1. Provide compression to minimize swelling.
2. Injury prevention.
3. Provide additional support to an injured structure. 

• Elastic bandages
• Non-elastic white tape
• Elastic adhesive tape

1. Compression of acute injuries (limit swelling).
2. Secure dressing or ice pack.
3. Provide support to injured soft tissue structure.

• Start anchor at smallest circumference of limb and overlap the wrap.
• Overlap about half of the bandage width.
• Wrap distal to proximal (furthest point from midline to closer point to midline) to push swelling up from extremities.
• Keep even pressure and tension.
•  Check capillary refill to ensure circulation.

1. Uniform adhesive mass.
2. Adhering qualities.
3. Lightness.
4. Relative strength. 

1. Tape grade
2. Adhesive properties
3. Winding tension 

Tape is graded according to the number of longitudinal and vertical fibers per inch.

Heavier grade contains 85 horizontal and 65 vertical fibers.

Tape should adhere regularly and maintain adhesion with perspiration.

Tape should contain few skin irritants and be easily removable without leaving adhesive residue and removing superficial skin.

• Used in combination with non-elastic tape.
• Good for small, angular parts due to elasticity.
• Allows for expansion of body parts. 

• Don't apply directly after cold or heat treatment.
• Adhesive glue helps the pre-wrap and anchors to stick.
• One layer of pre-wrap.
• Apply anchor directly to skin.
• Allow the tape to go where it wants to go.
• Never use continuous taping with white tape.

1. Tape in position in which joint must be stabilized.
2. Overlap the tape by half.
3. Avoid continuous taping.
4. Keep tape roll in hand whenever possible.
5. Smooth and mold tape as it is laid down on the skin.
6. Allow tape to follow contours of the skin.
7. Start taping with an anchor piece and finish by applying a locking strip. 

1. Manual removal (always pull tape in direct line with body)
2. Use of scissors and cutters
3. Using "tape remover" (alcohol-based liquid is useful for removing adherent)

• Slight tear.
• Mild swelling.
• Mild pain.
• Mild stiffness.
• Slight loss of ROM.
• Slight limp. 

• Significant tear.
• Loss of function.
• Loss of strength.
• Significant echomosis.
• Significant discoloration.
• If sprain: laxity. 

• Complete rupture.
• Severed.
• Complete loss of function.
• Deformity.
• Limp. 

Bone-absorbing cells; reshape the bone.

One the bone is healed, the athlete needs to stress the bone to start the osteoclasts coming in.

1. The fibula goes further down and leaves little room for extra movement.
2. The medial (deltoid) ligaments are a lot stronger than the lateral ligaments. 
3. How we play sports (MOI and inertia).

• Is there a fracture in the lower leg?

• Is there a fracture in the lower leg?
• Squeeze tibia and fibula together.

• Is there a torn ligament?
• Hold leg down.
• Hold onto heel and try to pull ankle up.
• Test for laxity. 

• Is the calcaneal fibular ligament torn?
• Hold down leg. 
• Other hand holds the heels. 
• Move foot left and right.

1. Walk on toes (plantar flexion)
2. Walk on heels (dorsi flexion)
3. Hop on injured ankle
4. Start and stop running
5. Change direction rapidly
6. Run figure eights 

• 5-10% of all ankle sprains.
• Damage to deltoid and possibly fraction of the fibula.
• Extremely painful and a lot of swelling.

• High ankle sprain.
• Longest rehab of any of the sprains.
• Injury to distal tibiofemoral joint (anterior/poster tibiofibular ligament) and medial and lateral ligaments.
• Talus is jammed up through the tibia and fibula like a wedge.
• Limited swelling and ecchymosis.

• Mild pain and disability.
• Weight bearing minimally impaired.
• Point tenderness over ligaments.
• No laxity.

• Feel or hear pop or snap.
• Moderate pain with difficulty bearing weight.
• Positive talar tilt and anterior drawer tests.
• Possible tearing of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments.

• Severe pain.
• Swelling.
• Hemarthrosis.
• Discoloration.
• Unable to bear weight. 
• Positive talar tilt and anterior drawer.
• Instability due to possible ligament rupture.

• Pain in an anterior portion of the shin.
• Stress fractures, muscle strains, chronic anterior comparment syndrome, or periosteum irritation.
• Caused by repetitive microtrauma.

1. Anterior tibialis
2. Posterior tibialis
3. Achilles 

1. Femur
2. Tibia
3. Fibula
4. Patella 

1. ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)
2. PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) 
3. MCL (medial collateral ligament)
4. LCL (lateral collateral ligament)

1. Medial meniscus
2. Lateral meniscus 

1. Vastus intermedius oblique
2. Vastus laterals
3. Rectus femoris
4. Vastus medialis oblique 

1. Biceps femoris
2. Semimebranosous
3. Semitireninous 

• Is the MCL injured?

• Is the LCL injured? 

• Valgus force on outside of near toward the other near.
• (Land on foot during rebound situation.)

• Rare.
• Caused by varus force which hits the inside of the knee toward away from the body.
• Internal rotation of the tibia. 

1. Medial meniscus
2. MCL
3. ACL 

Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome

(Runner's Knee)

• Presents with pain in lateral side of knee.
• Result of repeated knee flexion and extension (usually in right knee because of grading of roads).
• Tenderness, warmth, swelling, and redness over lateral femoral condyle.

• Is there a femoral neck fracture?
• Hand under leg.
• Hand on knee and push down. 

• Are the hip flexors tight or are there hip contractures?
• Take uninvolved knee to chest.
• Involved leg stays on table.
• If involved leg raises off the table, this is a positive test.

• Is there hip extensor tightness?  Is there low back or SI joint dysfunction?
• Regular hamstring stretch.
• If hip comes off ground, the hip extensors are tight. 

• Painful ROM.
• Often times need surgical removal. 

T1-T7.

Connect from back to cartilage.

T8-T12.

Join together into one piece of cartilage that then joins together at the sternum.

T11-T12.

Don't wrap all the way around.

Their role is to protect the kidneys.

• Open wound to thoracic activity.
• Lung is not punctured.
• Air is trapped and negative pressure pushes down on the lung to make it collapse. 

• Sometimes the lung can maintain its shape.
• It pushes against the heart which then pushes against the lung, so the opposite (uninvolved) lung gets compressed.

• Blood in the lung. 

Behind the floating ribs.

The left kidney is behind T10-T12.

The right kidney is behind T11-T12.

• Sternum
• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Humerus 

1. Supraspinatus
2. Infraspinatus
3. Teres minor
4. Subscapularis 

• Elevation or depression of shoulder tips.
• Position and shape of clavicle.
• Acromion process.
• Biceps and deltoid symmetry.
• Postural assessment.
• Position of head and arms.
• Scapular elevation and symmetry.
• Scapular protraction or winging.
• Muscle symmetry.
• Scapulohumeral rhythm. 

Apprehension Test

(Crank Test)

• Is there anterior glenohumeral instability? 
• Hold arm at side up at 90 degrees. 
• Pull hand back.
• Push elbow forward.
• Look for pain.

• Is there shoulder impingement? 
• Have arm bent and bring across the body.
• Push hand down.
• Positive test is indicated by pain and grimace.

• Is there suprasinatus weakness?
• 90 degrees of shoulder flexion, internal rotation, and 30 degrees of horizontal adduction.
• Downward pressure is applied.
• Weakness and pain are assessed bilaterally.

• Chronic inflammatory condition due to trauma or overuse.
• Pain with motion and tenderness during palpation in subacromial space; positive impingement test.

• Repetitive overhead athlete - ballistic activity that involves repeated stretching of biceps tendon causing irritation to the tendon. 
• Tenderness over bicipital groove, swelling, crepitus due to inflammation.

1. Metatarsal arch
2. Transverse arch
3. Medial longitudinal arch
4. Lateral longitudinal arch

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• Increased stress on fascia.
• Change from rigid supportive footwear to flexible footwear.
• Pain in anterior medial heel, along medial longitudinal arch.
• Increased pain in morning which loosens after first few steps.

A condition in which the foot does not have a normal arch when standing.

(Flat footed.)

• Caused by inflammation of bursa beneath Achilles tendon.
• Result of pressure and rubbing of shoe heel counter of a shoe. 
• Tender, palpable bump on calcaneus.

• Most common on the base of the fifth metatarsal.
• Fracture of metatarsal caused by inversion or high velocity rotational forces. 

• Thickening of nerve sheath (common plantar nerve) at point where nerve divides into digital branches.
• Commonly occurs between third and fourth met heads where medial and lateral plantar nerves come together. 
• Burning paresthesia and severe intermittent pain in forefoot.

• Exostosis of first metatarsal head associated with forefoot varus, shoes that are too narrow, pointed or short.

• Hyperextension injury resulting in sprain of first metatarsophalangeal joint.
• Pain and swelling which increases during push off in wakling, running, and jumping.

1. Humerus
2. Ulna
3. Radius 

1. Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL)
2. Radial collateral ligament  (RCL)
3. Annular ligament

• Direct blow to the elbow.
• Pain, swelling, and point tenderness.

• Elbow hyperextension or valgus force. 
• Pain along medial aspect of elbow.
• Inability to grasp object.
• Point tenderness over the MCL.

• Tennis elbow.
• Repetitive microtrauma to insertion of extensor muscles of lateral epicondyle.
• Aching pain in region of lateral epicondyle after activity.

• Repeated forceful flexion of wrist and extreme valgus toque of elbow.
• Pain produced with forceful flexion or extension.
• Passive movement of wrist seldom produces pain, but active movement does.

• Pronounced cubital valgus may cause deep friction problem.
• Generally respond with paresthesia in fourth and fifth fingers. 

• Compression of median nerve due to inflammation of tendons and sheaths of carpal tunnel.
• Result of repeated wrist flexion or direct trauma to anterior aspect of wrist.
• Sensory and motor deficits (tingling, numbness, and paresthesia).
• Weakness in thumb. 

• Caused by force on outstretched hand, compressing scaphoid between radius and second row of carpal bones.
• Swelling, severe pain in anatomical snuff box. 

• Wrist pain and weakness (fifth digit due to ulnar nerve compression), along with point tenderness. 

• Caused by a blow that contacts tip of finger avulsing extensor tendon from insertion.
• Pain at DIP.
• Unable to extend distal end of finger (carrying at 30 degrees angle).

• Rupture of extensor tendon dorsal to the middle phalanx.
• Forces DIP joint into extension and PIP into flexion.
• Inability to extend DIP joint. 

• Rupture of flexor digitorum profundus tendon from insertion on distal phalanx.
• Most common in fourth digit.
• DIP cannot be flexed, finger remains extended. 

• Sprain of UCL of MCP joint of the thumb.
• Forceful abduction of proximal phalanx occasionally combined with hyperextension.
• Pain over UCL in addition to weak and painful pinch.
• Tenderness and swelling over medial aspect of thumb.