Term
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Definition
| study of the earth and its physical characteristics, distribution of life on the planet, and how different forms of life interact |
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| 4 major elements of the study of geography |
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Definition
1. locations
2. regional characteristics
3. spatial relations
4. natural and man made elements that change the earth |
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Definition
| study of the physical characteristics and how they related to each other, how they were formed, and how they develop |
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Definition
study of how the various aspects of physical geography affect individual cultures
-compares different cultures, how their lifestyles and customs are affected by their location, climate, and other factors |
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Term
| Four divisions of geographical study/tools: |
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Definition
1. topical
2. physical
3. regional
4. human |
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Definition
1. mapping
2. field studies
3. statistics
4. interviews
5. mathematics
6. scientific instruments |
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Term
| Three ancient geographers |
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Definition
1. Eratosthenes
2. Strabo
3. Ptolemy |
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Definition
| lived in ancient Greece, calculated the circumference of the earth |
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Definition
| 17 volume description of the ancient world called Geographica |
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Definition
| mapmaker who contributed knowledge to the earth's geography |
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Term
| How do geographers study distribution of populations and cities? |
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Definition
| 1. mapping out locations of airports, cities and hospitals, and how they at distributed in relation to habituation |
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Definition
| cities that merge into one another |
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Definition
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Definition
| detailed illustrations of geographic areas to record where features are located in that area |
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Definition
| map does not represent proportions because the round earth is placed on a flat surface |
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Definition
| accurately represents earth's features on a flat surface |
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Term
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Definition
1. cylindrical projection
2. conical projection
3. flat-plane projection |
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Term
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Definition
wrapping the globe around a cylindrical paper and using light
-distortion at outermost edges |
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Term
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Definition
paper is shaped like a cone and contacts the globe only at the globe's base
-most useful for middle latitude |
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Definition
Gnomonic projection
-map projected on a flat surface and touches the globe at certain points |
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Term
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Definition
| the shortest distance between two points on the globe that form a straight line |
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Term
| 4 specific types of map projections |
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Definition
1. Winkel tripel projection
2. Robinson projection
3. Goode's equal area projection
4. Mercator projection |
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Term
| Five major elements of any map |
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Definition
1. title
2. legend
3. grid
4. direction
5. scale |
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Term
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Definition
proportional sizes of various areas are accurate
-compensates for distortion at areas far away from equator |
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Definition
| represents the correct shape of the geographical area and less concerned with size |
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Definition
map same scale used throughout
most often used for smaller areas |
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Definition
| map made to show specific information about a chosen theme |
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Definition
| map made to show details of various elevations across the area of the map |
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Term
| On a relief map, how are mountains portrayed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lines that connect points of the same elevation and different textures and detail |
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Term
| mountains (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
-elevated areas 2,000 ft or more above sea level
-steep and rugged
-groups called chains or ranges
-6 of continents have at least one range |
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Term
| hills (2 characteristics) |
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Definition
-lower elevation 500-2000 ft
-more rounded and found everywhere |
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Term
| plains (2 characteristics) |
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Definition
-large flat areas that are very fertile
-most of earth's population is supported by crops grown on the plains |
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Term
| valleys (3 characteristics) |
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Definition
-between hills and mountains
-can be fertile and habitable to
-rugged and inhospitable |
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Term
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Definition
elevated but flat on top
some can be extremely dry |
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Term
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Definition
less than 10 in of rain per year
usually occur in large areas |
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Definition
occur at river mouths
very fertile |
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Definition
| flat, steep sided mountains or hills |
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Definition
| areas of low elevation where rivers drain |
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Definition
| transition area between the plains and the mountains, have hills that gradually increase in size as they approach the mountain range |
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Definition
| lowlands, very wet and largely covered in vegetation such as reeds and rushes |
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Term
| 5 categories of bodies of water |
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Definition
1. Oceans
2. Lakes
3. Rivers
4. Canals |
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Definition
| groups of people who settle together in a specific area |
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Term
| 3 conditions for communities |
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Definition
1. easy access to food, water, and materials
2. ability to easily transport raw materials and goods
3. rom to house sufficient work force |
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Term
| ______ of the world's people live in cities |
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Definition
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Term
| North American cities usually.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| usually have better developed transportation systems |
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Term
| North American wealthier inhabitants live in the ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Latin America's richest inhabitants live in the ____ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Urban areas must maintain communication with rural areas ln order to... |
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Definition
| procure food, resources, and raw materials that can't be produced in the city limits |
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Term
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Definition
daily conditions in the atmosphere that affect temperature, precipitation, wind speed, air pressure, other factors
-focused on the short term |
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Term
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Definition
information about daily and seasonal weather conditions in a region over a long period of time
-focused on the long term |
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Term
| 3 major climate divisions |
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Definition
1. low latitudes 0-23.5
2. middle latitudes 23.5-66.5
3. high latitudes 66.5-poles |
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Term
| Rainforests climate (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
near the equator
low latitude
high average temperature and humidity
high rainfall |
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Term
| Deserts (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
low latitude
hot dry climate
sparse rainfall
temperature fluctuations |
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Term
| Savannas (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
low latitude
either side of rainforest regions
mostly grasslands
dry winters and wet summers |
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Term
| 6 middle latitude regions |
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Definition
1. Mediterranean
2. Humid-subtropical
3. Humid-continental
4. Marine
5. Steppe
6. Deserts |
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Term
| Mediterranean climate (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
30-40 degrees latitude
year long growing season
hot dry summers and mild winters
sparse rainfall in winter |
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Term
| Humid subtropical (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
southeast coastal areas
long summers and mild winters
long growing season
support large part of Earth's population more than any other climate |
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Term
| Humid continental (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
familiar four seasons
productive farming season
cold winters
hot summers |
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Term
| Marine (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
found near water or on islands
mild and rainy
cooler summers than humid subtropical
mild winter temperatures |
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Term
| Steppe (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
prairie climates
inland on large continents
hot summers and cold winters
rainfall more sparse than in continental |
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Term
| 2 climates of high latitudes |
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Definition
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Term
| tundra (5 characteristics) |
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Definition
ground is frozen throughout the cold long winters
few snowfall
short wet summers
not amenable to crops |
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Term
| taiga (7 characteristics) |
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Definition
south of tundra
large forest areas
large mineral deposits
animals valued for fur
colder winters than tundra
hotter summers than tundra
short growing season |
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Term
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Definition
climate that exists in high mountain ranges
increasing elevation means different temperatures, growing conditions, and plants and animals |
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Term
| 4 factors that affect climate |
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Definition
1. location to equator
2. bodies of water
3. ocean currents and patterns
4. mountains |
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Term
| How do human systems affect geography? |
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Definition
affect geography in the way in which they settle, form groups that grown into large habituations, and create permanent settlements in the landscape
-affect spread of ideas, beliefs, resources, and conflict |
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Term
| North America (6 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. US and Canada
2. formed from groups of Native races and immigrants
3. functioned under British
4. agriculture, technology, and service play a large part in the economy
5. high standard of living
6. supports trade with countries throughout the world |
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Term
| Latin America (6 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. Mexico, South and Central America
2. most speak either Spanish or Portuguese
3. originally dominated by Native American cultures
4. rely on two exports, usually agriculture
5. large families control lands
6. major separations of classes |
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Term
| Europe (7 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. wide variety of cultures, ethnic groups, physical geographical features, climates, and resources
2. industrialized and developed
3. each own Stop correcting "country" with unique characteristics
4. spread of beliefs and elements, history of colonization
5. Western democratic
6. Eastern communist
7. EU: increased stability and relations between countries |
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Term
| Russia (6 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. started as the USSR
2. Became Russia in 1991
3. transition to market driven economy
4. problems with nuclear power
5. population not distributed evenly
6. 80% of population is ethnically Russian |
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Term
| North Africa and Southwest & Central Asia (6 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. population centers around sources of water
2. Nile River: early home of early religions
3. many countries got independence in the 18th and 19th cs.
4. Islam unifying force for these areas
5. agriculture large business
6. most valuable resource is oil |
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Term
| Southern Africa (7 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. divided into diverse nations
2. population unevenly distributed
3. AIDS crisis
4. extensive migration
5. subsistence farming
6. rampant starvation and poverty
7. some areas are far more stable than others |
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Term
| South Asia (7 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. one of first civilizations (Indus River Valley)
2. disparity between rural and urban life
3. Hinduism and Buddhism
4. some parts were subject to British rule
5. very culturally diverse: religions and languages
6. spread of high tech industries
7. social, political, economic, and environmental challenges |
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Term
| East Asia (5 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. communist to democratic governments
2. isolationism limited contact until the early 20th c
3. most residents lice in urban areas
4. China and Mongolia: more rural
5. Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea: more urban |
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Term
| What country is the most industrialized country of east Asia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Southeast Asia (7 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. colonized by European countries during the 18th and 19th centuries
2. all countries are independent now
3. conflicts between communist and democratic forces
4. heavily influenced by both Buddhist and Muslim religions
5. industrialization is growing
6. people moving to avoid conflict, oppression, and poverty
7. natural disasters like typhoons, flooding, and volcanoes are common |
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Term
| Australia and Oceania (5 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. South pacific cultures migrated from southeast Asia, creating a hunter gather or settled communities
2. culture mixed of indigenous and modern culture
3. evenly distributed population
4. extremely hot deserts in Australia
5. agriculture and tourism |
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Term
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Definition
not claimed by any country
extremely cold
no human habituations |
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Term
North American geography and climate
-7 characteristics |
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Definition
1. shared mountain ranges
2. shared lakes and waterways
3. highly fertile soil
4. shaped by glaciers
5. continental climates
6. tropical climates: north US
7. areas reshaped for economic transportation |
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Term
Latin American geography and climate
(5 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. high mountains
2. high plateaus
3. natural resources, some unused
4. largely tropical climates
5. rainforests, savannahs, and grasslands |
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Term
Europe geography and climate
(9 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. wide area of climate zones
2. east and south: mountain ranges
3. north: plains
4. long coastline and island nature of some countries (e.g. Britain)
5. area warmed by ocean currents
6. some moderate climates
7. Mediterranean climates
8. high level of natural resources
9. waterways |
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Term
Russia climate and geography
(7 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. largest country in the world
2. harsh with frozen rivers
3. Siberia: permafrost
4. taiga
5. dense woods
6. temperate steppes
7. southwest grasslands |
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Term
North Africa and Southwest and Central Asia: climate and geography
(5 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. complex gegoraphiy
2. earthquakes
3. pattern of drought and fertility
4. technology has advanced and land is more productive around rivers
5. need for irrigation for agriculture |
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Term
Southern Africa climate and geography
geography and climate
(6 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. high elevations
2. series of plateaus
3. mountain ranges
4. lakes and famous waterfalls
5. tropical climates
6. natural resources: minerals, gems, and water |
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Term
East Asia climate and geography
(6 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. lot of mineral resources, but not evenly distributed
2. long coastlines
3. sparse farmlands
4. use oceans for food
5. monsoons: majority of rainfall
6. typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis |
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Term
South east Asia climate and geography
(7 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. lies on equator
2. island nations with mountains
3. in Ring of Fire: tectonic plates remain active
4. rivers, natural resources
5. two season: wet and dry
6. wet season: monsoons
7. tropical rainforests, mountains, and savannas |
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Term
| Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica climate and geography |
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Definition
1. Australia: only island that is a continent
2. economy driven by agriculture and ranches and farms
3. steppes suitable for livestock
4. coastal areas get rain without irrigation
5. Oceania: islands with volcanic activity with wet and dry seasons
6. rich forests and mountain ranges, moderate temperatures
7. Antarctica: covered in ice, with penguins, little vegetation, and mostly mosses or lichens |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth made of 10 major and minor plates that are solid areas in Earth's crust. They float on the mantle and move causing earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| plates move toward one another and collide directly to create high mountain ranges. |
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Term
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Definition
| plates slide under one another to create intense volcanic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of loose fragments can be displaced by natural forces such as wind, water, ice, and plants |
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Term
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Definition
| erosion due to natural forces |
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Term
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Definition
| erosion due to human intervention and activities |
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Term
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Definition
| when atmospheric elements affect earth's surface through water, heat, ice, and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| loose material being moved by wind, water, and ice |
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Definition
| carries everything from pebbles to boulders, sometimes over long distances |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of transportation, material deposits and builds up formations |
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Term
| 3 reasons for divisions of territories |
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Definition
1. control of resources
2. control of important trade routes
3. control of populations |
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Term
| How does geography create conflict? |
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Definition
there can be religious, political, language, or race differences
-or there can be conflicts over finite natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizes the division of geographical areas controlled by various governments or groups of people |
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Term
| 6 international alliances |
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Definition
1. NATO
2. Common Market
3. EU
4. UN
5. Caribbean Community
6. Council of Arab Economic Unity |
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Term
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Definition
1. plow invented in Mesopotamia
2. cultivate crops in quantities
3. stable communities
4. trading livestock and surplus agriculture led to growth of large-scale commerce and trade routes |
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Term
| 4 ways human societies began to change their surroundings |
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Definition
1. clearing ground
2. redirecting waterways
3. building permanent settlements
4. degraded air quality and pollution from creating big cities |
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Term
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Definition
| the laws governments pass to reduce human impact on the environment and the damaging side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the way living creatures interact with their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the way physical features of the earth affect living creatures |
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Term
| 3 levels of the environment |
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Definition
1. ecosystem
2. biomes
3. habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| the environment and all the organisms that live there |
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Term
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Definition
| group of ecosystems, using large area of similar flora, fauna, and climate and soil e.g. taigas, deserts, rainforests |
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Term
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Definition
an area in which a specific species lives
-includes the necessary soil, water, and resources for that particular species and others that compete for the same resources |
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Term
| 3 categories of interactions with species |
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Definition
1. competition: diff animals of same or diff species compete for same resources
2. predation: one species depends on another for food
3. symbiosis: two different species exist in the environment without affecting one another, some are beneficial to one or both |
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Term
| 3 ways a creature can adapt |
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Definition
1. behavior modification
2. structural changes
3. physical changes |
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Term
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Definition
| the variety of habitats that exist on the planet as well as the variety of organisms |
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Term
| What happens when biodiversity is reduced? |
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Definition
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