Term
|
Definition
| organisms, such as plant, that make their own food |
|
|
Term
| what are the three parts of an ATP molecule |
|
Definition
| adenine, ribose, phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| energy is released from ATP when |
|
Definition
| a phosphate group is removed |
|
|
Term
| Jan van Helmont concluded that plants gain most of their mass from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ingenhousz showed that plants produce oxygen when exposed to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27 degrees celsius. The gas being collected is probably |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regions of the visible light spectrum are absorbed by chlorophyll |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stroma is the region outside the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the light-dependent reactions take place |
|
Definition
| within the thylakoid membranes |
|
|
Term
| what step is the beginning of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| pigments in photosystem 2 absorb light |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things are inside the thylakoid membrane |
|
Definition
1. electron transport chain
2. photosystem 1
3. ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway that represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis |
|
Definition
1. h2o
2. nadph
3. calvin cycle |
|
|
Term
| the calvin cycle is another name for |
|
Definition
| light-independent reactions |
|
|
Term
| the calvin cycle takes place in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a product of the calvin cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if carbon dioxide is completely removed from a plant's environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant's production of high-energy sugars |
|
Definition
| no sugars will be produced |
|
|
Term
| when chlorophyll is absorbed by light, where is the energy transferred |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 things does photosynthesis convert water and carbon dioxide into using energy from sunlight |
|
Definition
| oxygen and high-energy surgars |
|
|
Term
| what 4 things does photosynthesis require? |
|
Definition
1. water
2. light
3. carbon dioxide
4. oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic membranes inside chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stacks of thylakoid membranes singular: grana |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 stages of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
1. glycolysis
2. electron transport
3. cellular krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
| what is the sequence of eents in cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| glycolysis--> krebs cycle--> electron transport |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct equation for cellular respiration |
|
Definition
6o2+c6h12o2-->6co2+6h2o+energy
breathe in oxygen, sugars start to flow, breathe out carbon dioxide, sweat, energy is produced |
|
|
Term
| define cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| the process of releasing energy by breaking down food molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is produced by something |
|
|
Term
| what are the products of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| water, carbon dioxide, and energy |
|
|
Term
| which part of cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycolysis provides a cell with the net gain of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 3 products of glycolysis |
|
Definition
1. NADH
2. ATP
3. pyruvic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electron carrier in cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| what are the two main types of fermentation |
|
Definition
| lactic acid and alcoholic |
|
|
Term
| where does lactic acid fermentation occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one cause of muscle soreness is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lactic acid fermentation do |
|
Definition
| it regenerates NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue |
|
|
Term
| if oxygen is present, which stage of cellular respiration follows glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the starting molecule for the Krebs cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the Krebs cycle produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the Krebs cycle start with |
|
Definition
| pyruvic acid and yields carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| what do NADH and FADH2 do |
|
Definition
| they pass high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| each pair of high-energy electrons that move down the electron transport chain provide enough energy to |
|
Definition
| convert 3 ADP molecules into 3 ATP molecules |
|
|
Term
| the energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breathing heavily after running a race is your body's way of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the body needs to exercise for longer than 30 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the energy needed to win a 2 minute footrace is produced mostly by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves for long athletic events |
|
Definition
| cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does |
|
|
Term
| how are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes |
|
Definition
| photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back |
|
|
Term
| what needs to be present for cellular respiration to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if people and animals stop carrying out cellular respiration, what will happen to them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what carries electrons from the Krebs cycle to the elctron transport chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens during the first few seconds of an intensive exercise |
|
Definition
| the cell uses up its stored ATP |
|
|
Term
| During the course of a long race, a person's muscle cells will use |
|
Definition
| both cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does glycolysis require oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| without oxygen, a cell can produces |
|
Definition
| 2 molecule of ATP from each glucose molecule |
|
|
Term
| what does glycolysis convert glucose into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the electron transport chain |
|
Definition
| a series of carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
| how does the body get rid of lactic acid |
|
Definition
| it uses chemical pathways that require oxygen |
|
|
Term
| does a person who exercises often take in less oxygen or more oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do eldectrons moving along the inner membrane come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a high level of lactic acid in the blood is a sign that |
|
Definition
| lactic acid fermentation has occured |
|
|
Term
| a high level of lactic acid in the blood is a sign that |
|
Definition
| lactic acid fermentation has occured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the combined portions of earth in which all living things exist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the members of a particular species that live in one area |
|
|
Term
| name 3 basic methods used by ecologists to study the living world |
|
Definition
1. experimenting
2. modeling
3. observing |
|
|
Term
| what ecological inquiry method is used by ecologists when he or she enters an area periodically to sount the population numbers of a certain species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a mathematical formula designed to predict population fluctuations in a community could be called an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism that uses energy to product its own food supple from inorganic compounds |
|
|
Term
| name 1 organism that doesnt require sunlight to live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the intercorrected feeding relationships that form a network of complex interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web |
|
|
Term
| only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. of the remaining, some is used for the organisms life processes, and the rest is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pyramid that show the amount of living tissue at each trophis level in an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| why can matter be recycled through the biosphere |
|
Definition
| biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the repeated movement of water between earth's surface and the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air into amonia |
|
|
Term
| what 3 ways is carbon dioxide stored in the biosphere |
|
Definition
1.in the atmosphere at carbon dioxide 2. underground as fossil fuels and calcium carbonate rocks
3. in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| what organism primarily carries out nitrogen fixation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do organisms need nutrients for |
|
Definition
| carrying out essential life functions |
|
|
Term
| what can happen after a lake receives a large input of a limiting nutrient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a nutrient is in such short supply in an ecosystem that it affects an animal's growth, the |
|
Definition
| substance is a limiting nutrient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region |
|
|
Term
| climate is a global factor that produces |
|
Definition
| a wide range of environmental conditions that shapes communities |
|
|
Term
| temperatures on earth remain within a suitable range for life as we know it because of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a natural phenomenon that maintains earths temperature range |
|
|
Term
| earth has three main climate zones because of the differences in latitude and, thus, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cool air over the poles will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does earth have three main climate zones |
|
Definition
| there are differences in latitude and, thus, the angle of heating from the sun |
|
|
Term
| list 3 abiotic factors in the environment |
|
Definition
| rainfall, temperature, and soil type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that is a non living factor in an environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a living factor in an environment |
|
|
Term
| name one biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem |
|
Definition
| number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which it uses those conditions |
|
|
Term
| several species of warblers can live in the same spruce tree only because they |
|
Definition
| occupy different niches within the tree |
|
|
Term
| a wolf pack hunts, kills, and feeds on a moose. In this interaction, the wolves are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the symbiotic relationship between a flower and the insect that feeds on its nectar is an example of |
|
Definition
| mutualism because the flower provides the insect with food and the insect pollinates the flower |
|
|
Term
| the series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is one difference between primary and secondary succession |
|
Definition
| secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces |
|
|
Term
| what biome is characterized by very low temperatures, little precipitation, and permafrost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a biome is identified by its particular set of abiotic factors and its |
|
Definition
| characteristic ecological community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standing-water ecosystems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends to a depth of about 200 meters |
|
|
Term
| list 3 things about the open ocean |
|
Definition
1. low levels of nutrients
2. organisms are exposed to darkness and frigid temperatures
3. most photosynthetic activity on earth occurs in the ocean |
|
|
Term
| the movement of organisms into a given area from another area is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to |
|
Definition
| surviving in the environment they inhabited |
|
|
Term
| the species of finches that charles darwin found on the Galapagos Islands displayed different structural adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted was the |
|
Definition
| birds' different shaped beaks |
|
|
Term
| James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work was important to Darwin because theses scientists |
|
Definition
| suggested that earth was old enough for evolution to have occured |
|
|
Term
| Lamarck's theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a result of |
|
Definition
| the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures |
|
|
Term
| Darwin realized that the economist Malthus's theory of population occurred |
|
Definition
| could be generalized to any population of organisms |
|
|
Term
| according to darwin;s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones |
|
Definition
| possession of inherited adaptions that maximize fitness |
|
|
Term
| when a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with theory of natural selection |
|
Definition
| darwin;s concept of evolution was not influenced by knowledge about the structure of DNA |
|
|
Term
| people of charles darwins time understood that fossils |
|
Definition
| were preserved remains of ancient organisms |
|
|
Term
| the same kinds of cells that grow in similar patterns in different but related organisms produce |
|
Definition
| homologous structures such as wings and arms |
|
|
Term
| name 3 concepts included in the modern theory of evolution |
|
Definition
1. descent with modification
2. natural selection
3. competition among the members of a population |
|
|
Term
| if an allele makes up one fourth of a population's alleles for a given trait, its relative frequency is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a change in a sequence of DNA is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two main sources of genetic variation are |
|
Definition
| gene shuflling and mutations |
|
|
Term
| the phenotypes for a typical polygenic trait can often be expressed as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when individuals at only one end of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have high fitness, the result is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a population of finches in which one group of birds has a short, parrotlike beak and another group has a long, narrow beak, what process has probably occurred |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what proportion of all species that have ever lived has become extinct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| earths most recent era is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why did oceans not exist on earth nearly 4 billion years again |
|
Definition
| water remained a gas because earth was very hot |
|
|
Term
| miller and ureys experiments attempted to demonstrate |
|
Definition
| whether organic molecules could have formed before life was present |
|
|
Term
| what prevents organic molecules from forming on their own and remaining intact today |
|
Definition
| atmospheric oxygen is too reactive |
|
|
Term
| proteinoid microspheres are tiny bubbles that resemble cells because they |
|
Definition
| have selectively permeable membranes |
|
|
Term
| the cambrian explosion resulted in the evolution of the first |
|
Definition
| representatives of most animal phyla |
|
|
Term
| the process by which two species, for example, a flower and a pollinating insect, evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way master control genes, or hox genes, could have affected evolution is |
|
Definition
| through small changes during embryonic development that led to different body plans |
|
|
Term
| when did darwin propose natural selection took place |
|
Definition
| when individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce |
|
|
Term
| what two things did darwin base the success of an organism off of |
|
Definition
| long periods of survival and the reproduction of fertile young |
|
|
Term
| what does the number of possible phenotypes of a trait depend on |
|
Definition
| how many genes control the trait |
|
|
Term
| the process of speciation |
|
Definition
| two populations have been reproductively isolated and can no longer breed and produce fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building blocks of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotic cells arose from living communities of several prokaryotic organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue covers the body and lines the body cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list two types of muscle tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is involuntary control |
|
Definition
| something that occurs without conscious thought or force |
|
|
Term
| list two types of cells that make up the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the two communication systems in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which system is responsible for rapid communication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hierarchy of organization in the body |
|
Definition
| atoms--> molecules--> organelles--> cells--> tissues--> organs--> organ systems--> organisms |
|
|
Term
| name 2 organs in the integumentary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name one function of the skeletal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which organ system functions by the production of nerve impulses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which organ system secretes hormones directly into the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major muscular pumping device in the cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
| list one function of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list two organs in the respiratory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major function of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen |
|
|
Term
| list two primary organs in the digestive system |
|
Definition
1. stomach
2. small intestine |
|
|
Term
| list one major function of the digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which system is responsible for survival of genes |
|
Definition
|
|
