Term
| What mycotoxin was responsible for the widespread death of turkeys and poultry in the London area in 1960, referred to as Turkey X Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fungus produces aflatoxins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientists knew Turkey X Disease was unusual because they discovered that it was not |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the substrate upon which the poultry became infected with Turkey X disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fungal chemicals that are harmful to humans and domestic animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mycotoxins begin to be toxic at what levels? |
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Definition
| low levels; parts per million or even parts per billion |
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Term
| The food and feed most commonly associated with aflatoxin contamination are (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of aflatoxins and which is the major toxin produced? |
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Definition
| B1, B2, G1, and G2. B1 is the major toxin produced. |
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Term
| Aflatoxins are regulated at what standard in finished food in the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aflatoxin acts as a potent carcinogen, attacking the |
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Definition
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Term
| Besides acting as a carcinogen in accordance with a certain human organ, aflatoxins also cause (3) other problems for humans, including |
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Definition
| reproductive problems, anemia, and jaundice |
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Term
| Nursing animals may be affected by aflatoxin as toxic derivatives can be |
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Definition
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Term
| How can aflatoxin contaminated commercial fish farm operations? |
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Definition
| Fish food is commonly made from peanut meal, which can be contaminated. |
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Term
| Why should consumers be weary of organic peanut butter? |
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Definition
| Organic peanut butter contains no preservatives with which to keep A. flavus at bay; increasing risk for aflatoxin contamination. A. flavus is a common post-harvest contaminate. Organic foods are grown without the use of pesitcides. |
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Term
| How long have we known about aflatoxins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the Diamond Pet Food recall. |
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Definition
| The pet food was contaminated with aflatoxin causing dogs to stop eating, vomiting, and liver destruction. |
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Term
| How many people in developing countries are chronically exposed to uncontrolled amounts of aflatoxins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aflatoxin is thought to contribute to more than what percentage of the disease burden in developing countries? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most potent and dangerous toxin worldwide. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two sources of hope for the curbing of aflatoxin exposure in humans? |
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Definition
| Regulatory standards in the U.S, and researchers are using nontoxigenic strains of A. flavus to outcompete the toxin ones |
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Term
| This is a mycotoxin produced by Gibberella zeae |
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Definition
| deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) |
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Term
| Deoxynivaleneol is usually associated with what crops (3)? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what standard does the U.S. regulate deoxynivaleneol in finished foods? |
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Definition
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Term
| The number one mycotoxin in the United States |
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Definition
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Term
| What are clinical effects of deoxynivalenol in domestic animals? |
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Definition
| vomiting and feed refusal. Especially a problem in swine. |
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Term
| What are deoxynivalenol symptoms in humans (4)? |
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Definition
| headaches, nausea, fever and vomiting. |
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Term
| Ochratoxins are produced by what species of fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ochratoxin contamination affects (2) and is most often associated with (4) |
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Definition
| affects nuts and fruits; most often associated with coffee, grapes, peanuts, wheat, and oats |
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Term
| What are the three types of ochratoxin? |
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Definition
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Term
| In humans, ochratoxins attack the |
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Definition
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Term
| In humans, ochratoxins act as a potent carcinogen implicated in what type of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what industries are ochratoxins an emerging problem? |
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Definition
| European wine industry, the raisin industry, coffee industry (particularly in Brazil) |
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Term
| What is the only mycotoxin passed through meat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What symptoms did "bewitched" adolescents and domestic animals exhibit in 1690s Salem, Mass? |
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Definition
| pricking, convulsive seizures, feeling of ants crawling on the skin, loss of limbs |
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Term
| The Salem witch trials resulted in the execution of how many people? How many were imprisoned? Who was compressed to death with stones? |
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Definition
| 20 executed; 200 imprisoned; Giles Corey was pressed to death with stones |
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Term
| What is now the suspected cause of the "witchcraft" that took place in Salem? |
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Definition
| The ergot fungus-- calviceps purpurea |
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Term
| C. purpurea infects what crop, causing a "spur" to grow where the fruit of the plant should be? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures of C. purpurea grow in place of the grain, which in turn infects those who consume it? |
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Definition
| special overwintering structures called sclerotia |
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Term
| Ergot is the french word for |
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Definition
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Term
| Grain colonized by C. purpurea was turned into flour, thus contaminating the flour with |
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Definition
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Term
| Ergot fungus is commonly associated with what (3) crops |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two types of ergot alkaloids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ergot alkaloids in humans constricts _____ _______ and messes with _________________ |
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Definition
| blood vessels; neurotrasmitters |
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Term
| How is LSD connected with the ergot fungus? |
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Definition
| LSD is made of lysergic acid, which is a building block of ergotamine |
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Term
| The Salem "witches" were most likely suffering from what disease caused by claviceps purpurea? |
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Definition
| Ergotism aka St. Anthony's Fire |
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Term
| Symptoms of Ergotism include |
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Definition
| strange mental aberrations, hallucinations, a feeling of burning on the skin, a feeling of insects crawling on the skin, gangrene, blood loss, loss of limbs, death |
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Term
| In what situations are ergot alkaloids commonly used in small doses? |
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Definition
| for assisting in childbirth |
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Term
| This medication is derived from the Ergot Fungus in order to relieve migraines by constricting blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| What four reasons do we have now for suspecting that witchcraft in Salem was actually an outbreak of ergotism? |
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Definition
| 1) The symptoms were the same. 2) Animals also had symptoms. 3) The weather was wetter and colder than usual, providing a good environment for fungal reproduction from sclerotia 4) outbreaks of ergotism were occurring at the same time in other parts of the world |
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Term
| Yeast infections are caused by what fungus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vaginal yeast infection is known scientifically as |
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Definition
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Term
| The fungus that produces yeast infections is a common inhabitant of what (5) areas of the body? |
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Definition
| skin, mouth, throast, intestine, reproductive organs |
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Term
| Candida albicans becomes problematic when |
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Definition
| the normal flora is disrupted due to antibiotics, the pill, menstrual cycle |
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Term
| A yeast infection of the throat cavity or tongue |
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Definition
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Term
| Vaginal yeast infections can be treated with |
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Definition
| OTC meds such as Monistat |
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Term
| Thrush can be treated with |
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Definition
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Term
| Yeas infection of the male genitalia |
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Definition
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Term
| "Systemic" refers to an infection entering |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of people with systemic candidiasis die? |
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Definition
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Term
| Systemic infection of Candida albicans usually occurs in what kind of paitients? |
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Definition
| The elderly and HIV/AIDS paitients |
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Term
| "Valley Fever" is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Valley Fever is caused by what fungus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Valley Fever is a major concern in semi-arid regions such as the SW United States, Mexico, South America, and its namesake: |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the reasons coccidioides immitis is so successful is its |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are two places that C. immitis can survive? |
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Definition
| outside the human in a dry climate or inside the human blood stream |
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Term
| Valley Fever is treated with oral medication including (2) |
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Definition
| amphotenicin B and fluconazole |
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Term
| Symptoms of Valley Fever include |
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Definition
| coughing, headaches, sweating, weight loss, skin lesions, bone and joint decay |
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Term
| What are four reasons for medical mycoses being on the rise? |
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Definition
| 1) Better tools for detection are more likely to implicate fungi today. 2) International travel. 3) Drug therapy given to HIV/AIDS and organ transplant paitients cause weakened immune systems. 4) Prolonged aging tests the durability of the human immune system |
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Term
| What are the three types of medical mycoses? |
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Definition
| Cutaneous, Subcutaneous, Systemic |
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Term
| Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) and Jock Itch (tinea cruris) are both caused by what fungus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are E. floccosum infections treated? |
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Definition
| OTC sprays and creams, anti-fungal agents; for athlete's foot flip-flops are worn in public showers for treatment and prevention |
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Term
| Ringworm is caused by what fungus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Site-specific, superficial, and localized. Typically treated with topical sprays, powders and lotions. |
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Definition
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Term
| What fungus causes sporotrichosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the fungus that causes sporotrichosis dwell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of sporotrichosis? |
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Definition
| large pus lesions on the arms and legs, huge sporulating cankers |
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Term
| Mucormycosis is caused by what fungus that is basically bread mold, which takes hold in sinuses and is usually fatal. The only treatment is surgical removal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Require a wound to get in, grow under skin. Not site specific. Generally localized, but not always. Treated with oral medication. |
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Definition
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Term
| A prized treat among Eastern European mushroom hunters is this fungus, for its large size and delicate taste and smell |
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Definition
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Term
| The only poisonous Bolete is this one, identified by its red and yellow stalk |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxins produced by poisonous Amanitas include (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| Histoplasmosis is caused by this fungus |
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Definition
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Term
| Histoplasma capsulatum is dimorphic. What are its two forms and at what temperatures do they flourish, respectively? |
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Definition
| Yeastlike (37 C - body temp) and Mycelial (24 C - room temp) |
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Term
| Where can one find the fungus that causes Histoplasmosis in its mycelial form? |
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Definition
| pigeon feces, starling feces, bat bodies |
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Term
| What percentage of of Histoplasmosis patients go systemic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the United States is histoplasmosis problematic |
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Definition
| Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys |
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Term
| One of the leading causes of sick-building syndrome |
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Definition
| toxic black mold (stachybotrys chartarum) |
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Term
| Toxic black mold produces potent mycotoxins called |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxic black mold poisoning is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do spores of toxic black mold live, how are they transported, and what does the fungus colonize? |
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Definition
| Spores are in soil and are introduced into homes via water or dirt (such as after a flood). The fungus colonizes cellulose-based paper and ceiling tiles. |
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Term
| What are symptoms of stachybotryotoxicosis? |
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Definition
| memory loss, coughing, chest pains, nose bleeds, cold and flu-like symptoms, headache, bleed lungs, internal lesions, seizures, fever, death |
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Term
| How do you get rid of black mold that is in your house? |
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Definition
| bleach if its in manageable amounts; demolition by fire if it's rampant |
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Term
| What scientist, while studying the bacteria staphylococcus aureus, noticed some of his plates were contaminated with a fungus that was killing the bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What scientists and researchers were involved with the discovery and production of Penicillin and what were their roles? |
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Definition
| Dr. Fleming- initial discovery of P. chrysogenum; Ronald Hare- Fleming's assistant; Drs. Florey and Heatley- isolation of penicillin from fungus; Dr. Moyer- ramping up production; "Moldy Mary" Hunt- found and isolated a specific strain from rotten cantelope that produced 80 units/mL of penicillin up from original 4 units/mL |
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Term
| What were (3) early problems with Penicillium Chrysogenum that seemed to make commercial production of Penicillin impossible, leading to pencillin to become forgotten for nearly 10 years? |
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Definition
| 1) Not all strains produced penicillin, and those that did produced very little. 2) The fungus did not grow in liquid cultures (required for commercial production) and 3) Unstable, especially at low and high pH |
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Term
| Who was the first person to be treated with penicillin and survive because of it? In what year did this happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The leading cause of death in both world wars was |
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Definition
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Term
| In WWII, Penicillin saved the lives of at least what estimated percentage of allied forces? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cyclosporin is what kind of drug, and to whom is it administered? |
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Definition
| immunosuppressant; used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases including diabetes, MS, lupus, rhumatoid arthritis. Given to organ transplant recipients to help bodies accept new organ. All patients MUST keep taking the drug indefinitely or disease symptoms will return. |
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Term
| The previously undiscovered sexual stage of the cyclosporin producer was discovered by whom and growing on what, leading to the widespread use of cyclosporin. |
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Definition
| Cornell undergrads on a mycology field trip. The fungus was fruiting from dung beetles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hemlock varnish shelf mushroom; Ganoderma tsugae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) |
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Term
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Definition
| Claviceps purpurea (ergot fungus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Phaeolus schweinitzii (The Butt Rot Fungus/The Fralin Bio Tech Fungus) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Fuligo septica (The dog vomit slime mold) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| stachybotrys chartarum (toxic black mold) |
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Term
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Definition
| Penicillium chrysogenum (the penicillin producer) |
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Term
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Definition
| tolypocladium inflatum (the cyclosporin producer, asexual stage) |
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Term
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Definition
| cordyceps subsessilis (the cyclosporin producer- sexual stage) |
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