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Definition
father of sociology
believed in positivism |
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Definition
-expanded on Comte's work
-larger societal beliefs and values affect the individual
and the world |
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles |
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Definition
-believed in conflict and class struggle
-Communist Manifesto
-proletariat workers would unsurp
the bourgeiosie upper class |
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Definition
-Social darwinism
-survival of the fittest
-people must adapt to changes in society |
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Definition
-Interest in effect of east and west religions
-Protestantism led to Western capitalism
-Society/States depend on violence through
military action, police action, etc. to enforce rules and
establish order |
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Term
| Three aspects of culture: |
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Definition
1. Culture
2. Cultural universals
3. Subculture |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific study that focuses on the study of societies |
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Term
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Definition
1. population studies
2. social behaviors
3. cultural influences
4. social change
5. social institutions |
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Term
| Three major methods of gathering sociological data |
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Definition
1. surveys
2. controlled experiments
3. field observations |
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Term
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Definition
| how individuals learn how to function in a specific culture group or society |
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Term
| Where do children receive socialization from? |
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Definition
parents, siblings, peers, schoolmates, mass media
process continues throughout life as individuals learn to adapt to various situations |
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Term
| Social groups are defined based on how they __________? (3) |
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Definition
| come into being, develop, and interact |
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Term
| 5 major classifications in society |
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Definition
1. primary groups
2. secondary groups
3. reference groups
4. in-groups and out groups
5. social networks |
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Term
| Five main forms of social interaction that help define groups |
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Definition
1. Cooperation
2. Coercion
3. Conflict
4. Conformity
5. Social Change |
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Term
| Six institutions that characterize and meets the needs of any society |
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Definition
1. family
2. education
3. political institutions
4. economic institutions
5. religion
6. sports |
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Term
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Definition
| basic unit of any society and the most important social institution in all sociological study |
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Term
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Definition
| values and norms are communicated through this learning institution |
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Term
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Definition
| determine the distribution of power in society |
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Term
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Definition
| mores and beliefs that help unify a culture, also function in an in-group/out-group capacity |
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Term
| Three major processes that bring about change in most cultures |
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Definition
1. discovery
2. invention
3. diffusion |
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Term
| Over 70 traits have been identified that are found in nearly every culture to some level. They are divided into these 7 categories |
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Definition
1. arts
2. language
3. environment
4. recreation
5. economy
6. institution
7. beliefs |
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Term
| Relationships within cultures involving race and ethnicity are defined either by _________________ or _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| immigrants and racial minorities conform to the expectations of Anglo-American society, whether by choice or force |
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Term
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Definition
| acceptance of varieties of racial and ethnic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| mutual adaptation between majority and minority groups |
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Definition
| the mixing together of various ethnic groups |
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Term
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Definition
1. population transfer
2. subjugation
3. genocide |
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Term
| one group slaughters another |
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Definition
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Term
| one group exercises control over the other |
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Definition
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Definition
| one group is required or forced to leave by another group |
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Term
| It is believed that increasing the standing of women in a society is a major element in increasing the overall ___________ of that society |
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Definition
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Term
| In the US, the poverty level for the elderly still stands at ______% |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| studies human culture, its development, and how cultures are similar or different |
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Term
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Definition
| engaging in a direct study of cultures by living among them, observing and participating in everyday activities |
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Term
| Four major areas of study in anthropology |
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Definition
1. archaeology
2. social-cultural
3. biological
4. linguistics |
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Term
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Definition
| all learned human behaviors and behavioral patterns |
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Definition
| the ways in which societies get basic needs: food, shelter, clothes, etc. |
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Term
| Four subsistence patterns |
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Definition
1. foraging or hunter-gather
2. pastoralism-herding
3. horticulture-small farming
4. intensive agriculture-large-scale farming |
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Term
| Which subsistence pattern can support a large sophisticated and large population? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| defined belief system relying on worship of supernatural force or forces that affect everyday life and the functioning of the world around us |
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Term
| Religion provides _______________ and _________ for live events |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-studied sexual beliefs among the South Pacific and Southeast Asian cultures
-studied how children were treated and brought up in different cultures
-wrote Coming of Age in Samoa
-popularized sociology and brought it to the attention of more people |
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Term
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Definition
-made discoveries on the origin of the human species
-discovered footprints of Laetoli and the first fossil ape skull
-developed system to classify humans
-fundamentally changed theories regarding development and evolution of ancient humans |
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