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4th edition task list items
147
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Graduate
11/25/2020

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Cards

Term
What are the dimensions of behavior?
Definition

DRIFT PM.LC

 

Duration, rate, IRT, frequency, trials to criterion, percentage, magnitude, latency, celeration

Term
Tell me 5 measurable dimensions of behavior
Definition

DRIFT PM.LC

 

Duration, rate, IRT, frequency, trials to criterion, percentage, magnitude, latency, celeration

Term
Define frequency and give an example of a behavior
Definition

count per observation

 

ex: Spitting frequency was 126 instances/frequency

Term
Define latency and give an example of latency
Definition

the measure of time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a response.

 

ex: You present the intraverbal target "You play with.." and the learner takes 6 seconds to respond.

Term
Compare and contrast chaining and shaping
Definition

both establish behaviors

 

shaping:

  • differentially reinforcing SUCCESSIVE approximations to the terminal behavior.
  • different topography of the bx.
  • place the previous step on extinction 

 

chaining

  • reinforcing a specific step in the chain.
  • don't place steps on extinction. 
Term
List the 7 dimensions of behavior and explain each one
Definition

BATCAGE

Behavioral- behaviors are observable and measurable

Applied- improves social significant behaviors

Technological- definitions are clear and concise and replicable

Conceptually Systematic- procedures are derived from basic principles of behavior analysis

Analytic- show a functional relationship

Genearlity- behavior extends across people, time, setting

Effective- improves bx in a practical manner

Term
What are the three group contingencies and define dependent group contingency.
Definition

1. Independent Group Contingency: the group contingency is presented to all but earned by only those who meet the criterion

2. Dependent group contingency: the reward for the whole group is based on the performance of either an individual or collection of individuals in a group. AKA as hero procedure when they earn a reward for the whole group. 

3. Interdependent group contingency: all members of the group must meet the criterion before any member receives the consequence. AKA all or none procedure.

Term
Give me an example for the 3 group contingencies
Definition

Soccer team

 

1. Independent Group Contingency: Individual player scores and gets stats and their 15th goal of the season. Individual stats. 

2. Dependent Group Contingency: dependent on one person to score the goal and win the game

3. Interdependent Contingency: performance on the team as a whole. All dependent on each other to score and win. One play at the end of the game is dependent. The whole game is interdependent. Everyone has to contribute. 

Term
Compare and contrast DRO and DRA
Definition

 

Both differential reinforcement procedures

 

DRO are time based

 

DRA are response based

Term
Define positive reinforcement and give an example
Definition

An introduction/addition of a stimulus that increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future

 

Ex: I am sitting in my room quietly and my dad makes me food. That increases my frequency of sitting quietly in my room

Term
What is negative reinforcement and give me an example
Definition

removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future

 

ex: I get into the car and hear the beeping noise for the seatbelt. I put on my seatbelt to get rid of the sound. This increases my frequency of wearing my seatbelt. 

Term
Compare and contrast negative punishment and extinction
Definition

 They both used to decrease problem bx

 

Extinction: No longer providing reinforcement that was previously reinforcement

 

Negative Punishment: termination of an already present stimulus immediately following that bx that decreases the frequency of that bx.

 

 

Term
What are three unwanted effects of extinction and one way you can mitigate the side effects. 
Definition

Extinction burst, spontaneous recovery,resurgence, 

(back up: extinction induced aggression) 

 

Mitatage side effects: Select an alternative bx that has the same function as the problem bx and you reinforce on a dense schedule. 

 

Example:Student screaming for attention. Teach them to tap shoulder, wave, say name and reinforce that on a dense schedule. 

Term
What are three unwanted effects of reinforcement and one way you can mitigate the side effects. 
Definition

Satiation, Behavioral Contrast and Health Issues

 

Plan for generalization, fade reinforcement, or vary reinforcement by conducting preference assessments 

Term
Draw the schedules of reinforcement and a side effect for an FR schedule of reinforcement
Definition

*draw it out

 

FI- scalloped effects, responding increases before reinforcement or punishment occurs.

 

Post reinforcement pause for FR schedule of reinforcement.

Term

What is a prompt and what is a way you can use with stimulus prompts to teach receptive sight word?

 

What are some errorless learning procedures?

Superimposition, stimulus fading, stimulus shaping, and time delay

TSSS

Definition

prompt: supplementary antecedent stimulus that is used to occasion a correct response.

 

SUPERIMPOSITION: involves pairing two stimuli in which one of the stimuli will invoke the correct response, and then gradually fading away one of the stimuli. 

 

The picture of a pencil may by paired with the verbal instruction, "get a pencil" in order to evoke the behavior of retrieving a pencil. The picture of the pencil can be slowly faded while still minimizing learner error.

Term
Compare and contrast DTT and Free Operant
Definition

 

DTT you have the SD being controlled by the teacher and therefore the rate of reinforcement you are able to receive. 

 

Free operant, you still have SD’s the place and the amount of reinforcement accessed is led by the student. Look around the room and tell me everything in your office that is “blue”. You are waiting for an additional sd to get access to reinforcement. 

 

 

DTT are teacher led and FREE OPERANT the learner is in  control

 

Term
If I am running addition flashcards with a student. Is this DTT or Free Operant.
Definition
This is DTT because the teacher is controlling the pace of this instruction and reinforcement
Term
Explain to a special education teacher what NCR is on a student who is attention maintained. This teacher doesn't know anything about ABA. 
Definition

 

NCR: a procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on a FT or VT schedule completely independent of behavior; often used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem bx.

 

 

A rationale, why we can anticipate, Johnny is no longer going to engage in aggression bc he is actually going to get attention and praise and now no motivation for attention. Reinforce whether the student is engaging in problem behavior or not. Tying that into rationale.

Term
Compare and contrast MO and SD
Definition

both occur before the behavior (antecedent)

both have evocative functions (bring about behavior)

 

Sd signals when reinforcement is available 

MO is an environmental variable altering the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

Term
How do you train conditional discrimination for listener behavior?
Definition

 

Set up an array with an sd and a s-delta (identify that there is SD and s-delta in your array)

 

 

When I give the direction for touch the one thats a heart and the star is the s-delta and will not provide reinforcement for the star. 

Term
What is a conditioned reinforcer and give me an example?
Definition

a NS that has acquired the capabilities to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers

 

ex: money

 

I work full time because I get money to buy food, coffee, pay for my subscriptions. 

Term
Tell me 3 types of discontinuous measurements and explain whole interval recording
Definition

Whole, Partial, and Momentary

 

time sampling

Term

 

My dad told my brother and I to always pay our parking bill immediately. Pay them or you will be towed. Both of us followed this rule to this day. I followed this rule after I got my car towed. Can you explain why they both have the same behavior.

Definition

 

Key thing to identify, one person has come into contact with the contingency. Talking about contingency and rule governed behavior. This person came into contact and now it shaped the contingency. (Contingency Shaped Behavior)

Term
Explain a behavioral event. Two different ways in mentalistic and behavioral. 
Definition

 

Mentalistic way might be today johnny hit me because he was so sad and was crying bc he was so sad

 

 

Behaviorally: Johnny hit me, I removed his toy. He started to cry, in the past when he cries, he gets his tangible back. Based on environmental variables and history of reinforcement.

Term
Draw out respondent conditioning
Definition
Term
Define response class and give me an example
Definition

a group of responses VARYING topographically that have the same effect on the environment. 

 

Ex: Turning on light, turn, flick up, slide up

Term

What are the six attitudes of science?

Explain them all

Definition

Determinism: the universe is lawful; every event has an identifiable cause

Empiricism: objectively observe the phenomenon of interest

Experimentation: repeatedly measure an event in the presence and absence of a variable.

Replication: repeating experimentations to determine reliability of findings and the usefulness of findings

Parsimony: all simple and logical explanations are ruled out before considering complex explanations

Philosophic Doubt: is having healthy skepticism and a critical eye about the results of the study. continuously questioning what is regarded as FACT.

 

7th one Pragmatism- assessing theories on the effects of bx. 

Term
Teach how you would program for generalization
Definition

1. Tran and hope

2. Teach full range of stimulus conditions and response requirements

  • MULTIPLE EXEMPLAR TRAINING
  • TEACH SUFFICIENT STIMULUS EXAMPLES. Teach more than one stimulus example, then probe generalization with novel stimuli.

3. Make instructional setting similar to generalization setting

  • TEACHING LOOSELY
  • randomly vary non-critical elements when teaching
  • Ex: different colors of cups, different sizes of cups, different types of cups

4. Maximize contract with reinforcement in the generalization environment

  • Teach the bx to sufficient levels to contact natural reinforcement
  • Program common stimuli
  • Indiscriminable contingencies
  • Teach learner to solicit reinforcement

5. Mediate generalization

6. Train to generalize

Term
Incorporate incidental teaching to teach single digit addition
Definition

Embedding learning opportunities in ongoing everyday activities with a focus on the child's interest and initiations

 

1)Identify current language targets based on assessment.

2) Structure the environment to contrive a motivating operation related to those targets.

3) Wait for the learner to demonstrate that the MO is present.

4) Prompt the correct response.

5) Wait for the learner to emit the correct response.

 

 

6) Reinforce the mand with the requested stimulus.

 

Term
Define a response
Definition
any instance of a behavior or anything that an organism does
Term
Define what a unconditioned punisher is and give me an example.
Definition

 

Consequence that has no learning history but will decrease the frequency of that bx.

 

Ex: food deprivation, sleep deprivation

Term
Define Functional Communication Training and give me an example
Definition

 

An antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communication bx is taught as a replacement bx for problem behavior  usually evoked by an EO; usually involves DRA

 

Matches the function. Functional equivalent behavior. 

 

Start off with an easy response. 

 

Ex:

Term
Compare and contrast Fixed Ratio (FR) and Fixed Interval (FI)
Definition

 

Both have post reinforcement pause

 

Ratio= a number of occurrence of the target bx have to occur before one response produces reinforcement

 

Interval=specific amount of time eslase[es before a single correct response produces reinforcement

 

 

Term
Compare and contrast shaping and fading
Definition

 

Both change bx gradually

 

Shaping by changing response requirements

 

 

Fading by changing antecedent stimuli

Term
Positive punishment vs. Negative Reinforcement
Definition

 

Both called aversive control bc aversive events are associated with both

 

 

Positive (aversive added) punishment decreases and Negative (aversive removed) reinforcement increases behavior

Term
What would you do if you wanted to see a correlation of the time a day a behavior occurs?
Definition

 

  • Bar graph to display the time of the day bx was occurring. Your x-axis is hours of the day.

Term
What do you need to consider when choosing a behavior to INCREASE?
Definition

 

 

1. Socially significant

 

2. Ethical considerations

 

3. Aligned with parent goals

 

4. Cultural values

 

5. Appropriate is it something socially significant. Increase communication, self help skills. 

 

6. Teaching bx to increase achieve the same function as the behavior you are trying to replace. 

 

7. Match the behavior to decrease

 

8. Aggressive behavior (attention maintained behavior), replacement bx (manding for attention) 

Term
What are some considerations when creating goals and objectives?
Definition

 

SMART 

 

Specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, timebound

 

 

Specific bx, Johnny will raise his hand 3x per day, Johnny has never raised his hand and it is realistic for the learner to do, time bound is end of November. 

Term
You encounter a problem at work and you always implement intervention the same way. What is one way to fix this. 
Definition

 

  • Staying current on research.
  • BABAT. All about diversity and telehealth
  • Attending CEUS
Term
How can you take client preferences into account when selecting interventions strategies 
Definition

 

  • You can verbally ask preference. 
  • Pair each of the interventions and compare effectiveness. And what the learner has preference for. 
  • Preferences assessment comparing different interventions
  • Approve response cost intervention with token economy (restrictive) and you dont need approval with regular token economy
  • Component Analysis→ I do FCT and DRO. In the name of being parsimonious and practical, compare them to each other. Multi element graph and compare my treatment package.
Term
Define automatic reinforcement and give me an example. 
Definition

Reinforcement or punishment that occur as a direct result of the behavior, no social mediation. 

 

Ex: I sing in the shower, when no one is around. That increases my bx of singing in the shower. 

Term
Define trials to criterion and give me an example of this. 
Definition

response opportunities to achieve a level of performance. 

 

 

Ex: Learner will give a correct response 90% of the time to achieve mastery. You must be able to review data and determine if the learner has achieved mastery based on data.

Term
Define IOA and why we collect IOA
Definition

degree to which 2 or more observers report back on the same observed bxs over a specified time

 

We collect over to...

1. Detects observer drift

2. Determines the competence of new observers

3. Increases or decreases the confidence of the definition of the target bx

4. Gives confidence that the variability in data is not a function of which observer were on duty.

Term
You take IOA data with a client, you don't have agreement with the staff. What should you do now?
Definition

 

    1. Check your operational definition

    2. Observe your client again

    3. Retrain on your definitions. Retrain your staff

Term
Draw a ABAB reversal design and explain baseline logic
Definition
Term
Draw a MBD design and explain baseline logic
Definition
Term
Draw a alternating treatments design and explain baseline logic
Definition
Term
What is an ethical consideration when doing an ABAB design and what is a practical consideration?
Definition

 

  • Withdrawing an intervention
  • Make sure its not a problem behavior that would cause harm
  • Showing a functional relation 
  • PRACTICAL→ you can't use it for irreversible behaviors. 
Term
Can you tell me a pro and con of using discontinuous measurements?
Definition

 

    1. PRO-> dont need eyes on the bx the entire time. 

    2. CONS→ it can over estimate or under estimate 

Term
Define extinction and what are three side effects
Definition

no longer proving reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior

 

extinction burst, spontaneous recovery, extinction induced aggression

Term
Describe how you would set up momentary time sample. 
Definition
Term
Compare and contrast positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Definition

 

Both increase future frequency

 

Positive is addition of a desirable or pleasant stimulus

 

Negative is removal of an aversive stimulus

Term
Define a prompt
Definition

 

Supplementary antecedent stimuli that is used to occasion a correct response.

 

 

Systematically faded out as soon as the student is able to respond to

Term
Define shaping and give me an example
Definition
differentially reinforcing successive approximations to the terminal behavior
Term
What two principles are involved in shaping?
Definition
reinforcement and extinction
Term
Define task analysis and the three teaching procedures. How would you program for them?
Definition

 

Baseline data and observe the client doing the skills, white up a TA and take baseline data.. From your baseline data.. You are going to look at where they are most independent. If your student can do some of the steps in the beginning do forward chaining…. etc.

Term
Describe what it would look like if you were doing forward chaining
Definition

 

You initially teach the first step. Once that teaching step is mastered, you would move on to the next step and teach that step and have expectations that those steps continue to be independent. 

Term
Compare and contrast DRA and DRI
Definition

 

Both differential reinforcement of bx

 

Alternative bx are not necessarily incompatible with target bx

 

 

DRA→ functionally equivalent behavior you are selecting. 

Term
You have a CMO-R that is escape-maintained. How can you program for this. What are some antecedent interventions. 
Definition

 

  1. Presession pairing
  2. Errorless instruction
  3. Premack/principle
  4. Interspersed trials
  5. Task variation
  6. Behavioral momentum. 

NCR, Task Variation, Behavioral Momentum

Term
Make up a scenario where you might have bc that is topographically look the same and you are going to use DRH or DRL
Definition
Term
I am conducting a research study in which I am looking at the effects of NCR on staff wiggling their nose. Which 4 branches of behavior analysis is this?
Definition
EAB because it is not a socially significant behavior.
Term
Describe how you would go about conditioning a token board
Definition

 

Have to pair with multiple backup reinforcers. It has to have a variety. Food activities, break from work. Many different things you can pair it with. Once it was established as a generalized conditioned reinforcer when its paired with a variety of reinforcers. 

Term
Define a behavioral cusp and give me an example
Definition
Term
What is stimulus control and give me an example.
Definition

when the frequency/rate, duration, latency or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus. 

 

ex: police car

Term
Define response class and give me an example
Definition

a group of responses varying in topography and have the same effect on the environment. 

 

ex: waving, head nods, smile

Term

What is stimulus generalization and give me an example. 

 

What is response generalization and give me an example? 

Definition

when a response is evoked by a stimulus with the same features or properties as the trained controlling antecedent stimulus. an example of this the little girl calling a tall man with a beard "dad"

 

when an untrained response is emitted that is functionally equivalent to the trained target bx. ex: woman has a weed tool and was taught to use that and discovered without any learning she can do it with her hands. 

Term
What is response discrimination? Provide an example
Definition
when a response evokes a particular response.
Term

Explain sensory extinction for vocal stereotypy

 

Explain escape extinction, tangible extinction. 

Definition

 

Response interruption redirection. Kid about to engage in vocal stereotypy and you go up and say “hey whats your name” “tell me your age” 

 

Intereuppting vocal streorty for them to engage in other vocal behavior. Its sensory extinction. 

Term
What is a punisher effect that will have a punisher abolishing effect. 
Definition

 

So if normally i call out and my teacher reprimand.

 

 

Practically this day you are calling out and she's been yelling at me and the effectiveness.

Term
Define operational defintion
Definition
It needs to be clear, concise and objective
Term
Give me an example of automatic positive reinforcement
Definition

Reinforcement or punishment that occur as a direct result of the behavior, not mediated by others

 

 

I’m alone, im by myself and no one is around, I engage in this behavior that increases this bx.

 

 

Ex: Singing in the shower, no one is around, increases the future frequency in the shower.

 

Term
What are the components of informed consent. What does it mean to have capacity.
Definition
Voluntariness, Information , Capacity.
Term
What is a rationale for conducting a descriptive assessment?
Definition

 

Formulate a hypothesis as to the function of the bx is. 

 

 

If you have an hypothesis of a function, function based intervention identified as best practice on changes in bx. Otherwise you are just doing behavior modification. 

Term
What is the difference between SD and S-delta
Definition
Term
Explain MO and reinforcer effects
Definition

MO- temporary and has value altering effects

Reinforcer- repertoire altering effects and increases frequency of behavior.

Term
Explain spaced responding DRL
Definition
a procedure for implementing DRL in which reinforcement follows each occurence of the target bx that is separated from the previous response by a minimum IRT.
Term
What are the two types of DRO?
Definition

 

Fixed Interval DRO: a procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of fixed duration and delivered contingency on the absence of the problem behavior during each interval

 

 

Fixed-Momentary DRO: reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by a fixed amount of time and delivered contingent on problem not occurring at those moments.

Term
Compare and contrast radical behaviorism and methodological behaviorism
Definition

 

Both forms of behaviorism

 

Radical= private events

 

Methodological behaviorism= publicly observable behavior

Term
What the parameters of reinforcement?
Definition

IM. QR

 

Immediacy, Magnitude, Quality, and Rate

Term
What is the difference between response class and stimulus class. Give an example.
Definition

Stimulus Class: A group of stimuli that share a common formal, temporal, or functional property

 

Response Class: A group of responses that share a common effect on the environment

 

Response Class: John says Hey, Hello, and Hi in response to a hello from a peer.

Stimulus Class: John says hello in response to Hey, Hello, and Hi from a peer.

 

Response Class: Peter opens the door by turning the knob with his right hand, left hand, and both hands

Stimulus Class: Peter opens the door when someone turns the knob, ask “please open this” or knocks

 

Term
Give an example of rule governed behavior and contingency shaped behavior
Definition

 

 

Doing all of the reading before class.

a)     R:  Your professor says they may give pop quizzes in class

b)     C:  You’ve taken a pop quiz without having done the reading and failed

 

 

Getting the flu-shot.

a)      R: Your coworkers tell you they got the flu shot last year and didn’t get sick.

b)     C: You got the flu-shot last year and didn’t get sick.

Term
Define behavior cusp and give me an example
Definition

A behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself bc it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls. 

 

 

Identify whether the following behaviors would be a behavioral cusp. Justify that claim.

Y     Learning to type. - increased access to internet which can shape new behaviors

 

Y     Learning to check out a book at the library.  - increases access to all behavior shaping inside all books

 

Y     Learning the laws related to public bike use. - increases independent navigation of community

 

Term
What is self-management. What are some considerations for self-reinforcement when using self management strategies. 
Definition
The criterion you are setting up needs to be easy to meet so you are available to receive reinforcement. What reinforcer you would use, the schedule of reinforcement and the potential to having somebody else proving reinforcement
Term
What is the difference between discrimination and generalization
Definition

Discrimination is making the number of stimuli that evoke a particular response fewer and for generalization, making the number of stimuli that evoke a particular response MORE

 

Also there is tight stimulus control for discrimination and loose stimulus control for generalization

Term
What is the difference between stimulus generalization and response generalization? Give an example for each
Definition

Stimulus generalization = new antecedent stimulus, same response

 

Ex: When Johnny sees any animal with a tail he says, "kitty"

 

Response generalization= new response, same consequence (same outcome)

 

Ex: Learner learns to zip their jacket up and now able to zip up their backpack, shirt, pants.

Term
What is a contingency contract and what is outline in this contract?
Definition

A written document that outlines the desired behavior and the reward that will be received contingent responding that way. 

 

BRD

Term
What do you use IOA for event recording?
Definition
Count and frequency
Term
Provide a situation where you would not want to use event recording
Definition

1. When the behavior occurs at high rates

2. Behavior does not have discrete beginning and end

3. Duration may be more appropriate

Term
What types of measurement measure temporal extent?
Definition
Total Duration or Duration-per-occurrence
Term
What is an example of behavioral service delivery 
Definition
Teaching a child to mand for information after reading an article/research study on how to teach it.
Term
List the four measure of validity and explain one
Definition

Internal validity: the extent to which the changes in the DV can be attributed to changes in the IV

External Validity: the generality of the procedures & findings of an experiment and other settings, behaviors, and subjects.

Measurement Validity: the measurement system matches the objective

Social Validity: the extent to which the goals and procedures are socially significant

Term
What is a disadvantage of MBD?
Definition

Functional relation may not be

demonstrated, Verification is

weaker than in reversal design

Term
What is an AO? What is an EO?
Definition

AO - Abolishing operation - a

value altering effect that

decreases the reinforcing

effectiveness of some stimulus

 

EO- Establishing operation a

value altering effect that

increases the reinforcing

effectiveness of some stimulus

Term
What are ways you calculate event recording IOA?
Definition
Total Count IOA or Trial-by-Trial IOA
Term

What function behavior is the

most challenging to put on

extinction? Explain?

Definition

Automatically reinforced

behaviors, as we are not in

control of the reinforcement.

Term

Provide an example of a

behavioral contingency

Definition

Every time my phone rings I

answer it because when I

answer it, I am reinforced by

someone talking to me.

Term
How do you calculate total duration IOA?
Definition
shorter duration/longer duration X 100
Term
What is prompt fading?
Definition
systematically removing prompts to TRANSFER STIMULUS CONTROL from therapist to stimuli in natural environment.
Term
Why would you use a NCR?
Definition

NCR creates a state of satiation on the reinforcer, creating an abolishing operation and decreasing the probability the client will engage in unwanted behaviors to gain the

reinforcer.

Term

What are the ways you

calculate time sampling IOA?

Definition

Interval-by-interval, Scored-

Interval, Unscored-interval

Term
What is pragmatism and give me an example.
Definition

Pragmatism is assessing theories by observing the effect on behavior.

 

Example: Not expecting a person to know how to speak Greek if they have never been exposed to it.  

Term

Provide an example of

methodological behaviorism

Definition
We observe that every time a pigeon pecks a disc, they receive food. In the future we observe a greater frequency of disc pecking and come to the conclusion that food acts as a reinforcer due to observed behaviors.
Term
What is a reinforcer assessment?
Definition
The variety of direct, data- based assessments that assess the future rate of responding the presence of a stimuli
Term
What is a discriminative stimuli?
Definition
A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occured and not been reinforced.
Term
Define pairing
Definition
a procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of another stimulus
Term
Compare and contrast phylogeny and ontogeny
Definition

they are both selections

phylogeny focuses on evolution and the natural selection

ontogeny focuses on an individual's lifetime

Term

Define stimulus class.

How are environment, stimuli and stimulus class related?

Definition

Stimulus class: a group of stimuli that share a common element along FORMAL, TEMPORAL, and FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS

 

They all evoke the same response

Term

Compare and Contrast unconditioned reinforcer and conditioned reinforcer

 

Definition

both INCREASES the future frequency of a behavior

UNCONDITIONED= unlearned and has no prior pairing

CONDITIONED= prior pairing with a reinforcer

Term

Compare and contrast conditioned and unconditioned punisher

 

Definition

both DECREASE future frequency of bx

Unconditioned= no prior pairing

Conditioned= pared with punisher

Term
What is a CMO-S, CMO-R, and CMO-T
Definition

CMO-S: takes on properties of the MO it was paired with and begins to act like the original MO.

CMO-R: A stimulus continuously paired with an aversive stimulus begins to take on the aversive qualities of that stimulus.

CMO-T: When one stimulus makes another stimulus reinforcing.

Term
Give an example of a MO that abolishes a stimulus as a punisher
Definition

 

taking away the ipad when the kid has been on it all day

Term

Give an example of a MO (EO) of punishment

 

Definition
migraine would establish the effectiveness of bright light as a punisher and decrease the frequency of behavior that in the past have produced bright light
Term
What are MO's for punishment
Definition

may alter (increase or decrease) the punishing effectiveness or a stimulus and the frequency of behavior that have been punished by that stimulus

 

Term

Describe an EO for a reinforcer and punisher

 

Definition

EO for food if you are hungry

EO for a punisher is shock being more effective as a punisher if you are wet.

Term

How are contingency and temporal contiguity related? 

 

Explain contiguity 

Definition

 

To make a consequence more effective, there needs to be a close temporal. To build contingency, time between needs to be short.

 

explain: 

superstitious pigeon; bird think it was reinforced for turning around since that was the closest thing to reinforcement

Term
What is response maintenance? 
Definition
the extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention responsible for the behavior's initial appearance in the learner's repertoire has been terminated.
Term

Give some examples of tactics to use to promote generalization

 

Follow up:

What is multiple exemplar training?

 

Definition

CLEMING

1. program for common stimuli: programming for common stimuli involves ensuring the same sd exist in both the instructional and generalization setting. 

2. Train Loosely: teaching upstairs, downstairs, different room, hair up

3. Multiple Exemplar Training: more examples utilized when teaching, the better. individual has more opportunities to respond correctly to multiple examples of antecedent stimuli. 

4. Mediation

5. Indiscriminable Contingencies

6. Negative Teaching

7. General Case Analysis: ensuring you are teaching all the different stimulus variations and response variations

 

Term
Explain discriminative avoidance vs free operant avoidance
Definition

discriminative avoidance is when a stimulus signals an aversive stimulus

 

free operant avoidance is avoiding a button that has a shock

Term
Explain a procedure using NCR for escape maintained behavior
Definition

providing escape from demands after a time period "You can take a break". Abolishes/cancel the EO for attention

 

 

if a student flips his desk because of escape maintained behavior, you can set a time and try to get rid of the EO for escape by providing a break every 10 minutes. 

Term
Give an example of when NCR might be effect. 
Definition

escape from demands

NCR for attention for students who likes attention

Term

What is differential reinforcement and list and explain DRA, DRI, DRO, DRL, DRH.

 

Follow up: give me an example of DRI

Definition

Differential Reinforcement: Reinforcement provided for responses that share a common property and withheld for responses which lack that property

 

DRA: Reinforcement provided for a functionally equivalent response and withheld for the target

 

DRA Hand raises are reinforced with attention while calling out is ignored

 

 

DRI: Reinforcement provided for a topographically incompatible response and withheld for the target

 

DRI Whispering to himself is reinforced with attention while calling out is ignored

 

DRI Keeping both hands flat on the table is reinforced with a break while slapping a teacher is followed by more trials

 

 

DRO: Reinforcement provided for a scheduled elapse of time during which the target is not emitted

 

 

DRO Provided that 15 minutes elapse without any callouts, conversation time is provided

 

 

 

DRO As long as no slapping occurs during a 5 minute period, a break is offered

 

DRL: Reinforcement provided when responding is below a set criterion or separated by a long IRT

 

DRL Provided that fewer than 4 callouts are emitted per class, conversation time is provided

 

 

DRH: Reinforcement provided when responding is above a set criterion or separated by a short IRT

 

 

DRH As long as 10 trials are completed within the session, a break follows the session

Term
Give me an example of positive punishment and negative punishment
Definition

Ex: Positive Punishment

Alex hits George on the playground --> Teacher gives reprimand "NO HITTING"--> Hitting begins to DECREASES over subsequent days

 

 

Ex: Negative Punishment

Child refuses to go to bed--> parents take away TV for next night --> child refusal DECREASES

Term
Compare and Contrast Positive and Negative Punishment
Definition

BOTH DECREASE BX

POS (presentation of stimulus)

 

NEG (termination of already present stimulus)

Term

What are the direct effects of punishment. What are some applied examples of punishment?

 

Definition

may reduce bx faster than extinction, saitiation, differential reinforcement

 

may be effective even after unsuccessful attempts with less intrusive procedures.

 

Some applied examples: contingent shock, water mist, reprimands, response blocking, overcorrection, time out, response cost

Term
Explain ratio/interval vs. response time. 
Definition

ratio and interval are response dependent

 

response time is response independent (NCR)

Term
What is the definition of an antecedent and why do we use antecedent interventions?
Definition

Antecedents refer to things that occur before the identified behavior or skill.

Modifying antecedents refers to making changes in the client’s environment prior to the client working on a specific skill or displaying a specific behavior.

For instance, when looking at behavior reduction, modifying antecedents would involve making changes that will help decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur.

Antecedent strategies are a good strategy for teachers and caregivers/parents alike. This is because you are able to use these strategies to prevent the problem behavior from happening rather than waiting until the problem behavior occurs and then trying to react effectively.

Term
What is simple discrimination and give me an example?
Definition

Simple discrimination- Any difference in responding in the presence of different stimuli; in a more restricted usage, a difference resulting from differential consequences of responding in the presence of different stimuli. 3 term contingency

  • 1 stimulus condition evoking 1 response
Term

What is a rule, rule governed behavior and give me an example. 

 

Follow up: What is a pivotal behavior?

Definition

rule is a verbal description of a behavioral contingency. It is a statement telling us that in a certain setting, if we perform a certain behavior, then a certain response will follow.

 

Rule governed behavior: Behavior that is controlled by a verbal description of contingencies allowing for indirect control of an unlikely or temporally distant contingency. 

 

Pivotal Behavior: I'll define a pivotal behavior as one that, when learned, causes other changes in different behavior WITHOUT additional teaching.

Term
What is conditioned reinforcement and generalized conditioned reinforcer. 
Definition

Conditioned Reinforcement: when a previously NS acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with 1 or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers.

  • Learning history is required
  • CR are products of ontogeny

 

Generalized conditioned reinforcer: a type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers.

Does not depend on a MO for its effectiveness

Ex: $$, token systems, social attention and praise.

 

Pairing procedures change the function of reinforcers and punishers only because of their prior pairing with other reinforcers or punishers, for example social praise and attention.

 

 

Term
Rapid Fire Questions on Errorless Procedures
Definition

What are advantages and disadvantages of errorless learning?

Advantage is minimizing errors

Disadvantage- prompt dependency

 

Give an example of errorless learning

MTL to touch head

 

What is constant time delay?

the amount of time between the sd and the prompt does not change across sessions

 

Give an example of stimulus shape transformation

animation of a car --> word car

 

Give an example of a time delay

therapist points to the correct stimulus as she names it. Gradually she waits longer before pointing

 

What is a stimulus superimposition. Give an example of stimulus superimposition.

an extra stimulus that currently control responding is introduced and then gradually removed. the word blue is written on a picture of blue card

 

what are errorless learning procedures

stimulus prompts (superimposition, stimulus fading, stimulus shape transformation) time delay, MTL

Term
What are two types of matching to sample procedure?
Definition

1. Identity MTS

2. Symbolic Matching to Sample

Term
What is the definition of self-management and how do you implement this?
Definition

Self-Management- The personal application of behavior-change tactics that produce a desired change in behavior. Involves applying ABA principles to create a plan that’s designed to encourage self- management and self-regulation among ASD learners. This allows a learner to become an active participant in their own behavior plans.

The objectives of a self-management plan are to teach learners specific skills as well as the concept of self-regulation.

Action steps:

  • Identify a goal
  • Modify the environment to increase the likelihood that those goal can be reached
  • Maintain a log of the behavior
  • Implement positive reinforcement when those goals are met

Self-Monitoring- Procedure whereby a person observes their behavior systematically and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of target behavior

Self-Evaluation- Comparison of person's performance by themselves with a predetermined goal or standard

Self-Instruction- Self-generated verbal response, covert or overt, that function as response prompts for a desired behavior.

Term
What is incidental teaching and give me an example?
Definition

Embedding learning opportunities in ongoing everyday activities with a focus on the child's interest and initiations

In incidental teaching, the teacher or parent follows the lead of the child in selecting the activity or situation in which the learning opportunities will occur. Once the teacher identifies a naturally occurring situation that a child is expressing interest in, strategies are then used to encourage the child’s responses. Incidental teaching strategies are designed to promote motivation and facilitate generalization.

 

1) Identify current language targets based on assessment.

2) Structure the environment to contrive a motivating operation related to those targets.

3) Wait for the learner to demonstrate that the MO is present.

4) Prompt the correct response.

5) Wait for the learner to emit the correct response.

 

6) Reinforce the mand with the requested stimulus.

 

Example: Molly is a young child who is being taught to mand. Knowing that Molly loves to play with a specific doll, her therapist puts the doll into a sealed clear container that Molly cannot open independently. Molly sees the doll in the container and wants it, prompting her to ask her therapist for the doll based on her intrinsic desire for the doll. This created a natural situation in which Molly manded for what she wanted without a direct prompt.

Term
What are augmentative communication systems?
Definition

May be utilized to help them communicate in other ways.

 

Ex: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) or a speech-generating device (SGD).

Term
Compare and contrast high probability sequence and premack principle.
Definition

Both will have task completion with the low probability

 

Premack- first hard (low probability) then easy (high probability)

 

Behavior Momentum- easy then hard (high probability)

RAPID FIRE QUESTIONS 

 

Give me an example of behavioral momentum

ex: touch leg, touch angle, touch floor, "put your shoes on"

 

What does behavioral momentum increase?

COMPLIANCE

 

What is a premack principle?

a high probability behavior made contingent on engaging in a less preferred behavior (low probability) FIRST/THEN

 

What is behavioral momentum?

high rate of responding resistance to change.

 

What is high probability request sequence

antecedent manipulation to do easy task (high probability) then hard task (low probability)

Term
What are some errorless learning procedures?
Definition

Stimulus Fading: A feature of the stimulus is highlighted or exaggerated, and then gradually reduced until the natural stimulus controls responding.

 

Stimulus Shape Transformation: The topography of the stimulus is altered such that the product controls responding. Gradually, the form is altered until the original stimulus controls responding.

 

Stimulus Superimposition: An extra stimulus that currently controls responding is introduced, and then gradually removed.

 

Time Delay: Initially the prompt is provided immediately.

Progressive: The amount of time between the SD and the prompt increases across sessions.

 

Constant: The amount of time between the SD and the prompt does not change across sessions.

Term
What are some examples of errorless learning procedures?
Definition

John is learning to identify store department names.

 

1) Superimposition. Initially, pictures of food from the department are placed above the sight word.

 

2) Fading. The correct answer is placed very close to John and gradually moved back to the array.

 

3) Time Delay. The therapist points to the correct stimulus as she names it. Gradually, she waits longer before pointing.

 

4) Shape Transformation. The aisle names are made to look like the food found within them. Gradually, the names are altered until printed in normal ink.

Term
How would you conduct a preliminary assessment of the client in order to identify the referral problem, 
Definition
  1. Conduct an indirect assessment: via interviews, rating scales, screening forms.
  2. Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

  3. Observations of the individual

  4. Review of existing data

 

 

Functional Assessments- determining cause and effect relationship between environment and behavior and altering either the antecedent or consequence or teaching a replacement behavior.

 

Descriptive Assessment- direct observation of behavior under naturally occurring conditions.

 

Functional Analysis - arranging antecedents and consequences so that their separate effect on a problem behavior can be observed and the function can be determined.

Term
What is a measurement system to observe representative data given the dimensions of the behavior and the logistics of observing and recording
Definition

Repeatability (also called countability)- instances of a behavior can occur repeatedly through time (the behavior can be counted)

  • CRC: Count, rate, celeration

Temporal extent- Every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time

  • Duration

Temporal locus- Every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (when behavior occurs can be measured)

  • Latency and IRT

Topography- the physical form or shape of behavior

Magnitude- force or intensity of a response

Term
What are the three properties that will provide the most accurate method for quantifying behavior?
Definition
(repeatability, temporal extent, temporal locus) RTT
Term

What is a line graph, bar graph, scatter plot, and cumulative record.

 

Follow up: What is level, trend, variability

Definition

Line graphs- use for continuous measure of behavior over time. Most common form of graphing for behavior analysis because it communicates data and its changes over time (e.g. level, trend, variability).

 

Bar graphsmost effective in summarizing data sets when conditions or individuals are not related to each other (i.e. preference assessment)

 

Scatterplotseffectively relate the target behavior to the environmental conditions. Scatterplots make the data easy to read and detect possible conditions in which behavior is more likely to occur.

 

Cumulative record- a line graph that shows the cumulative instances of behavior (i.e., skill acquisition targets mastered)

 

LevelThe level of the data relates to the “position” of the data set taken from the Y-axis. Look at the graphs below; in the first graph if the plotted data points fell into the top section they would have a “high level”, if they fell into the middle section they would have a “moderate level” and if they were in the bottom section they would have a “low level”.

 

TrendThe trend in the data is the “direction” it is going. For example, in the graph below, the first data set shows an “increasing trend” as the data points are “going up”. The second data set show a “decreasing trend” as the data points are “going down”. Finally, the third data set shows a “zero trend” because the data are not going up or down.

 

VariabilityThe variability of data relates to how different or “spread out” the scores are from each other. Take the two graphs below that show hypothetical data of the percentage of correct scores on a spelling test over 10 days for 2 children, Jane and Matt.

Term
What is a descriptive assessment?
Definition

Descriptive assessment methods include methods such as event recording (e.g., contingency event recording, continuous event recording) and time sampling. Descriptive assessment methods do not demonstrate a functional relationship between the antecedents and consequences and the problem behavior.

 

These assessment methods allow you to develop hypothesis about the antecedent and consequent variables controlling the problem behavior but they DO NOT prove that the variables are functionally related to the behavior.

Term
How do you select an intervention based on client's current repertoires?
Definition

What does your client already know how to do?

Keeping their current skills and strengths in mind when designing their intervention strategy is important. Building off of current strengths or mastered skills can help to build confidence and likely help lead to more success.

Term
How do you evaluate the effectiveness of a behavioral program
Definition

Evaluation provides the information necessary to examine how well a program is being implemented and to determine whether that program is achieving desired results. With information from regular and well designed evaluations, clinicians make timely changes to promote client progress.

 

Evaluating the effectiveness of behavioral programs includes ongoing data review, systematic changes to the plan with careful documentation.

Term
Compare and contrast overcorrection and contingent exercise
Definition
Decrease problem behavior
Term
Automatic negative reinforcement
Definition
no social mediation
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