Term
| event that occur from fertilization until the infant is born is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the developing offspring is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| time fro the last menstrual period until birth (~280 days) is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conceptus from fertilization through week 8 is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conceptus from week 9 through birth is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _________is viable for 12 to 24 hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is viable 24 to 48 hours after ejaculation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than? |
|
Definition
-two days before ovulation
-24 hours after ovulation |
|
|
Term
| when the sperm's chromosomes combine with those of a secondary oocyte to form a fertilized egg (zygote), this is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the ejaculated sperm don't make it to oocyte instead they? |
|
Definition
-leak out of the vagina immediately after deposition
-are destroyed by the acidic vaginal environment
-fail to make it through the cervix
-are dispersed in the uterine cavity or destroyed by phagocytes |
|
|
Term
true or false
few (100 to a few thousand) reach the uterine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for fertilization to occur sperm must what? |
|
Definition
-sperm must become motile
-sperm must be capacitated before they can penetrate the oocyte
-sperm must breach oocyte covering |
|
|
Term
| sperm must be capacitated before they can penetrate the oocyte because? |
|
Definition
| secretions of the female tract weaken acrosome membrane |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things help sperm breach oocyte covering? |
|
Definition
| corona radiata and zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| when sperm binds to the zona pellucida and undergoes the acrosomal reaction what happens? |
|
Definition
1)enzymes are released to digest holes in the zona pellucida
2)hundreds of acrosomes release their enzymes to digest the zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| when only one sperm is allowed to penetrate the oocyte is is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upon entry of a sperm, Ca 2+ surge from the ER causes the cortical reaction blocking __________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| as sperm nucleus moves toward the oocyte nucleus it swells to form the male _____________ during completion of meiosis II |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the Ca 2+ surge triggers the completion of __________ -> ovum + second polar body |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ovum nucleus swell to become a female ________ during completion of Meiosis II |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| during completion of meiosis II and fertilization, membranes of the two pronuclei rupture and the __________ combine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mitotic divisions of zygote is called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| first cleavage at 36 hours -> two daughter cells appear know as? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| at 72 hours of cleavage morula appears, which is? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| at day 3 or 4, the embryo of ~100 cells know as__________ has reached the uterus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the 3 orders of cleavage cells are? |
|
Definition
| blastomeres -> morula -> blastocyst |
|
|
Term
| what are the stages of embryonic develpment? |
|
Definition
a)zygoge
b)4-cell stage
c)morula
d)early blastocyst
e)implanting blastocyst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4-cell stage is how many days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| morula, a solid ball of blastomeres is how many days? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| early blastocyst when morula hollows out, fills with fluid, and "hatches" from the zona pellucida is how many days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| implanting blastocyst which consists of a sphere of trophoblast cells and an eccentric cell cluster called the inner cell mass is how many days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in implatation, blastocyst floats for how many days/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| implantation begins how many days after ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trophoblast adheres to a site with the proper receptors and chemical signals, and inflammatory-like response occurs in the endometrium when? |
|
Definition
| implantation begins 6-7 days after ovulation |
|
|
Term
| in implantation, the implanted blastocyst is covered over by __________ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| implantation is completed by the _________ day after ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is secreted by trophoblast cells, later the chorion during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
| what prompts corpus luteum to continue secretion of progesterone and estrogen? |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
| _____ levels rise until the end of the second month, when decline as the placenta begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
Term
true or false
hCG is used in pregnancy tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formation of the placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mesoderm cells develop from the inner cell mass and line the trophoblast, together these form the chorion and chorionic villi in what tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decidua basalis develops blood-filled lacunae in what tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stratum functionalis between chorionic villi and stratum basalis of endometrium is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what grow into blood-filled lacunae (intervillous spaces), is vascularized by umbilical arteries and veins, and lies immersed in maternal blood? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| placenta is fully formed and functional by the end of the _______ month ___ |
|
Definition
| 3rd month (1st trimester) |
|
|
Term
| what secrete human placental lactogen, human chorionic thyrothropin, and relaxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in placentation, maternal and embryonic blood supplies do not ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| embryonic placental barrier include what 2 things? |
|
Definition
1)membranes of the chorionic villi
2)endothelium of embryonic capillaries |
|
|
Term
| during implantation, the blastocyst starts to convert to a ___________ and the three primary germ layers and the extraembryonic membranes develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epiblast cells form a transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides a buoyant environment that protect embryo, helps maintain a constant homeostatic temperature, and allows freedom of movement by preventing parts from fusing together? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| amniotic fluid comes from maternal blood, and later, __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a sac that hangs from the ventral surface of the embryo is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms part of the digestive tube and is the source of the earliest blood cells and blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a small outpocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the structural base for the umbilical cord and becomes part of the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ helps form the placenta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what encloses the embryonic body and all other membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in week 3, in which the embryonic disk becomes a three-layered embryo with ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gastrulation begins with appearance of __________ _________, a raised dorsal groove that establishes the longitudinal axis of the embryo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primitive tissues from which all body organs derive is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| nervous system and skin epidermis is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms all other tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endoderm and __________ are considered epithelia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| formation of body organs and systems is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ sets the stage for organogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all organ system are recognizable and embryonic period end when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first blood cells arise in the __________ _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| embryo has a system of paired vessels and vessels forming the heart have fused by when? |
|
Definition
| by the end of the third week |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 vascular shunts? |
|
Definition
| ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus |
|
|
Term
| bypasses liver (umbilical vein -> ductus venosus -> IVC) is what vascular shunt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opening in interatrial septum; bypasses pulmonary circulation is what vascular shunt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bypasses pulmonary circulation (pulmonary trunk -> ductus arteriosus -> aorta) is what vascular shunt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
reproductive organs become engorged with blood during pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vagina develops a purplish hue is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breast enlarging and areolae darkening is know as effects of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of pregnancy when pigmentation of facial skin increases is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do uterus expand, occupying most of the abdominal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ occurs with the change in the center of gravity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much weight is gained during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax to ease birth passage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what placental hormone causes maturation of he breasts, fetal growth, and glucose sparing in the mother? |
|
Definition
| human placental lactogen (hPL) |
|
|
Term
| what placental hormones increases maternal metabolism? |
|
Definition
| human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT) |
|
|
Term
| ___________ hormone and _____________ levels are high throughout pregnancy |
|
Definition
| parathyroid hormone and vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| where are the 4 physiological changes of pregnancy effected? |
|
Definition
| GI tract, urinary system, respiratory system, and cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
| morning sickness due to elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone, and heartburn and constipation are common in what site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high urine production due to high metabolism and fetal waste, and stress incontinence may occur as bladder is compressed in what site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| estrogen may cause nasal edema and congestion, tidal volume increases, and dyspnea (difficult breathing) may occur later in pregnancy in what site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood volume increases 25-40%, blood pressure and pulse rise, and venous return from lower limbs may be impaired, resulting in varicose veins in what site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| giving birth to the baby is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| labor events that expel the infant from the uterus is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the last weeks of pregnancy fetal secretion of ___________ stimulates the placenta to secrete more estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the last few weeks of pregnancy estrogen does what 2 things? |
|
Definition
1)causes production of oxytocin receptors by myometrium
2) antagonizes calming effects of progesterone, leading to Braxton Hicks contractions in uterus |
|
|
Term
| surfactant protein A (SP-A) from fetal lungs causes softening of the __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fetal oxytocin causes the placenta to produce _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| powerful uterine muscle stimulants are what 2 hormones? |
|
Definition
| oxytocin and prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| what activates the hypothalamus, causing oxytocin release from posterior pituitary and causes positive feedback mechanism to occur? |
|
Definition
| maternal emotional and physical stress |
|
|
Term
| what are the three stages of labor? |
|
Definition
1)dilation stage
2)expulsion stage
3)placental stage |
|
|
Term
| what is the longest stage of labor: 6-12 hours or more? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what stage of labor has initial weak contractions:
-15-30 minutes apart, 10-30 seconds long
-becomes more vigorous and rapid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all these occur at what stage of labor?
-cervix effaces and dilates fully to 10cm
-amnion ruptures, releasing amniotic fluid
-engagement occur: head enters the true pelvis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strong contractions every 2-3 minutes, about 1 minute long occurs at what stage of labor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the urge to push increases (in absence of local anesthesia), crowning occurs when the largest dimension of the head distends vulva, and delivery of infant occurs in what stage of labor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strong contractions continue, causing detachment of the placenta and compression of uterine blood vessels at what stage of labor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delivery of the afterbirth (placenta and membranes) occurs __________ minutes after birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all placenta fragments must be removed to prevent ___________ bleeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four-week period immediately after birth is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| physical status is assessed how many minutes after birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| apgar score with 0-2 points for each, with score 8-10 as healthy is score of what? |
|
Definition
| heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes |
|
|
Term
| high CO2 -> central acidosis -> stimulates respiratory control center to trigger the first ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first breath requires tremendous effort because? |
|
Definition
| the airways are tiny and the lungs are collapsed |
|
|
Term
| surfactant in alveolar fluid helps reduce _________ __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| respiratory rate: _________ for the first two weeks, then decline |
|
Definition
~45 per minute
45 breaths per minute |
|
|
Term
| unstable period lasting 6-8 hours after birth is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alternating period of activity and sleep, and vital signs being maybe irregular during activity is know as to happen in? |
|
Definition
| the stable period after birth |
|
|
Term
| transitional period stabilizes with waking period occurring every ________ hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| umbilical arteries and vein constrict and become ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proximal umbilical arteries -> superior vesical arteries to __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distal umbilical arteries turn to __________ |
|
Definition
| medial umbilical ligaments |
|
|
Term
| umbilical vein turn to ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ductus venosus turns to ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| foramen ovale turns to ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ductus arteriosus turns to ________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| production of milk by the mammary glands is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| placental estrogens, progesterone, and lactogen stimulate the hypothalamus to release what? |
|
Definition
| prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs) |
|
|
Term
| anterior pituitary releases __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| yellowish secretion rich in vitamin A, protein, minerals, and IgA antibodies is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is released the first 2-3 days and is followed by true milk production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ initiates a positive feedback mechanism in lactation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxytocin cause the _________ reflex in lactation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are easily absorbed in milk verses cow's milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false
amino acids are more easily metabolized in cow's milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 beneficial chemicals of breast milk? |
|
Definition
1) IgA
2)complement
3)lysozyme
4)interferon
5)lactoperoxidase |
|
|
Term
| what two things comes from breast milk that prevent overzealous inflammatory responses? |
|
Definition
| interleukins and prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| in breast milk, natural laxative effect helps eliminate bile-rich meconium, helping to prevent physiological ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breast milk encourages bacterial colonization of the ___________ intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
