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Definition
involves only one individual. It is useful when environmental conditions are stable and the organism is well adapted.
ie: clone |
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| All organisms make more individuals similar to themselves |
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| one or several cells will break off the parent and become a new individual. |
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| Bulbs - Rhizomes - Stolons |
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Definition
| all examples of asexual reproduction in plants. |
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| occurs in multicellular eukaryotes in specialized cells called sex cells. |
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| These cells undergo a process in which the original chromosome number is reduced by half in new cells. |
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| Chromosome pairs that carry the smae genes at the same locations within the DNA molecules |
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| There are two copies of every chromosome |
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| special cells must be created that have half the number of chromosomes - so that when two of these special cells join together, we get back the full number. |
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| code for synthesis of enzymes that regulate cell reactions to determine a specific cell activity or appearance commonly called a character |
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| the genetic variations that produce traits |
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| two or more genes work together to produce a specific outcome |
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| differences between the actual allels |
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| the physical expression of that genotype |
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| an individual that is homozygous dominant for a gene mates with an individual that is homozygous recessive |
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| involves parents that are homozygous (one parent dominant on parent recessive) for two differences genes. |
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Term
| Three differences between Mitosis and Meiosis? |
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Definition
1. cells pass through each phase twice=4 cells
2. Dna replication only happens once but the cells divide twice so the cells are haploids.
3. synapsis and crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
| is when the two sets of sister chromatids from one homologous pair of chromosomes get bound together and intertwine. |
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Definition
| happens after synapsis. is the swapping of chromosome pieces between the chromatids. Since this produces chromosomes with new gene combinations, crossing over increases genetic variability. |
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| Where and why meiosis takes place?significant to sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| occurs in multicellular eukaryotes in specialized cells called sex cells.Sexual production provides important genetic variability within a species that will allow tolerance to a wider variety of environmental conditions. |
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Term
| differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. |
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Definition
-(sperm) in testes:produces four haploid sperm per starting cells
-(ova) in ovaries: cytokinesis is uneven,one large and three small cells are produced. three smaller ones are called polar bodies |
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purple over____
smooth over____ |
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Definition
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Definition
| Traits in humans that are determined by more than one gene on different chromosomes. ie: height, body weight, intelligence, skin color. |
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Definition
1. there are alternative forms of genes for each trait
2. for each inherited trait a diploid organism receives two genes.
3. law of segregation: a gamete carries only one allele because homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis
4. for those traits inherited by complete dominance allele of the pair is usually expressed while the other is not (dominant and recessive) |
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Term
| Law of independent Assortment |
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Definition
| if the genes are located on different chromosomes the inheritance of one will not affect the inheritance of the other. |
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Definition
| is the study of the changes in genotype and allele frequencies that occur in natural populations |
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| the sum of genetic variability for that species |
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Definition
p = the frequency of dominant alleles
q = the frequency of recessive alleles
p^2 +2pq+q^2=1
(p+q)^2=1 (binomial) |
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Term
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Definition
| the freq. of the dominant allele and recessive allele remained unchanged generation after generation |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium theory |
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Definition
| is a mathematical principle that states that allelic and genotypic freqs. in a population remain constant unless acted upon by forces other than genetic recombination and the Law of Segregation |
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Term
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Definition
p^2 = the freq. of homozygous dominant individuals
2pq = the freq. of herozygotes
q^2 = the freq. of homozygous recessive individuals
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Term
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Definition
1. Large population size
2. Panmixis
3.no natural selection
4. no migration
5. no mutation
6. no genetic drift |
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Term
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Definition
| this means that individuals in a population do not select their mates. mate at random. equal likelihood of all possible combinations of alleles. |
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Definition
| is a term that refers to the effects of an environment on a species. |
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Definition
| any alteration to the nucleotide sequence in a gene. Mutations are a prime means for adaptation in response to environment. |
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| is a concept that refers to random changes in allele frequencies that may result from processes such as founder effect or bottleneck effect. |
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| the reproductive isolation of some portion of an existing population. if the survive in the new environment the portion that are isolated are colonists or founders in the new location. |
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Definition
| a catastrophic decline in the population size that may be caused by an unusual abiotic factor, such as a hurricane or tornado that kills off most of the population. the populatiuon remnant are called survivors. |
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Definition
| #RR + 1/2# of Rr / total # individuals |
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Definition
| #rr + 1/2 #Rr / total # individuals |
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Term
| role of RNA and ribosomes |
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Definition
| make copies of individual instructions within the DNA and to carry out the instructions |
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Term
| Similarities in DNA and RNA |
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Definition
both are built from nucleotides:
5 carbon sugar (pentose)
phosphate functional grooup
nitrogen containing ring molecule called a nitrogenous base |
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Term
| Differences between DNA and RNA |
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Definition
1. DNA has a double helix. RNA is single stranded
2. DNA contains pentose sugar deoxyribose. RNA contains only ribose
3. DNA contains nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. RNA contains A, G, C and Uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| double ringed molecules: Adenine and Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
| Single ringed nitrogenous base Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| During S phase each DNA molecule is EXACTLY duplicated |
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Term
| Replication requirements (3) |
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Definition
1. Complementary Base Pairing
2. Anti-Parallel arrangement of strands
3. Semi-conservative nature of synthesis |
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Term
| Complementary Base Pairing |
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Definition
| Either single strand of DNA has any conservative sequence of the four N bases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Anti Parallel arrangement of strands |
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Definition
in order for bases to line up so that they can bond across the strands.
3' and 5' are in opposite directions.
5' = phosphate functional group
3'=hydroxyl functional group
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Term
| Semi-Conservative nature synthesis |
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Definition
| in order to replicate any DNA molecule the helix only needs to be "unzipped" by breaking the H bonds at the base pairs |
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Term
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Definition
DNA replication occurs at multiple locations simultaneously and works in both directions along the strands by the help of this enzyme.
Polymerase can only move from 3' towards 5' |
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Definition
| when the strands separate they form an opening |
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Definition
| series of bubbles that open all along the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| what does the "unzipping" |
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Definition
the portions of the strands that are aligned
3'->5' AWAY from the initiation site and TOWARDS the Fork |
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Term
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Definition
the portions of the strands that are aligned
3'->5' TOWARDS the initiation site and AWAY from the forks |
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Term
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Definition
1. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| these are highly coiled strands of RNA found in ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are found as free molecules in the cytoplasm. function is to bring amino acids to the ribosome and transfer them to the ribosome to be added to the polypeptide being synthesized. |
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Term
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Definition
| is created in the nucleus or cytoplasm as a copy of a gene. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| copies one gene from one strand of DNA. |
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| Promoter and terminator regions |
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Definition
| on the DNA to tell the RNA polymerase where to start and stop copying of the gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of converting the information in the mRNA which is formed by specific base sequences, into a polypeptide chain or protein=aka protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| information in the bases is read in these sets of tripilets |
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Term
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Definition
first codon in mRNA
signifies the start of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| correct amino acid is brought to the ribosome by tRNA which has an exposed three base sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| binds the amino acids at the A and P sites |
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Term
| Developmental Processes (4) |
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Definition
1. Fertilization
2.Cleavage
3.Gastrulation
4. Organogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| penetration of the sperm into the ovum and fusion of haploid gamete nuclei to form a single celled diploid zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid series of mitoses and cytokineses resulting in increasing number of progressively smaller cells such that the overall embryo size in unchanged. |
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Definition
| zygote=2 cell stage=4 cell stage=8 cell stage=morula=blastula |
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Definition
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Definition
| solid ball of 16-32 blastomeres. |
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Definition
| contains between 64 and more than 2000 blastomeres and forms a hollow ball with the hollow center(blastocoel) filled with liquid |
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Term
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Definition
1. Microlecithal: very little yolk present
2. Mesolecithal: moderate amount of yolk
3. Macrolecithal: large amount of yolk |
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Term
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Definition
1. isolecithal
2. Moderately Telolecithal
3. telolecithal |
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Term
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Definition
| yolk evenly distributed in egg (microlecithal) |
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Definition
| more concentrated in one region of the egg (mesolecithal) |
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Definition
| densely concentrated in one region of the egg (macrolecithal) |
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Term
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Definition
| entire embryo undergoes cleavage |
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Term
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Definition
| found in isolecithal eggs-all blastomeres divide evenly throughout so all are approximately the same size. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in Moderately telolecithal eggs - blastomeres in vegetal pole divide more slowly than in animal, so blastomeres in the vegetal pole are larger and fewer in number (macromeres) - blastomeres in animal pole are smaller and more numerous (micromeres) |
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Term
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Definition
| cleavage is confined to one region of embryo away from yolk |
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Term
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Definition
| embryo now begins to change size and shape. dividing blastomeres now push inward forming a hole on the surface of the embryo (the blastopore). continued division inward of these blastomeres produces a tube inside the embryo which is the beginning of the digestive system and is called the archenteron. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the outer layer forms skin and also the nervous system |
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Definition
| the middle layer which produces muscles and the internal skeleton on many animals |
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Definition
| the inner layer forms the linings of all tubes in the body ie: stomach lining |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of the central nervous system |
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Term
| neural ridges or neural folds |
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Definition
| the system forms from the build up ectodermal cell along the long axis of the body to form two ridges |
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Definition
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Definition
| the neural ridges continue to enlarge until they meet over the center of the groove. it is a hollow tube that eventually fills in with nerve cells becoming the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous rod of mesodermal tissue directily beneath and parallel to the neural tube = spine |
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