Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Praxis Flash Cards
Study em'
146
Psychology
Graduate
10/01/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Family Education and Right to Privacy Act (FERPA)
Definition
Law that protects families and their rights to student's educational records.
Term
Norm Chomsky
Definition
Had the idea that people have a predisposition to acquire language.
Term
Serotonin
Definition
Brain chemical that is largely affected by depression
Term
Beck Depression Inventory
Definition
Appropriate assessment tool to see if students are suffering from depression.
Term
Antecedents - Behavior - Consequence
Definition
Steps you should conduct in an FBA
Term
The two main functions of a behavior
Definition
1. Gain something positive
2. Escape something negative
Term
Bell Curve
Definition
represents normative information about typical human traits. 68% of people comprise the bulk (center) of the Bell Curve.
Term
Fluid Intelligence
Definition
the ability to solve problems through reasoning. Not primarily based on previously learned facts, techniques or language. Can be referred to as nonverbal reasoning.
Term
Crystallized Intelligence
Definition
The ability to solve problems by applying learned facts and language. The verbal sections of IQ tests illustrate this. Catell and Horn are the chief theorists.
Term
Authentic assessments
Definition
Dynamic assessments usually have student perform a typical classroom task, typically in the natural environment that the behavior occurs.
Term
Factors that can interfere with obtaining accurate test results.
Definition
Motivation, fatigue, undisclosed vision or hearing difficulties, and stress.
Term
Projective Measures
Definition
Like the Rorsharch, are supplemental parts of a battery of psychological assessment. Have low psychometric reliability.
Term
Intensity, frequency, and duration
Definition
The three characteristics of the behavioral analysis must show a significant negative impact on the student's classroom performance and/or social development in order to qualify for special education.
Term
WISC-IV
Definition
Assess 5 main boundaries - verbal, perceptual, memory, processing speed, and executive functioning. Supported by the Catell-Horn model of Crystallized and Fluid intelligence.
Term
Weschsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
Definition
Used to assess the cognitive abilities of children 2.6-7.3 years of age.
Term
The Differential Abilities Scales (DAS)
Definition
Two forms (preschool and school age). Provides 3 major cluster scores that tap Verbal, Spatial, and nonverbal abilities.
Term
Stanford Binet V
Definition
Ages 2-85. Major domains include fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial and working memory.
Term
Mood Disorder
Definition
Profound levels of mood disorder symptoms with a specific etiology, course, and outcome.
Term
Social Skills
Definition
Specific Behaviors that, when initiated, lead to desirable social outcomes for the person initiating them
Term
Hans Eysenck
Definition
"Big Five Theory" (Cattell and Eysenck)
1. Opennes
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
"OCEAN"
Term
Hans Eysenck
Definition
3 Dimensions of Personality
1. Introversion/Extraversion
2. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability
3. Psychoticism
Term
Robert Selman
Definition
Theory: focuses on developmental differences in children's ability to take the perspective or role of another
-5 levels of perspective-taking (self-reflective role taking)
Term
Joseph Wolpe
Definition
Developed Systematic Desensitization - Frequently used behavior therapy procedures for reducing children's fears and phobias
Term
Gardner
Definition
Multiple intelligences (8)
1. Linguistic
2. Logical-mathematical
3. musical
4. spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. naturalistic
7. interpersonal
8. intrapersonal
Term
scaffoolding
Definition
a more knowledgable individual provides supports to facilitate a learner's development. Helps student build prior knowledge and internalize new information. Goal is to help student to become independent.
Term
Engagement Time
Definition
Difference in amount of instructional time and amount of time students are actually engaged. Engagement is needed for learning.
Term
Treatment Integrity/Fidelity
Definition
The degree to which the intervention is implemented as intended.
Term
Accommodations (Instruction)
Definition
Change how a student accesses information
Term
Modifications
Definition
Changes in what a student is expected to learn.
Term
High stakes testing
Definition
Using standardized test scores as a sole determining factor for making major decisions
Term
Retention
Definition
Ineffective and costly
Most commonly boys and mnority youth
Negative effects on achievement, self-concept, school dropout, and high-risk behaviors
Term
Client-centered Consultation
Definition
Benefits only 1 client (student)
Time consuming
Consultant responsible for assessing problem and prescribing course of action
Term
Consultee-centered Consultation
Definition
benefits the teacher by building his/her skills that might be used to help others.
Helps teachers develop new skills (best practice)
Indirect service model
Term
Program centered Administrative Consultation
Definition
Benefits entire program/school
Ex - school psych performs an inservice for a school.
Consultant is concerned with problems surrounding the development of a new program.
Term
Consultee-centered administrative model
Definition
Benefits many models
School psych teaches skills to other key administrators to effect change at many schools or a district.
Term
Assessing social skills
Definition
1. Direct behavioral observation
2. Behavior rating scales
3. Interviews
4. Sociometric techniques - gathering info directly from within a peer group
Include parents to the greatest extent possible.
Term
5 dimensions of social skills
Definition
1. peer relations
2. self-management
3. academic
4. compliance
5. assertion
Term
States of Crisis
Definition
1. Prevention
2. Preparedness
3. Response
4. Recovery
Term
Syndrome
Definition
Constellation of symptoms occurring together
(sadness, loneliness, worry, nervousness)
Term
Bullying/Harassment
Definition
MUST legally notify parents when aggressive actions involve students.
Term
PTSD
Definition
symptoms in children may be masked behind inappropirate behaviors (fighting, bed wetting, withdrawal)
Most effective psychological treatment: Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Term
Suicide
Definition
Warning signs: threats, plan/method/access, previous attempts, final arrangements, depression, sudden changes.

Detain a suspected suicidal student and notify parents regardless of assessment results.

Interventions:
supervise student
assign designated reporter
collaborate with crisis team
prepare re-entry to school plan
Term
Depression
Definition
Combo of symptoms that interfere with a person's ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy pleasurable activities.
Term
Good Reliability & Validity of Assessments
Definition
In general, above .70
Suggested, above .80
Term
Progress monitoring instruments
Definition
sensitive to small increments in skill growth
Term
Covert Rehearsal
Definition
Example - Instruct small group of children to imagine themselves being teased by another child and then imagine how they would respond.
Term
DIBELS (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy)
Definition
Looks at OnRF (onset recognition fluency)
Looks at PSF (phoneme segmentation fluency)
Term
Heartland's Problem Solving Approach (consultation)
Definition
1. Consultation between teachers and parents
2. Consultation with other resources
3. Consultation with extended problem-solving team
4. IEP consideration
Term
Rational-Emotive Therapy
Definition
Behaviors driven by beliefs
Confrontation of irrational beliefs
Albert Ellis coined this!
Term
General Counseling Format
Definition
1. Define the problem
2. Brainstorm ideas to address the problem
3. Implement plan/modification
4. Evaluate intervention's effectiveness
Term
Big 5 Theory of Personality
Definition
Eysenck and Cattell
The five core traits interact to form human personality
1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
Term
Unstructured Interview
Definition
Conversational
Open-ended
No set agenda
Term
Noam Chomsky
Definition
Created concepts related to language aquisition
Term
Structured Interview
Definition
Interview with specific questions that must be asked.
Rigid, but comprehensive list of questions designed to arrive at a diagnosis. Standardized.
Term
Semi-Structured Interview
Definition
Can deviate from pre-determined questions. Focus of the interview can change, as needed.
Term
Vygotsky
Definition
Self-regulatory function of language changes with development. Children can direct their behavior using inner speech.
Internalization of cultural knowledge
ZPD
Language development = thought
Term
Raymond Cattell
Definition
Fluid and Crystallized intelligence
Term
Erikson
Definition
8 stages. Each crisis must solve one to move to next
1. Trust/mistrust
2. Autonomy/Shame and doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry/Inferiority
5. Identity/Role Confusion
6. Intimacy/Isolation
7. Generativity/Stagnation
8. Ego integrity vs Despair
Term
Piaget
Definition
4 stages
1. Sensorimotor (0-20. Knowledge based on physical interactions/experiences
2. Pre-operational (2-7). Symbolic play; difficulty seeing multiple points of view.
3. Concrete operational (7-11). Appropriate use of knowledge.
4. Formal Operational (adolescence to adulthood). Hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Ability to think abstractly
Term
Freud
Definition
Psychoanalytic theory of counseling
Unconscious motives drive behavior
Defense Mechanisms
Sexual Desire is the primary motivational energy of human life
Term
Glasser
Definition
Reality Therapy - focuses on choices people make and how they're working for them. Clients take charge by examining their own lives.
Term
Gestalt
Definition
Wholeness and integration of thoughts.
Goal: move a person from external locus of control to internal locus of control.
Term
Frankl
Definition
Existential Counseling theory. Find unique meaning of life, increase self-awareness, importance on "choice" in tough situations
Term
Bandura
Definition
Social behavior, modeling, observational theory, social cognitive theory. "Bobo Doll" Experiment.
Term
Maslow
Definition
Hierarchy of needs. Can't have next until 1st is met.
1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love/belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization
Term
Rogers
Definition
Person Centered Therapy with unconditional positive regard. Congruence b/w real self and actual self. People naturally seek growth and goals. Ability to change/improve is centered within the person.
Term
Educational Records
Definition
Records, files, documents, and other materials that contain information directly related to a student. They are maintained by an educational agency.
Term
Tarasoff vs. regents of California
Definition
"Duty to Warn" - responsibility of a counselor/therapist to inform 3rd parties or authorities if a client poses a threat to themselves or others. (this includes a review of previous records that might include a history of violent behavior)
Term
ADA
Definition
Civil rights legislation that extends 504.
Protects from discrimination for people with disabilities in the public and private sector (including school)
Covers employment, education, housing, acces to public services and transportation.
Term
HIPPA
Definition
Gaining medical information from a student's health care provider requires written consent from parents.
Term
Humanistic Psychological Theory
Definition
behavior is influenced by one's self concept and subjective perceptions. There is a "need" for personal growth. Aligns with Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Roger's work on human connections.
Term
Psychodynamic Theory
Definition
Behavior is strongly influenced by forces within one's personality, which are usually unconscious. People are controlled by impulses, desires, and unresolved conflicts. Early experience (0-5yr) important in development. Freudian "stage" theory, and also the ig, ego, and superego.
Term
Behavioristic Psychological Theory
Definition
behavior is shaped by consequences and the environment. A mechanistic view of behavior and learning. People learn by associating evens with outcomes. Strong emphasis on data collection of observable behavior. Associated with BF Skinner and Pavlov.
Term
Cognitive Psychological Theory
Definition
concerned with a person's perception and thinking of events/people. Behavior shaped by how someone processes information and beliefs stemming from one's thinking. People learn by observing others. Consequences do not have to happen to the person for them to learn. Associated with schemas and cognitive maps, and Albert Bandura.
Term
Neuro/Biological Psychological Theory
Definition
Behavior is influenced by physiological, chemical and biological processes. Neurochemicals are prominent in this theory. Behavior can be reduced to the cellular or neuronal level (reductionistic theory). Associated with Dan Goleman and J. LeDoux.
Term
Conners Scales
Definition
used to measure/rate inattention; associated with ADHD
Term
Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT)
Definition
measure designed to asses hearing-impaired or ELL. Major domains include complex memory, verbal reasoning, and nonverbal problem solving.
Term
Premack Principle
Definition
a desirable task can reinforce a lower level task (e.g., "you can have a cookie after you clean your room").
Term
Problem Solving Model
Definition
1. is there a problem and what is it?
2. why is the problem happening?
3. what can be done about the problem?
4. did the intervention work?
Term
standard deviation
Definition
Is technically the square root of the variance. Reflects differences and deviations from the mean. Plus/minus one SD is approximately 68% of the population, plus/minus 2 SD is approximately 95% of the population.
Term
Ipsative scores
Definition
examines pattern of scores within traits to determine relative strengths and weaknesses. Compares scores on a test to the test taker rather than a normed group.
Term
Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)
Definition
used to develop confidence intervals. Represents the level of error expected and the confidence that a person's true scores fall within a certain range of scores. A SEM of 5 when someone scores 102 on a test, means that the confidence interval is plus/minus 5 on either side of 102 (97-107).
Term
Z-scores
Definition
mean of 0, standard deviation of 1
Term
V-scores
Definition
mean of 12, SD of 3

(commonly seen on the Vineland adaptive scales measure)
Term
T-scores
Definition
mean of 50, SD of 10

A t-score of 65 would be above average, and 1 SD above the mean. T-scores are NOT standard scores
Term
Percentile
Definition
% of people who scored at or below that score on a test
Term
Reliability
Definition
Ability of a test to produce similar results over time
Term
Validity
Definition
test's ability to measure what it is supposed to measure (e.g., a reading test measures reading, not math).
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
Understanding that other people have their own thoughts and points of views, as well as emotions.
Students with ASD lack this
Term
Social Maladjustment
Definition
Pattern of behavior that is willfull, goal-oriented, and possibly reinforced by social group.
Students choose not to conform.
Term
EBD - Emotional Behavioral Disability
Definition
Behavior needs to be: severe, chronic, and frequent.
Taking place in school AND other setting.
Behavior/emotional responses are so different from his/her typical same-age, same-gender peers.
Term
Anecdotal/Narrative Recordings
Definition
Descriptive observational strategy.
General impressions of behaviors.
Sequence of Information.
Term
Structured/Formal Recordings
Definition
2 types: event & interval
Always use the simplest form.
can use more than one.
Term
Event Recording (FLITAD)
Definition
Focus in Individual Events.
Frequency - does something too often or too little
Latency - takes too long to start a new task
Intensity - responds too forcefully (rarely used)
Topography: Engages in behavior, but the behavior does not look right (very rarely used)
Accuracy - does behavior, but incorrectly
Duration - takes too long/short to complete a task
Term
Interval Recordings
Definition
Samples of behavior presence/absence of behavior within a certain time period (15-30 secs). Focus on portions of time engaged IN behavior. Helpful with continuous behaviors.
Term
Partial Interval Time Sampling
Definition
Records if behavior happened at ANYTIME in the specified interval (even if only once)
Term
Whole Interval Time Sampling
Definition
Score behavior if it occurred for the WHOLE interval. Good for continuous behaviors like out of seat.
Term
Momentary Time Sampling
Definition
Score behavior it if occurred at a specific moment
(every 5, 10, 15, 20 secs, look up and see if they are doing the behavior).
Term
Point Interval Time Sampling
Definition
Score behavior if it occurred at specific points in the interval (example: 1st 10 seconds of a 1 minute interval)
Term
Criterion-referenced testing
Definition
Focus on what a person knows. Has the person mastered a pre-established level of competence on some key content domain.
Term
Interrator Reliability
Definition
If you have 2 observers watching the same behavior, their scores should agree with each other.
Term
Test/Retest reliability
Definition
If you give people a test more than once, they should get about the same score each time.
Term
Internal Consistency
Definition
Within a test, people should respond in a consistent way to ALL of the questions. Example - people with high self-esteem should score highly on ALL self-esteem questions)
Term
Alternative Form Reliability
Definition
Identical tests, except for specific questions
Term
split-half reliability
Definition
Correlate odd questions with even questions. Scores within-test items should be consistent with each other.
Term
Validity
Definition
The test measures what it is supposed to measure
Term
Reliability
Definition
The degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time. (.90 or greater for placement decisions. .80 or higher for basic research)
Term
Content Validity
Definition
The degree to which the test is representative of the domain it is designed to cover.
Term
Criterion-related Validity
Definition
Focus on prediction
2 types:
1. concurrent= degree to which the operationalization correlates with other measures of the same construct measured at the same time
2. predictive= degree to which the operationalization can predict (or correlate with) other measures of the same construct that are measured at the same time
Term
Construct Validity
Definition
The degree to which people's scores on a measure reflect the true score on the construct being studied.
2 types:
1. Discriminant- constructs should NOT be related
2. Convergent- constructs should be related
Term
Face Validity
Definition
Not an accurate form of validity.
If the test "looks like" it is going to measure what it's supposed to measure.
Term
Comparable Validity (fairness)
Definition
A fair test is one that yields comparably valid scores from person to person, group to group, and setting to setting
Term
Z-score
Definition
mean of 0; SD of 1
Term
T-score
Definition
behavioral score
mean of 50; SD of 10 (never negative)
Term
Stanine Score
Definition
Mean of 5; SD of 2
Term
Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)
Definition
Based on the PASS theory of Cognitive Processing; assesses processes, not abilities.
-PASS: planning, attention, simultaneous, successive
-5-17 years; Das-Naglieri
Term
Jung's Theory
Definition
Systems of Personality (Ego, personal unconscious, collective unconscious) Complexes and archtypes
4 functions: Sensing, inviting, thinking, feeling.
Term
Adler's Theory
Definition
Inferiority complex. Birth Order.
Social environments shape us (not bio)
Consciousness is central.
Term
Eric Fromm's Theory
Definition
Social and cultural forces influence Personality
Term
Beck's theory
Definition
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (best practice)
Our belief systems cause our problems. Faulty assumptions are addressed through talk and modified through role play.
Term
Gordon Allport's Theory
Definition
Founder of personality theories. Unconscious only if neurotic or disturbed.
Term
Nalgieri and Das
Definition
PASS Theory -CAS
Planning
Attention - Arousal
Simultaneous Processing
Successive Processing
Term
Henry Murray's Theory
Definition
Personality based on "need" and "press"
TAT test
Term
Age Equivalent Scores
Definition
Always use these
Average performance of different samples of test takers who were at various at the time the test was administered
Term
WISC-IV
Definition
6-16:11 years; 90-109 = average range; SD of 15
Min. length of time for test-retest= 9 months
Term
Beck Youth Depression Inventory
Definition
Mainstream instrument that measures depression symptoms
Term
Discrepant Scores
Definition
1st assume there may be a problem between the raters when scores are extremely discrepant
Term
Normal Curve
Definition
50% of scores above and below the mean
-34% between mean and 1 SD above or below mean
-68% between mean and +/- 1 SD above/below the mean
-95% occur between the mean and +/- 2SD
-99% +/- 3 SD
Term
RIOT x ICEL
Definition
Review, Interview, Observe, Test
Instruction, Curriculum, Environment, Learner
Term
Indicators of Growth and Development for Infants and Toddlers (IGDI's)
Definition
Used in preschoolers
Can be used for progress-monitoring in birth to three kids
Term
Significant Developmental Delay (SDD)
Definition
3-6 in WI; some states- up to 9 years
Need to have 2 or more of 5 categories: cognitive, communication, physical, social-emotional, adaptive
1.5 SD below the mean
IDEA Part C-birth to three; Part B 3-6
Term
Projective Assessment
Definition
Used in assessing EBD
Controversy regarding reliability and validity
DO NOT use as hard data!
Term
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-II)
Definition
4-50:11
Comprehensive
Eight subtests-2 in reading, math, language, and writing
Term
Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement (WJ-III ACH)
Definition
Ages 2-90+
Comprehensive
23 ACH tests: reading, math, writing
Term
Kaufman Test of Educational Ach. (KTEA)
Definition
Ages 6-22
Comprehensive
Reading, math, spelling
5 subtests
Less comprehensive than WJ-II ACH or WIAT
Term
IDEA of 1990
Definition
PL 101-476. Added TBI and Autism as new disability categories under IDEA. Added transition requirement to the IEP for students 16+.
Term
Education of the Handicapped Amendments
PL 99-457
Definition
Provide services for birth to 3. (Part C)
Required IFSP's for eligible children and families.
Extended EAHCA's part B programs to 3-5 year olds in participating states.
Term
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHCA)
Definition
PL 94-142. FAPE and LRE. 1975
required schools to develop IEP's and establish procedural safeguards.
Term
504
PL 93-112
Definition
Civil Rights Legislation.
Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Requires schools to identify and provide educational opportunity services to students with disabilities.
1973 schools only.
Term
Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-3)
Definition
Screening test designed to assess basic skills of reading, math, and spelling
Ages 5-75
Acceptable screening measure for lower level cognitive skills
- we must administer more comprehensive test for in-depth analysis of skills
Term
Peabody Individual Ach. Test-Revised (PIAT-R)
Definition
Comprehensive
Reading, math, writing, and spelling
Grades k-12; 5:0-22:11
Term
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; 4th edition (WAIS-IV)
Definition
16:0-90:11
FSIQ, VCI, PRI, PSI, WMI
Term
Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT)
Definition
Ages 5-17:11
Nonverbal
Term
Positive and negative reinforcement result in a(n) ___________ in behavior
Definition
increase
Term
Positive and negative punishment result in a(n) ___________ in behavior
Definition
decrease
Term
5 Step Collaborative Strategic Planning (CSP) process
Definition
1. Problem definition
2. problem analysis
3. goal setting
4. plan development and implementation
5. plan evaluation
Supporting users have an ad free experience!