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practice exam
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66
Geology
Undergraduate 4
11/07/2013

Additional Geology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Meander
Definition
a bend in a stream channel
Term
what are the factors controling streams?
Definition

velocity

gradient

discharge

Term
dranaige basin
Definition

the area that contributes water to stream

tributaries feed stream, its alos known as the water shed

Term
the steepest angle that a slope can maintain is called
Definition
the angle of repose
Term
stream life
Definition

streams dissipate energy through erosion

transportation of sediment

deposits sediment when they run out of energy

Term
velocity
Definition

not constant across a channel

fastest in the middle just below the surface

faster on the outside of meander than on the inside

Term

gradient

 

Definition

slope of streams

higher and more velocity and more energy

higher in the head than at the mouth

makes a concave upward longitudinal profile

Term
discharge
Definition

volume of water passing a given point per unit time

measured in ft 3/5 or m3/s

Term

channel shape and roughness

 

Definition

more surface area=more friction = less energy

largersediment= rougher channel=more friction =less energy

makes v shaped valleys

cuts the channel bottom and side

Term
abrasion
Definition
erodes channel using sediment as abrasive
Term
hydrolic action
Definition
force of flowing water
Term
hjulstorm diagram
Definition
defines thresholds for erosion based on the sediment size
Term
three types of stream loads
Definition

disolved load

suspended load

bed load

Term
dissolved load
Definition

generally invisible

has alot of groundwater

salt in the ocean is from this type of load

Term
stream deposition
Definition
occurs when streams loses ability to carry its load
Term
allium
Definition
sediment deposited by running water
Term
bars
Definition
deposits in or along the banks of a stream
Term
delta
Definition

deposit of river sediment that advances into a body of water

looks like the Greek letter delta

Term
point bar
Definition

deposited on the inside of stream meandercutbank

eroded bank on the inside of the stream meander

Term
floodplain
Definition
flat areas near streams, composed of allvium, formes when streams move sideways
Term
natural levees
Definition
forms next to channel after stream floods
Term
backswamp
Definition
poorly drained areas on floodplains behind the natural levee
Term
oxbow lake
Definition
lakes that occupy a cutoff river meander
Term
base level
Definition

the lowest level to which a stream can erode

ultimate baselevel = sea level

lowering base level causes erosion

raising base level causes deposition

Term
results of lowering base level
Definition

trecces

increased meanders

Term
trecces
Definition

form when a stream cuts dowanward into its floodplain

each terecces was once a floadplain

Term

increased meanders

 

Definition
meandering streams downwards, associated with uplift ( relative lowering of base level)
Term
drainage patterns
Definition

dendritic

rectangular

radial

trellis

dranged

Term
dendritic
Definition

ike branches of trees

forms over uniform substrate

the most common drainage pattern

Term
rectangular
Definition

has 90 degree bed

forms over fractured , faulted rock

Term
trellis
Definition

forms in areas with alternating resistant and less resistant rock

looks like a ladder

ex. Appalachian Mountains

Term
daranged
Definition

network not well established

typical of recently glaciated areas

Term
flooding
Definition

when a stream leaves its channel is a natural occurance

comes in many sizes

occur most often during spring

Term
recurrence interval
Definition

the typical frequency of occurrence for a flood of a given discharge

ex. a stream's 100 yrs flood occurs once during any 100 yrs

Term
flash floods
Definition

floods that occur with very little warning

typical after intense thunderstorms

Term
urbanization and flooding
Definition

ubanization means roads

buildings

parkin lot

less vegetation

Term
results of urbanization
Definition

less interuption

rain that hits vegetation before reaching the ground

less infilltration

more runoff

urbanization= more runoff and quicker runoff

produces larger flashier floods

Term
porosity
Definition
the amount of pore space present in rock or sediment
Term
permeability
Definition

ease of fluid flow through material

 

Term
permeability controlled by
Definition

pore size

pore connections

larger grain sise= greater permeability

Term
groundwater flow velocities
Definition

generally very slow

measured in cm/day or m/year

 

 

Term
groundwater terminology
Definition

unsaturated zone

some air in pore spaces

Term
water table
Definition

surface between saturated and unsaturated zone varries during year

subded mirror of the typography ( not flat).

Term
aquifer
Definition

rock sediment from which a usable sapply of water of water can be withdrawn

good aquifers have both high porosity and high permeability

ex. sand, gravel, sandstone, limestone, dolomite and conglomerite

Term
aquitard
Definition

rock or sediment that has very low permeability

ex shale and clay

 

Term
percherd water table
Definition
water table above main water table
Term
springs
Definition
water table intersects  ground surface
Term
gaining stream
Definition

water enters stream from ground water

perenial streams e.g lemoin river

humid climate

Term
wells
Definition
holes through which groundwater reaches the surface, usually drilled
Term
losing streams
Definition

water enter groundwater from stream

intermittent streams

dry climates

Term
artesian well
Definition

water leaves aquifer without pumping

well taps confined aquifer ( overlain by an aquitard)

has evaluatedvrecharged area where precipitation enters aquifer

Term
groundwater problems
Definition

pollution

subsidence

groundwater minning

saltwater encroachment or intrusion

Term
pollution
Definition

no puriffication

water purified

flow direction can changelandfills

dry channels

minning

Term
subsidence
Definition
removal of water allowers aquifer to compact
Term
groundwater minning
Definition
long term lowering of water table due to a high rate of withdrawal
Term
saltwater encroachment or intrusion
Definition

along coast

removing freshwater brings in saltwater

karst topoghraphy; sinking streams, sinkholes caves

Term
dripstone
Definition
forms by slo precipitatin of minerals, commonly calcite
Term
suspended looad
Definition
mud, silt and fine sand particles typically the largest portion of the load by volume
Term
bed load
Definition
boulders, moves by staltation ( bouncing) and traction ( rolling and sliding)
Term
caves
Definition

water table lowers as caves form

cave decoration with dripstone may occur

Term

common dripstone shape

 

Definition

soda straws

stalctites

stalogmites

Term
karst areas
Definition

kentucky

florida

china

new mexico

northeast iowa

northeast missouri

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