Term
|
Definition
| Darwin. Changes in a population over time do to natural pressures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Wegener. Proposed moving continents. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Basic substances that cannot be broken down. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Simplest unit of an element that retains the element's characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains a unique number of proton and neutrons of an equal number. |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the outermost occupied energy level of an element. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is formed between atoms when they share electrons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| oppositely charged ions attract to each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules that have regions of partial charge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a weak chemical bond that temporarily holds seperate molecules together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| occur when molecules interact with each other to form one or more molecules of another type. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a breakdown of a compound into its components. |
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Term
|
Definition
| one compound breaks apart and forms a new compound with a free reactant |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reactions that require energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reactions that release energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy required to preform the work of a reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that donates protons when dissolved in water |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that accepts protons or dontates hydrogen ions when dissolved in water |
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Term
|
Definition
| 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral. Below 7 is acidic. above 7 is base. |
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|
Term
| What elements to organic compounds include? |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous and some metal ions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in varying ratios. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a basic sugar that makes up all carbohydrates. They are usually six-carbon sugars. EX: Glucose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| two monosaccharide molecules joined together. EX: Sucrose |
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Term
|
Definition
| more than three monosaccharides join together. Ex: plant starches (cellulose) |
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Term
|
Definition
| are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. EX: waxes, steroids, phospholipids and fats. |
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Term
|
Definition
| elements that will not dissolve in water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| large unbranched polymers made up of amino acid monomers |
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Term
|
Definition
| highly efficient lipid molecules used for long term energy storage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cyclical molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes phosphorous and sulfur. |
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Term
|
Definition
| reaction that connects amino acids into chains by water releasing reaction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| speical proteins that act as catalysts for reactions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine. |
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|
Term
Translate to complementary DNA sequence
CTAAGCTGATTCCATGA
TATGGCTATCGATAACT |
|
Definition
GATTCGACTAAGGTACT
ATACCGATAGCTATTGA |
|
|
Term
Translate into complimentary DNA then to a RNA sequence
GTCACTAGAATCGATGA |
|
Definition
CAGTGATCTTAGCTACT
CAGUGAUCUUAGCUACU |
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Term
|
Definition
| Schleiden & Schwann. 1) All living things are made up of one or more cells. 2) Cells are the basic unit of life. 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| simple cells with no nucleus or any other membrane bound organelle. DNA free floating single chromosomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain membrane-bound intracellular organelles, including a nucleus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contested if they are alive. Reproduce by taking over a living cell and hijacking it's systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| does not require energy, but cannot occur without the help of specialized proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| transport requiring energy output from the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| substances freely pass across the membrane without the cel expending any energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| process whereby molecules and ions flow through the cell membrane from an higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| special process of diffusion occurring only with water molecules. occurs when the water concentration inside the cell differs from the concentration outside the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| process whereby large molecules are taken up into a pocket of membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the process of exporting substances from the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of a double layer of phospholipids with globular proteins embedded within the layers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| form when the plasma membrane of a cell surrounds a particle outside the cell, then pinches off and releases a membrane-bound sack contaning the particle into the cytoplasm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are projections of the cell extending from the cell membrane. found in cells involved in absorption. |
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Term
|
Definition
| provides structural support to a cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| long, hollow, cylindrical filaments, which give structure to the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| are double-stranded chains of proteins, which serve to give structure to the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| structural compenents of many cells, particularly animal cells. function includes forming microtubules and formation of structural skeleton arond which cells split during mitosis and meiosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are the site of protein synthesis within cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| float unattached within the cytoplasm. Proteins synthezied by free ribosomes are made for use in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are attached to the ER. Proteins made at the site of attached ribosomes are destined for use within the membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| a large organization of folded membranes, is responsible for the delivery of lipids and proteins to certian areas within the cytoplasm. |
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|
Term
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| has attached ribosomes. In addition to packaging and transport of materials within the cell, the RER is instrumental to protein synthesis |
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|
Term
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| is a network of membranous channels. does not have attached ribosomes. Responsible for processing lipids, fats and steroids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is instrumental in the storing, packaging and shipping of proteins. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| are packets of material packaged by either the Golgi apparatus or ER. they carry substances within the cell to the cell membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes. Break down unused material within the cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| centers of cellular respiration. More numerous in cells requiring more energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the theory that primative cells formed some sort of symbiotic relationship with each other. plausible explaination for how mitochondria evolved. |
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Term
|
Definition
| organelle surrounded by two lipid bilayer membranes. contains chromosomes, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, and a nucleolus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a rounded area within the nucleus of a cell where ribosomal RNA is synthesized. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the boundary between the nucleus and the cytoplams. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| are points at which the double nuclear membrane fuses together, forming a passageway between the inside of the nucleus and the cytoplasm outside the nucleus. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| uniquely shaped area used by substrates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| particular substance, which fits into an active site. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| non-protein substance that binds to the active site. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| includes all types of energy transformation processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, growth, movement, etc. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process whereby cells build molecules and store energy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process of breaking down molecules and releasing stored energy. |
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|
Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
|
Definition
| the energy currency of cellular activity. |
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|
Term
| Chemical formula of Photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| 6(CO2)+6(H20)+light energy=C6H12O6+6(O2) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process of transforming light energy into chemical energy. |
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|
Term
| Photolysis (light reaction) |
|
Definition
| chlorophyll pigment becomes excited after taking in a photon of light. Seperates water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Oxygen released, Hydrogen is kept until needed |
|
|
Term
| CO2 Fixation (dark reaction) |
|
Definition
| occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. Requires the use of hydrogen and ATP. Glucose can be made and stored. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| respiration in the presence of oxygen. EX: Krebs cycle. Electron transport chain. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| respiration in the absence of oxygen. EX: Glycolysis. Fermentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaking down of glucose into smaller carbon-containing molecules, these breakdown into ATP. 2ATP net gain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in the matrix of a cell's mitochondria and breaks down pyruvic acid molecules into CO2, H+ and 2ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Captures energy from Krebs cycle. Net result is 32 ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down two pyruvic acids into end products, acids and carbon dioxide. Net gain is 2ATP per glucose molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum total of all genetic information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows fragments of DNA to be assigned to specific chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| length of DNA that encodes a particular protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function of one protein or a group of proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mistake is DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the formation of a RNA molecule, which corresponds to a gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs at the ribosomes. is the tie between nucleotides and amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Code proteins that form organs and structural characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| code proteins that determine functional or physiological events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another. |
|
|
Term
| Transformation (Microbiology) |
|
Definition
| Bacteria may also absorb and incorporate pieces of DNA from their environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of DNA with Histones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromatids remain attached at this point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pairs of chromosomes that are similiar in shape in size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different forms of corresponding genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the period when the cell is active in carrying on its function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolism and protein synthesis occuring at high rate. Most of cell growth occurs here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell begins to prepare for division. DNA replicate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more proteins produced, centrioles replicated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a cell distributes its duplicated chromosomes so that each daughter cell has a full set. 2 daughter cell products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first stage, chromatin condenses into chromosomes within the nucleus and becomes visible to light microscopes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers begin to extend from each centriole toward the center of the cell to pull the chromatins to each respective daughter cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spindle fibers attach to the centromeres forming this junction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spindle fiber pull the chromosomes into alignment along the equitoral plane of the cell. Insures one copy of each chromosomes is distributed to each daughter cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromatids seperated when centromere divides. Chromatids are now chromosomes. Move along fibers to the opposite ends. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs as nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes. Spindle fibers disappear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria reproduce this way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces 4 daughter cell, each with a haploid set. Gametogenesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some portions of the chromatids may break off and reattach to another chromatid in the tetrad. Allows for greater genetic variability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studied relationships between traits expressed in parents and offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The usual way to represent passing down characterisitics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of alleles that make a particular trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the trait expressed from a genotype |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| allele that masks the effect of its partner. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allele that does not present a trait when a dominant allele is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits that are pure YY or yy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross between two individuals where only one trait is considered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross between two individuals where two seperate traits are considered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that traits are expressed from a pair of genes in the individual. Each parent provides one chromosomes of every pair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One gene usually expressed itself over the other. |
|
|
Term
| Law of Independent assortment |
|
Definition
| Homologous chromosomes seperate and independently sort in gamete formation, alleles also seperated and independently sorted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red plus white equals pink. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits produced from interaction of multiple alleles. |
|
|
Term
| Autosomal recessive disorders |
|
Definition
| require two copies of the respective mutated gene to be inherited for a person to be affected. (Sickle-cell Anemia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual change of characteristics within a population producing a change in species over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speculated on the origin of and relationships between groups of species in the mid 1700. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed acquired characteristics. Histone modifications. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entire collection of genes within a given population |
|
|
Term
| Differential reproduction |
|
Definition
| some individuals within a population are more suited for survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a change of the DNA sequence of a gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| over time, a gene pool may experience a change in frequency of a particular gene simply due to chance fluctuations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Introduction of new genes from the immigrant results in a change of the gene pool. |
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinburg Law of Equilibrium |
|
Definition
| mathmatical formula that shows why recessive genes do not disappear over time from a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interbreeding population that shares a common genes pool and produces viable offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when two population are geographically isolated from each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetically different members of a species reproduce with each other, producing a population, which is seperate from the original species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single species can develop into several diverse species over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speciation events interspersed within periods of relative stasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| older model of evolution, predict smooth, continuous transitions in the fossil record. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposed that the Earth was approximately 4.6 billion years old and that early Earth had a reducing atmosphere, meaning there was little free oxygen present, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden appearence of multitudes of differentiated animal forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Struectures that exist in two different species because they share a common ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are similar because of their common function, though they did not have a common ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce analogous structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the complete loss of a viable, reproducing species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oldest known fossil of the human genus. Thought to be 1.8 million years old. |
|
|
Term
| Opportunistic life history strategies |
|
Definition
| tend to pioneer species in a new or recently devastated community |
|
|
Term
| Equilibreal life history strategies |
|
Definition
| those organisms that overtake the opportunistic pioneer species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social behavior where organisms seem to place the needs of the community over their own needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the tendency of an individual to be altruisitc toward a close relative, resulting in the preservation of its genetic traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeks to organize living things into groups based on morphology/genetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two-word naming of species. |
|
|
Term
| Seven levels of classification |
|
Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
|
|
Term
| Three Domains of Classification |
|
Definition
| Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukaryota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae |
|
|
Term
| Nine major phyla within kingdom Animalia |
|
Definition
| Proifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (flat worms), Nematoda (round worms), Mollusca (snails etc), Annelida (segmented worms), Arthropoda (insects), Echinodermata (sea stars), Chordata (fish, birds, mammals, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Two superclasses of subphylum Vertebrata |
|
Definition
Aganatha (animals with no jaws)
Gnathostomata (with jaws) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fish with cartilaginous endoskeleton, two chambered heart, 5-7 gill pairs. No swim bladder, or lung, and internal fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fish with bony skeleton, numerous vertebrae, swim bladder. external fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals with a bony skeleton, four limbs with webbed feet with four toes. ectothermic. seperate sexes. amniotic egg. Internal and external fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horny epidermal scales, usually paired with five toes. bony skeleton, lungs, no gills, ectothermic, internal fertilization, seperate sexes, oviparous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spindle shaped bodies. long neck, paired limbs, most of wings, feathers, bones with air cavities. Beak. lung with thin air sac. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body covered with hair, glands, teeth, fleshy external ears, four chambered heart, larynx, lungs, highly developed brain, warm blooded, live birth, mild producing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have tissue organized is such a way as to conduct food and water throughout their structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack tissue for conducting water or food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that produce flowers as reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce seeds without flowers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that survive only through a single growing season |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants life cycle spans two growing seasons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants continue to grow year after year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, green, leaflike structures that enclose and protect flowers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short branch of stem, which supports the flower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female structure, includes stigma, style, ovary, ovules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sticky surface on top of the pistil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slender, vase-like structure enclosed the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow, bulb-shaped structure in the lower interior of the pistil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small round cases each containing one or more egg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anther atop the long, hollow filament. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spot where the previous year's terminal bud was located |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| matured ovary, contains seeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains a small embryonic plant, stored food, and a seed coat for protection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locations along the stem where new leaves sprout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compoased of long tubular cells, which transport water up from the ground to the branches and leaves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of stacked cells connected by sieve plates, transports food made in the leaves to the rest of the plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintains the leaf's moisture balance, covers most leaf surfaces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally one cell thick, it secretes the waxy cuticle and protects the inner tissue of the leaf. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains vertically aligned cells with numerous chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer of parenchyma cells seperated by large air spaces. The air spaces allow for the exchange of gases for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serve to allow moisture and gases to pass in and out of the leaf, thus facilitating photosythesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of dead, thick-walled cells protecting the root as it pushes through the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensions of the cells, which reach between soil particles and retrieve water and minerals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells are present in many tissues, of plants, thin-walled cells loosely packed to allow for flow of gases and uptake of minerals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single layer of cells, which are tightly connected so no substances can pass between cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonding between water molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tension that pulls water through the water column up through the stem and on the leaves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sexual reproduction for plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grow toward the center of the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative periods of light and darkness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes up the layers of skin, lines ducts and the intestine, covers the inside of the body cavity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds tissues and organs together, stabilizing the body structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes up the walls of internal organs and functions in involuntary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches bones of the skeleton to each other and surrounding tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forming the walls of the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the skeleton and provides support, protection for interal organs, and ability to move as muscles pull against bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces friction between bones and supports and connects them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is found beneath the skin and around organs, providing cushioning, insulation and fat storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglion. Carries electrical and chemical impulses to and from organs and limbs to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of several types of cell in a fluid called plasma. Flows through the blood vessels and heart, is essential for carrying oxygen to cells, fighting infection, carrying nurients and wastes to and from cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an opening allowing gases to pass into the two branches known as the bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents food particles from entering the bronchial tubes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin-walled air sacs, which are the site of gas exchange. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry impulses from body organs to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry impulses from body surface to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries impulses to skeletal muscle from CNS |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| carries impulses that stimulate organs |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| carries impulses back from organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls sensory and motor responses, memory, speech, and most factors of intelligence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is involved in hunger, thirst, blood pressure, body temperature, hostility, pain, pleasure, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases various hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists cerebellum and medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls balance, equilibrium and muscle coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls involuntary response such as breathing and heartbeat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where blood directly bathes the internal organs |
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Term
| Closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| where blood is confined to vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| carries oxygen in red blood cells |
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Definition
| is the principal infection-fighting component of the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a collection of excess fluid that is absorbed from between cells into a special system of vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| small masses of lymph tissue whose function is to filter lymph and produce lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| some patrol the blood for antigens, also equipped to destroy antigens themselves. Also regulate body's immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions of an organism are within acceptable ranges. |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of some counterforce that levels the system. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals produced in the endocrine glands of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sperm formation. diploid primary spermatocytes are formed from spermatogonia. Primary spermatocytes then form haploid secondary spermocytes. These then form spermatides, which in turn develop into sperm cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary oocytes form secondary oocyte and one smaller polar body. These in turn form three polar bodies and one haploid egg cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| thin layer of cells surrounding an internal cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| blastula transforms into a two layer cup shape |
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Term
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Definition
| ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm collectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of the gastrula tube, which later develop into the skin, some endoctrine glands, and the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| precursor to the gut lining and various accessory structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms muscles, and organs of the skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive and excretory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| membranes not part of the embryos themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| lies in contact with the innermost surface of the shellf. Regulates the passage of gases and water from the embryo to its surrounding environment. without shells, chorion controls passage of nutrients and wastes between the embryo and the mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| sac enclosing the embryo. Cushions the embryo and helps keep temperatures constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes part of the umbilical cord. Contains blood vessels, function to exchange gases and nutrients between embryo and the mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| encloses yolk sac. Stores nutrients for use by the embryo. Yolk sac cells also give rise to gametes, which develop in reproductive organs of the embyro. |
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Term
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Definition
| connection between mother and embryo. transfer nutrients, water, and wastes between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of asexual reproduction. Include fish, sharks and some reptiles. No fertilization required. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how organisms interact with other organisms and how they influence or are influenced by their physical environment. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a group of population found within a given locality, plus the environment around it. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the total number of a single species of organism found in a given ecosystem. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an individual of a particular species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Populations that interact with each other in a particular ecosystem. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the physical place where a species live. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the role a species plays within an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorous cycle etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consume both photosynthetic organisms and meat. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| primary consumers. Consume plants and are consumed. |
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Term
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Definition
| consume second level tropic. |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects radiation from the earth's surface back toward the earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| makes nitrogen available for roots |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that breaks down ammonia into nitrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of decomposing dead plant and animal matter into ammonia. |
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Term
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Definition
| which releases nitrogen gas back into the air. |
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Term
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Definition
| a dynamic balance achieved within an ecosystem functioning at its optimum level |
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Term
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Definition
| process of building molecules to store energy vs the process of breaking those molecules apart |
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Term
| Does photolysis occur after glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| Can an enzyme catalyze a reaction in both a biotic and abiotic environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does auxin migrate in the plant in the presence of light? |
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Definition
| To the dark side of the plant, to allow it to grow toward the light. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ability to decompose dead matter. |
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Term
| Most likely reason why a seed won't germinate |
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Definition
| usually seed will only germinate under appropriate moisture, temperature and oxygen |
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Term
| Can Chorionic Villus Sampling determine things like eye color and gender |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the nature of scientific knowledge?
A. Generation of Scientific knowledge involves inquiry and is bounded by the natural world
B. Generation of scientific knowledge does not involve human imagination or creativity
C. Scientific knowledge tends to be durable and tentative
D. Scientific knowledge tends to be empirical and testable |
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Definition
| B. Generation of scientific knowledge does include human imagination and creativity. |
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Term
All of the following are organs of the excretory system EXCEPT?
A. skin
B. heart
C. liver
D. lungs |
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Definition
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Term
A person who has been excercising vigorously begins to sweat and breathe quickly. These reactions are involuntary responses known as?
A. fight or flight instincts
B. feedback controls
C. equilibrium responses
D. fixed action patterns |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following personal and social factors is LEAST likely to impact a person's food choices and/or eating patterns?
A. Family income
B. Transportation methods
C. Advertising
D. Ethnic heritage |
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Definition
| B. transportation method. This answer assumes transportation of some kind. |
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Term
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme vital to the production of prostaglandins, but also contributes to the inflammation of joints in the medical conditions such as arthritis. New medications that block the production of prostaglandins by COX-2 enzymes and thereby relieve the symptoms of arthritis are a type of?
A. hormone
B. chemical inhibitor
C. ion
D. prosthetic group |
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Definition
B. chemical inhibitor. A substance that competes to attach to an enzyme's active site.
Prosthetic groups (on the other hand) work with enzymes to enhance certian reactions. |
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Term
Most photosynthesis occurs in the uppermost level of the mesophyll tissue that contains vertically aligned cells with numerous chloroplasts. This layer is?
A. epidermis
B. parenchyma
C. meristematic region
D. palisade layer |
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Definition
| D. palisade layer. the uppermost layer of the mesophyll, contains vertically aligned cells with numerous chloroplasts |
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Term
All of the following are lipids EXCEPT?
A. fat
B. steriod
C. triglyceride
D. cellulose |
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Definition
| D. cellulose. all are lipids except this one. Cellulose, which is a long chain of water insoluble polysaccharides, a starch. |
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Term
In order to clearly view the organelles of a cell you must use?
A. a light microscope
B. a compound microscope
C. an electron microscope
D. staining procedures |
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Definition
| C. an electron microscope |
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Term
Mitochondria are likely to be most abundant in which type of tissue?
A. Red blood cells
B. Bone tissue
C. Epithelial tissue
D. Cardiac tissue |
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Definition
| D. Since mitochondria produce energy for cellular function, you would expect to find more mitochondria in tissue that require a lot of energy, like cardiac tissue. |
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Term
In which stage of interphase are the centrioles replicated and proteins necessary for cell division synthesized
A. G1 phase
B. Mitosis
C. S phase
D. G2 phase |
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Definition
| D. G2 phase is the final stage of interphase, in which proteins and centrioles are produced in preparation for cell division. |
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Term
Which of the following is part of the alimentary canal?
A. Artery
B. Sinus
C. Vagus nerve
D. Mouth |
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Definition
| D. Alimentary canal is also known as the gastrointestinal tract and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine. |
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Term
Which of the following embryonic membranes is matched correctly with its function?
A. yolk sac-heart protection
B. allantois-gas exchange
C. chorion-food storage
D. amnion-energy transfer |
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Definition
| The allantois appears in the third week of development and becomes part of the umbilical cord. It contains blood vessels that function to exchange gases and nutrients between the embryo and the mother. |
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Term
_______ is an innate behavior that is independent of the environment
A. Altruism
B. Fixed-action pattern
C. A reflex
D. Habituation |
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Definition
| B. Fixed-action pattern is a type of innate behavior. The FAP is a pre-programmed response to a particular stimulus |
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Term
The portion of the throat that includes the windpipe and the glottis is the
A. pharynx
B. larynx
C. trachea
D. epiglottis |
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Definition
| C. The trachea includes the windpipe (larynx) in its upper portion and the glottis, an opening that allows that glases to pass into the two branches known as the bronchi |
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Term
Structural genes are responsible for coding the proteins necessary for
A. developing organization of body structure
B. determining the timing of eye formation
C. synthesizing epithelial tissue
D. determining the sequence of neural development. |
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Definition
| C. Structural genes are not involved in timing and development, but rather produce the actual proteins that form structures such as tissues and organs. |
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Term
All of the following describe conditions in a taiga EXCEPT
A. low precipitation levels
B. variety of animal life
C. coniferous forests
D. cold |
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Definition
| A. Taiga is a type of biome that consists of cold temperatures with snow most of the year, thick coniferous forests, large variety of animals and moderate precipitation. |
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Term
The derived characteristic of which of the following groups is the amniotic egg?
A. Osteichthyes
B. Reptilia
C. Mammalia
D. Aves |
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Definition
| B. the amniotic egg with its yolk sac and three extra embryonic membranes is first found in Reptilia. |
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Term
The multicellular structure that produces megaspores and/or microspores is called a?
A. sporangia
B. gametophyte
C. zygote
D. spore mother cell |
|
Definition
| C. Adipose tissue is found beneath the skin and outside the organs to provide cushioning, insulation, and fat storage. |
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Term
Which of the following describe(s) the structure or function of alveoli?
I. Located at the end of bronchioles
II. Small branch-like tubules
III. Where gas exchange occurs |
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Definition
| I and III. Alveoli are found at the end of the bronchioles, which are smaller, branch like tubules that extend from the bronchi. Alveoli are thin-walled air sacs that are the site of gas exchange. |
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Term
Abiotic-limiting factors are associated with which of the following?
I. Density-independent factors
II. Density-dependent factors
III. Pollution
IV. Symbiosis |
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Definition
| I and III Abiotic limiting factors. They are independent of population density and involve factors that are non-living. |
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Term
All of the following are parts of prophase EXCEPT the
A. condensation of chromatin
B. movement of the centrioles to opposite ends of the cell
C. dissolvation of the nuclear membrane
D. separation of chromatids |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following climates describe a chaparral?
A. Moderate seasonal temperatures, low precipitation most of the year, grassland, shrubs, rodents, carnivores
B. Many trees, mosses, grasses, shrubs, abundant animal life, moderate rainfall, moderate seasonal temperature
C. Hot summers, temperate winters, precipitation varies from low in summer to high in winter, trees, shrub, small animals prolonged summer
D. Dense forest, heavy rainfall, abundant vegetation, warm temperature. |
|
Definition
| C. Hot summers, temperate winters, precipitation varies from low in summer to high in winter, trees, shrub, small animals prolonged summer |
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Term
Which group has members that were most likely to have evolved earlier than members of any other group listed?
A. Protista
B. Plantae
C. Eubacteria
D. Animalia |
|
Definition
| The domain of Eubacteria contains prokaryotic bacteria, which evolved before any eukaryotic organisms. |
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|
Term
Which of the following statements are true regarding primary oocytes?
I. Undergo meiosis II
II. Are present in reproductive organs at birth.
III. Result in the formation of a secondary oocyte and a polar body |
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Definition
| II and III. Primary oocytes are formed in the ovaries of females before birth, usually in great number. Primary oocytes go through meiosis I, forming a secondary oocyte and a smaller polar body |
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Term
Which of the following is an infertile cell that results from meiosis II in females?
A. Polar body
B. Gamete
C. Zygote
D. Morula |
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Definition
| A. three polar bodies are formed when primary oocytes under meiosis I and II. An egg cell is also formed through this process. |
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Term
Vitamin D is an example of?
A. a protein
B. an inorganic cofactor
C. a coenzyme
D. a prosthetic group |
|
Definition
| C. most vitamins are coenzymes or part of coenzymes |
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Term
All of the following are tracheophytes EXCEPT?
A. Moss
B. Roses
C. Corn
D. Ferns |
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Definition
| C. Tracheophytes is the name for vascular plants, such as roses and corn and ferns. |
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Term
Which statement least expresses best biology teaching practice?
A. Biology strudents should spend about their their instructional time in laboratory, inquiry, or field experiences.
B. It is better for some students, according to ability, to not be required to participate in laboratory or field biology experiences according to teacher discretion
C. Research shows that beginning a unit of study with experiences in a laboratory of field setting allows strudents to construct new knowledge for themselves
D. Biology instruction should provide opportunity for student involvement that shows the tentative nature of science |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a cell membrane.
A. Measures 500-1000 nanometers thick
B. Can be viewed only with an electron microscope
C. Embedded protein globules
D. Double phospholipid layer |
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Definition
| A. The cell membrane is only 5-10 nanometers thick. |
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Term
All of the following are part of the transcription step in protein synthesis EXCEPT
A. DNA molecule unzips, exposing a sequence of nucleotides that corresponds to a certian amino acid or protein.
B. RNA polymerase matches RNA nucleotides to their corresponding DNA nucleotides.
C. mRNA strand is formed as RNA nucletides join together and uncoil from DNA
D. Ribosome attaches to start codon on mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
The exothermic break down of ATP into ADP plus a phosphate group is an example of?
A. anabolism
B. catabolism
C. enzyme response
D. lysis |
|
Definition
| B. Catabolism is the process of breaking down molecules and releasing stored energy |
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Term
The modern synthesis concept of evolution stresses that?
A. evolution represents gradual change in traits across populations
B. evolution is only seen on the species level
C. evolution may occur in bursts over a short period of time
D. evolution represents the presence of acquired characteristics in individuals |
|
Definition
| A. The modern synthesis focused on the concept that evoltuion was a process of gradual adaptive change in traits across the populations |
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Term
The________within a population is represented by the birth rate minus the death rate
A. mortality rate
B. rate of increase
C. exponential curve
D. logistic curve |
|
Definition
| B. The birth rate in a population minus that population's death rate represents the rate of increase for that group. |
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Term
Which of the following hormones regulates the opening and closing of stomata as well as the formation of winter buds?
A. Cytokin
B. Auxin
C. Gibberellins
D. Abscisic acid |
|
Definition
| D. Abscisic acid is a hormone that regulates the opening and closing of stomata. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following eras in the geological time scale is correctly matched to the type of animal that dominated it?
A. Cenozoic - age of reptiles
B. Mesozoic - age of amphibians
C. Paleozoic - age of fish
D. Precambrian - age of mammals |
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Definition
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|
Term
Darwin's theory of natural selection includes all of the following stipulations EXCEPT
A. every organism produces more organisms that can survive.
B. due to competition, not all organisms survive
C. some organisms are more it, I.E. they are able to survive better in the environment.
D. variation is due, at least in part, to mutations. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is not a cofactor?
A. Mn2+
B. NAD+
C. ATP
D. FAD |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A pH changes from a pH of 2 to a pH of 5. What is the percetage of chang in the pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an application of recombinant DNA technology?
A. Detection of the presence of sickle cell anemia in an unborn fetus
B. Production of human insulin for a diabetic in large-scale batches
C. Matching DNA from criminal suspect to a murder weapon
D. Determination of the DNA sequence of a human genome. |
|
Definition
Recombinant DNA is DNA in which genes from two different sources, even different species, are linked.
B. Allowed human insulin to be synthesized and purified in a laboratory. |
|
|
Term
Given the DNA sequence 5'ATGCCCTCA 3', which of the following is the correct complemntary sequence of mesenger RNA?
A. UACGGGAGU
B. ACTCCCGTA
C. AUGCCCUCA
D. TACGGGAGT |
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Definition
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Term
In a cancer patient, which of the following would LEAST liekly be damaged by chemotherapy treatment?
A. Bone marrow
B. Skeletal muscle
C. Epidermis
D. Lining of the gastrointerstinal tract |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The presence of which molecule in the atmosphere, resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, is a major factor in the formation of acid precipitation (acid rain)?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Sulfur dioxide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient is brought into the emergency room suffering from dehydration, should be a healthcare worker select an IV of isotonic Ringer's lactate solution or sterile, distilled water for treatment? |
|
Definition
| Ringer's solution should be used because water is hypertonic to the blood and would cause cell hemolysis |
|
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Term
A researcher identifies a new species within the moist soil of a wooded area. The species exhibits bilateral symmetry, has internal body segmentation, and uses metanephridia to remove wastes from its blood and coelomic fluid. Based on these characteristics, this new species should be categorized in which of the following animal phylum?
A. Mollusca
B. Arthropoda
C. Annelida
D. Echinodermata |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarity in characteristics between species resulting from the species having common ancestors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the direct transfer of genetic material between bacteria cells. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following functions is carried out by DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
A. Adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the new DNA strand
B. Linking Okazaki fragments on the lagging DNA strand
C. Unwinding and denaturing the double-stranded DNA helix
D. Synthesizing RNA primers on the lagging strand |
|
Definition
| A. Adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the new DNA strand |
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|
Term
Which of the following mechanisms of inheritance is exhibited by the ABO blood groups, which A, B, O, and AB blood types.
I. Codominance
II. Epistasis
III. Multiple alleles. |
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Definition
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|
