• How people percieve their connection to society (e.g. music, ethnicity, pop culture)
• Connects biography to history
• Necessary to distinguish social issues from personal issues (e.g. unemployment-C.Wright Mills)
• For most people it is not soemthign that comes easily.

1. Power is the ability to realizie will in the face of opposition.
2. Power is embedded within the stratification order comprised of social class, social status, and politics.

1. Outcomes of observable contests/A wins over B in an election
2. The mobilization of bias in the determination of rules governing the allocation of resources.
3. The ability of the dominant class to manipulate the consciousness of the dominated classes (i.e. ideology, hopes, aspiration, etc.)

• Economic science definition (mainstream definition): Productivity increases within agriculture that transfers resources to expanding industry and urban services.
• Social science definition:
• An unequal power relationship where a working class must sell its labor for wages paid by a capitalist class who owns the means of production.
• A socialist state that uses its power to create a growing class of wage workers while transferring resources from agriculture to industry.

• global markets
• technological revolution (e.g. steam engine)
• social & economical class power to the industrial class that gains ownership of the means of production-->thereby gaining power over a class of workers who must work for them to earn a living.

1. The company's ability to elect officials that were disproportionately friendly to coal interests./seeked to benefit the company.
2. Union Repression. Wealthy had relatively more time & resources to engage in politics.
3. Ideology of progress (the Company) versus native regional bacwardness (i.e. "hillbilly"). People appear to be fine with no public dialogue about taxing mineral wealth.

• Development characterized by increasing economic inequality and economic dislpacement (e.g. structural unemployment, poverty, and omlessness); techonological revolution resulting in labor-replacing technology; global production & exchange; global labor market; and transition of power relations from economic to political.

• Individuals are self-interested and rational
• Caitalism: economy where individuals are free to invest/exchange and wealth is privately owned

• Markets transform bad into good by utilizing man's natural self-interest, greed, and rapacity of individuals. 
• This theory is modeled after a bastardized Stoic deity that turns bad into good.

• definition: an analytical framework for analyzing stages of development in society
• change from one type of soceity to another occurs as negation
• Dialectics originated as a form of debate/discussionin ancient Greece, a dialogue that culminates in synthesis reflecting more accurate knowledge compared to the individual arguments taken separately
• Marx & Engels developed historical dialects to explain how society has developed across history.
• Lewontin & Levins apply dialectics to comprehend material development in nature
• It is a method for critiquing other scientific approaches

System outcomes are determined by their critical parts. 

There is a tendency in biology to reduce everything to microbiology. Not every small part is equal.

How do Marx & Weber differ in their thoeries of stratification

Marx believes social stratification is due to who owns labor/property and who does not.

Weber thinks this idea is too simplistic and that power iis also determined by prestige and power.

Spirochetes

[image]

• Gram-negative
• cocci
• Chemoheterotroph
• Unique among bacteria b/c of their complex life-cycle involving elementary bodies and reticulate bodies.
• Can only survive as parasites int eh cells of other organisms

• First organisms to have chloroplasts
• Oxygenic photoautotrophs
• Extensive internal membranes
• Release oxygen during photosystenthesis. Oxygen produced by early cyanobacteria permitted the evolution of aerobic respiration and the appearance of present-day eukaryotes.
• Many species "fix" nitrogen. These species lose photosystem II b/c nitrogenase is sensative to O₂
• Some believe that the eukaryotes developed mitochondira by engulfing cyanobacteria.
• E.g. Anabaena form filamentous colongs containing three cell types: heterocysts, vegetative ells, adn spores
• Used to be called blue-green algae

• Evidence support the theory that the mitochondria of eukaryotes were originally derived through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria.
• Largest group of bacteria in terms of number of described species
• Metabolically diverse: aerobes, anearobes, heterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, nitrogen fixers, etc)
• The metabolic diversity is paraphyletic.
• Includes E. Coli, Rhizobium, and chondromyces
• E.g. purple bacteria, which don't produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis

Spirochetes

[image]

• Gram-negative
• cocci
• Chemoheterotroph
• Unique among bacteria b/c of their complex life-cycle involving elementary bodies and reticulate bodies.
• Can only survive as parasites int eh cells of other organisms

• First organisms to have chloroplasts
• Oxygenic photoautotrophs
• Extensive internal membranes
• Release oxygen during photosystenthesis. Oxygen produced by early cyanobacteria permitted the evolution of aerobic respiration and the appearance of present-day eukaryotes.
• Many species "fix" nitrogen. These species lose photosystem II b/c nitrogenase is sensative to O₂
• Some believe that the eukaryotes developed mitochondira by engulfing cyanobacteria.
• E.g. Anabaena form filamentous colongs containing three cell types: heterocysts, vegetative ells, adn spores
• Used to be called blue-green algae

• Evidence support the theory that the mitochondria of eukaryotes were originally derived through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria.
• Largest group of bacteria in terms of number of described species
• Metabolically diverse: aerobes, anearobes, heterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, nitrogen fixers, etc)
• The metabolic diversity is paraphyletic.
• Includes E. Coli, Rhizobium, and chondromyces
• E.g. purple bacteria, which don't produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis