1st molar buccals
Term
what do people with asthma and systic fibrosis have in common?
Definition
produce more calculus
Term
where does calculus  attach?
Definition

-perikymata

-point of origin "sharpy's fiber"

-demineralized areas

-rough areas

Term
what can inhibit calculus?
Definition
dental products with pyrophosphate or metal ions like zinc.
Term
can calculus for on imitations or crowns
Definition
yes implants, crowns, and dentures are all susceptible to calculus.
Term
how long does it take to form calculus
Definition
can be 12 days (10-20)
Term
how is calculus related to biofilm?
Definition

develops from down growth of supragingival biofilm.

 

-pathogenic

-inflammatory response

-destruction of periodontal structures, loss of junctional epithelium.

Term
how do you detect supragingival calculus?
Definition

-direct vision

-compressed air

-good light

Term
how do you detect subgingival calculus?
Definition

-dark due to blood

-explorer, probe

-gingival tissue discoloration

-radiographs

-perioscopy

Term
how should you handle a patient with calculus?
Definition

-biofilm control plan

-explain oral and systemic links

-documentation and compliance from patient

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