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| broad, straight, well-engineered roads that show culture was not confined to canyon – had developed features such as retaining walls – hint to social complexity - very wide which may hint at symbolic meaning possibly related to ancestors |
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| Chaco communities found scattered throughout four corners that exhibit expansion of Chaco culture – provide canyon with basic necessities not available in canyon (agriculture, timber) in return for construction specialists and religious ties |
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| ethnic group from northeastern mountains that were retainers at MP |
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| major great house Chaco Canyon – home to largest great kiva in the canyon – not as elaborate in structure as Pueblo Bonito – seems to have had balcony structures along back wall |
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| the study of past ways of thought and symbolic structures from material remains |
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| the study of tree-ring patterns – annual variations in climatic conditions which produce differential growth can be used both as a measure of environmental chance and as the basis for chronology – Chaco was it’s first use in archaeology |
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| developed dendrochronology – dated tress from Chaco to provide absolute dates for Pueblo Bonito and later other sites |
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| – Chaco solar marker – three slabs of rock leading against a rock wall on which a spiral petroglyph is carved on which a ‘sun dagger’ passes through center of on the summer solstice |
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| Apartment style complex in Chaco Canyon that was believed to be the home of elites and the center of religious life for the Chaco culture |
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| underground ceremonial chambers that serve as centers of all ritual observances in Chaco culture – Great in size |
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| Upper and Lower divided communities in MP (ayllus) which were made up of groups of kanchas |
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| Inca shrines – 350 named shrines were arrayed on the 41 ceques that emanated from the Inca capital – formed focus of royal devotion |
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| last king of Cuzco who scandalized the royal families by taking some of the estates that had belonged to the dead and using them for his own purposes – son of Huayna Capac who fought brother (Atahualpa) for empire after father’s death |
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| 11th Inca ruler – had difficulty maintaining order in empire as reflected by architecture at his royal estate – design inspires second thoughts to any wishing to challenge authority and represents human cultural triumph over nature – Inca empire reached height of its size and power during his rule – died probably as a result of European disease |
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