Term
| With the development surplus food, religion, ceremony and leadership |
|
Definition
| When did the embryonic form of the city develop? |
|
|
Term
| Around the church and the market because these represented the two most important aspects of life. |
|
Definition
| What elements were medieval cities organized around? |
|
|
Term
| The temple and the agora (marketplace). |
|
Definition
| What elements were Greek cities organized around? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The star-shaped city form developed with bastions to protect the center of the city due to the invention of what substance? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| During what period did city plans combine symmetrical order with radial layout of streets to focus on points of interest? |
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|
Term
| The Industrial Revolution. Cities became overcrowded, filthy and devoid of open space |
|
Definition
What movement of the 18th and 19th centuries changed the emphasis of city building to the turning out of goods, which required the work force to be close to the factory?
What resulted from this change? |
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Term
| The Garden City concept by Ebenezer Howard |
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Definition
What city planning concept consisted of a civic and cultural center core with other city functions raditating out from the center, including a green belt and circulation ring that separates the living and working spaces?
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|
|
Term
| Tony Garnier and the Cite Industrielle |
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Definition
| Who developed the first city plan that emphasized the idea of zoning? What was it called? |
|
|
Term
| The gridiron street system |
|
Definition
| What city planning organizational system is the most common in the United States? |
|
|
Term
| Washington D.C. - Pierre Charles L'Enfant - Renaissance and Baroque concepts |
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Definition
| Which early American city broke away from the grid system planning concept? Who was the designer? What was it based on instead? |
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|
Term
| The Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 |
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Definition
| What created profound changes in American urban design started the 'City Beautiful' movement? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What term defines the idea that entirely new communities can be built away from the crowding and ugliness of existing cities? |
|
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Term
- Suburban sprawl
- Reliance on the auto
- Enviornmental deterioration
- Housing segregation
- Loss of farmland
- Single-use development
|
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Definition
| What does the concept of 'new urbanism' try to combat? |
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Term
| Mixed-use developments with housing, a variety of residential types, within walking distance of shops, offices and other services. This reduces the dependence on the auto |
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Definition
| What is one of the primary urban design features of a new urbanism neighborhood? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What concept promotes safe streets, sustainable design principles and reuse of historicc structures, and connections to open space and natural systems? |
|
|
Term
| Geographic features and the layout of transportation |
|
Definition
| What two factors have generally determined the development of cities in the 20th century? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What term defines a city formed at the junction of two roads and is then laid out in the gridiron pattern? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What term defines the development pattern that revolves around the urband core and the radiates in spokes of main highways or mass transit routes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What term defines the type of city development that has no central focus or apparent overall organization scheme? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What city development term defines a central urban core with other major cores surrounding it and all are linked with major highways? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What city development term defines tow or more major urban centers near each other that grow together as the space between them is developed? |
|
|
Term
| The concept of imageability proposed by Kevin Lynch defined as: the quality of a physical environment that gives it a high probablity of evoking a strong impage in the mind of a give observer |
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Definition
| What idea is useful for architects in linking the urban scale with the community scale? |
|
|
Term
- Paths
- Edges
- Districts
- Nodes
- Landmarks
|
|
Definition
| What are the five basic elements of the urban image as defined by Kevin Lynch? |
|
|
Term
| A way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move. |
|
Definition
| What is a path per the concept of imageability? |
|
|
Term
| Linear elements other than paths that form boundaries between two districts or that break continuity. |
|
Definition
| What are edges per the concept of imageability? |
|
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Term
| Two-dimensional areas that people perceieve as having some common indentifying character and that they can enter. |
|
Definition
| What are districts per the concept of imageability? |
|
|
Term
| Strategic centers of interest that people can enter. |
|
Definition
| What are nodes per the concept of imageability? |
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Term
| Similar to nodes in that they are a point of reference, but people cannot enter them, they are viewed from the exterior. |
|
Definition
| What are landmarks per the concept of imageability? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What concept mimimizes the impact of the car on housing and allows the development of pedestrian circulation and park space within the block? |
|
|
Term
| the planned unit development (PUD) |
|
Definition
| What developed as an extension of a superblock defines various uses for a large parcel of land and often promotes mixed-use design? |
|
|
Term
- Uses permitted
- Total floor area ratio
- Amount of open space required
- Parking spaces required
- Maximum heights
- Setbacks
|
|
Definition
| Standards for PUDs include: |
|
|
Term
| Excessive density as defined per cultural group |
|
Definition
| What can cause poor physical health and spawn a variety of antisocial behaviors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a space, building, room or peice of furniture tends to bring people together it is defined as: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a space, building, room or peice of furniture tends to discourage interaction it is defined as: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fundamental part of animal behavior that involves clamining something as yours: |
|
|
Term
- Intimate distance - ranging from physical contact to anywhere from 6-18 inches
- Personal distance - ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 feet
- Social distance - ranging from 4 to 12 feet
- Public distance - ranging from 12 feet outward
|
|
Definition
| What are the four basic distances that can be used to define the difference categories of personal space? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By building a low wall between the street and sidewalk and the entry to a building you create a __________and therefore option prevent the future crime or vandalism at the building. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The surrounding base of population within a geographical region that determines land development.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is a relatively small area in which a number of people live who share similar needs and desires in housing, social activities and other aspects of day-to-day living? |
|
|
Term
- Respecting pedestrian paths
- Maintaining the size and scale of the surrounding buildings
- Using similar or compatible materials
- Not creating uses that conflict witht the surroundings
- Respecting views and access to important structures
|
|
Definition
| What considerations devlop sensitive and effective site design? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What do you use to determine the most aesthetically desireable ways to orient buildings, outdoor areas and approaches to buildings? |
|
|
Term
| With water only 6 to 8 feet below grade, it can cause problems with excavations, foundations, utility placement and landscaping |
|
Definition
| Why are sites with high water tables undesireable? |
|
|
Term
| Runoff coefficient; Roof areas, roads and parking lots (aka hard, non permeable surfaces) |
|
Definition
| What is the fraction of total precipitaiton that is not absorbed into the ground? And what elements increase this number? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soil is divided into 4 classifications. They are (from largest to smallest): |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What soils types are great for construction loads and drainage, but are unsuitable for landscaping? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What soil is poor for under foundations? |
|
|
Term
- local
- collector
- arterial
- expressway
The type of roadway near a site often determines its development potenital. |
|
Definition
| What are the four basic categories of roads? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If possible, where should building entrances and major site features be located near? |
|
|
Term
- 10-12 feet wide
- at least 40 feet long
- 14' vertical clearance
- minmum turning radius of 60'
|
|
Definition
| Generally, what are the dimensions for a truck loading dock? |
|
|
Term
| Sanitary sewer because it uses gravity flow and is dependent upon the slope of the land |
|
Definition
| When new utility services must be installed on a site, which utility takes precendence? |
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|
Term
Macroclimate: overal climate of the region as reflected in weather data available from the National Weather Service
Microclimate: Site-specific modification of the macroclimate such as slope, trees and other vegetation, buildings and bodies of water. |
|
Definition
| What are the two aspects of climatic analysis for any given site? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the side away from the wind direction? |
|
|
Term
| On the south or southeast facing slopes in the middle of the slope or towards the top. |
|
Definition
| In temperate climates, where are the best mirco-climates for wind? |
|
|
Term
| The fraction of radient energy received on a surface that is reflected. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The time-rate of flow of heat through material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground surfaces with low albedo and high conductivity because excess heat is quickly absorbed, stored and released when the temperature drops. |
|
Definition
| In the built environment, what kind of ground surfaces tend to moderate and stabilize the microclimate? |
|
|
Term
| Sustainable (or green) Design |
|
Definition
| What term encompasses the design movement that analyzes the enviromental impact of buildings and promotes energy conservation, the use of alternative energy sources, adaptive reuse, recycling and other strategies that achieve a balance between the consumption of environmental resources and the renewal of those resources? |
|
|
Term
| Enivormental Impact Statements (EIS) that analyze how a development will impact the environment (i.e. air quality) |
|
Definition
| What site development statements (studies) are required per the National Environmental Policy Action of 1969? |
|
|
Term
- natural landforms
- water runoff
- wildlife
- existing vegetation
- existing drainage patterns
All should be left intact as much was possible. |
|
Definition
| For rural sites the EIS should focus on the impact on: |
|
|
Term
- noise
- pollution
- glare
- detrimental emissions
- congestion
- undersireable wind conditions
|
|
Definition
| For urba sites the EIS should focus how how to minimize the production of the following: |
|
|
Term
- what site areas should not be built on (i.e. wetlands)
- historical and cultureal qualities
- future development
- existing air quality
- soil and groundwater testing for contamination
- the presence of endangered species
|
|
Definition
| What sustainablitiy issues should be considered when analyzing a site? |
|
|
Term
- give prefernces to sites with existing infrastructure
- encourage mixed-use development
- locate buildings near public transit
- site the building to take advantage of wind and solar access
- minimize solar shadows on adjacent properties
|
|
Definition
| How do you sustainably choose a site location? |
|
|
Term
- minimimize the building footprint
- design the building dimensions to optimize material use and reduce waste
- try to use garden roofs or highly reflective materials to reduce the heat island effect
- plan buildings to include bicycle storage and shower/changing facilities
|
|
Definition
| How do you sustainably choose a building size, shape and design? |
|
|
Term
- the uses allowed on a parcel of land
- the area of land that may be covered with buildings
- the bulk of the structures
- the distances the buildings must be set back from the property lines
- parking and loading space requirements
|
|
Definition
| What does zoning primarily regulate? |
|
|
Term
| Floor area ratio; the amount of land that can be covered in a particular site |
|
Definition
| What is the ratio of the gross square floor area within a structure to the area of the lot on which the structure is situated? And what does this usually define? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the term for the minimum distance a building must be placed from a property line per zoning code |
|
|
Term
| To ensure adequate light and air to neighboring properties and open space |
|
Definition
| What is the purpose of the bulk plane regulation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is a deviation from a zoning regulation? |
|
|
Term
An easement
- utility
- access
- support
- joint-use
- scenic
- conservation
|
|
Definition
| What is the term that defines the right of one party to use a portion of land of another party in a particular way? Also list some of the types of this term. |
|
|
Term
| Provisions that restrict the use of the property by the buyer. They are generally estabished for a certain period of years (i.e. 10, 15, 20) |
|
Definition
| What are restrictive covenants in deeds? |
|
|
Term
- location
- potenial for profit-making use
- local market conditions
- demand for the land
- proximity to transportation and utilities
|
|
Definition
| What are land values generally based upon? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What market approach is based on the potential the property has to yield profit (income). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which market approach takes into account the value of highest and best use of the land, the cost to replace a building or add improvements and the estimated accrued depreciation to determine the total value of the property. |
|
|
Term
$1405
(0.19*$150,000)(0.04931) = $1405 |
|
Definition
| If the assessed valuation of developed property is based on 19% of actual value, and the mill levy is 0.04931. If a developed piece of property is estimated to have an actual valuation of $150,000.00, what will the yearly tax be? |
|
|
Term
| Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC) |
|
Definition
| What is used to evaluate the economic performance of a material or building system over the service life of the material or system? (it includes the costs assocated with the purchasing, installing, maintaining and disposing of an item) |
|
|
Term
- General sales and property taxes
- Special sales taxes
- General obligation bonds
- Revenue bonds
- Public enterprise revenue bonds
- Tax-increment financing
- Development impact fees
- Subdivision Exactions
- Special District Assessments
|
|
Definition
| What are some of the methods used by government agencies to finance public work projects? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the costs charged to developers for off-site infrastructure improvements made necessary by new development? |
|
|
Term
- Surveying the structure
- Documenting the survey
- Researching applicable regulations
- Evaluating the information
|
|
Definition
| What processes are involved in evaluating an existing structure? |
|
|
Term
| Zoning restrictions, easements, deed restrictions, covenants, historic preservation rules, energy conservation codes, local agency regulations and building codes. |
|
Definition
| What applicable regulations must be researched when evaluating an existing building? |
|
|
Term
| The Historic Preservation Service of the National Park Service |
|
Definition
| When evaluating historic structures, what national government agency is a good resource for guidelines? |
|
|
Term
- Preservation
- Rehabilitation
- Restoration
- Reconstruction
|
|
Definition
| If a building is identified as a historical landmark, what are the four treatment approaches that may be used? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most historically accurate treatment, this treatment attemps to retain all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance and repair while reflecting the buildings continuum over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second most historically accurate treatment, this treatment emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but gives more latitude to replacement because it assumes the property is momre deteriorated prior to work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The third most historically accurate treatment, this treatment focuses on the retention of materials from the most signifcant time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials from other periods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The least historically accurate treatment, this treatment allows the opportunity to re-create a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure or object in new materials. |
|
|
Term
| Survey of the structural (i.e., assessment of settlement, deflection in beams, damaged structural members), mechanical and electrical systems. |
|
Definition
| Besides the historic aspects of building (i.e. materials, arch. style, etc.), what is import to evaluate when surveying a historic structure? |
|
|
Term
- Overall form
- Materials
- Spaces
- Workmanship
- Etc.
|
|
Definition
| What characteristics typically define the historic character of a building? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reduction in the price of a property due to the discovery of some problem that tends to decrease the property value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A building whose fucntion is secondary to that of the main structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Desireable features of a building or near a building that have the affect of increasing the property's value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The payment of a loan over the life of the loan using equal payments at equal intervals. Each payment provides for a portion to be applied to the principal and the remainder to be applied to the interest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major tenant in shopping mall, such as a department store, that in theory serves to attract shoppers to the mall to the benefit of other, smaller stores (satellite tenant). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An estimation of a property's value made by a qualified appraiser. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A natural, underground reservoir from which wells draw water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The value given to a piece of property by a local jurisdiction, to be used to assess taxes on the property. The assessed value is a percentage of the actual value, that is, the value that the property would command on the open market. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A region or small town that contains mainly housing and offers few employment opportunities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An area of the city that has been determined to contain buildings and infrastructure that are in a state of decay and in need of improvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A standard portion (generally a paragraph or more) of a written document, such as a contract or architectural specification, that appears in all similar documents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A piece of land used to seperate two incompatible uses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amount of money used to make physical improvements to a property to enhance the property's value over an extended period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of money that is net income from a property after expenses are paid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abbreviation for "covenants, conditions, and restrictions," which are all the rules that apply to a property owner in a subdivision, condominium, or cooperative housing facility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A particular type of housing development in which the houses or apartments are placed close to each other and have access to nearby common open spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A portion of a building or development that is available for the use of all the tenants or unit owners. Typically, common areas are owned by the property owners in the development or homeowners' association, and property owners subsequently pay the maintenance fees. |
|
|
Term
| Conditional Use Permit (CUP) |
|
Definition
| A permit given by a city or other zoning jurisdiction for a proposed use that would otherwise not be allowed in a particular zoning district. The conditional use permit provides the zoning jurisdiction with the means to impose special conditions on the proposed development, to ensure that the development will not adversely affect the surrounding neighborhood or public safety and welfare. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A development in which residents own their own living units but share common areas, which are maintained by the condominium corporation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The act of transferring an interest in a property to another person, or the document written to formalize such a transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of land ownership where the residents of individual units own an interest in the corporation that owns the entire property. Unlike the residents of condominiums, the residents of a cooperative do not own their own units directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dead-end street that has only one way in and often features a large circular turnaround space at the end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The donation of a parcel of land by a developer for public use, such as for a park or school |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To remove items of value from a site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The legal ability of a developer to develop a parcel of land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change in zoning resulting in a decrease of allowable density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A portion of land of one ownership that another owner or governmental agency has the right to use for specific purposes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The right of a governmental jurisidiction to take ownership of private property for the public good while paying fair market value compensation to the owner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An intrusion onto one property by the improvement to an adjoining property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of money an owner of a property keeps after selling the property and paying off any mortages; that is, the difference between the fair market value of a property and the amount of debt on the property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The value of a piece of property that a buyer would pay a seller in a free transaciton for the property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An item that is attached to a building and is typically included in the sale of the building |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long-term lease of a property that allows the tenant to use a improve the land, but that reverts to the owner at the end of lease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long-term lease of a property that allows the tenant to use and improve the land, but that reverts to the owner a the end of the lease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Restrictions on the heights of buildings and structures established by local news |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ratio of the value of improvements on a property to the value of the property alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A remedy by a court for a private land owner whose land has been taken away by a governmental body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descriptive of a parcel of land that does not border any public road |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A legal arrangement in which the owner of a property sells the property sells the property to someone else but then immediately leases it from the purchaser |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A document that gives up a person's right to claim a lien against property |
|
|
Term
| Mechanic's and Materialman's Lien |
|
Definition
| A claim placed against a property's deed by someone who provided work or materials to improve the property but was not paid for work. (typically just called a lien) |
|
|
Term
| Minimum Property Standards |
|
Definition
| Minimum standards for residential building required by the Federal Housing Administration for construction or for underwriting a mortage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area of a building that is available for rent, which does not include common areas, stucture, stairs, and the like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A document, issued by a city's building department, giving permission for a building to be occupied. More commonly called the Certificate of occupancy. The occupancy permit is part of the building permit process, and its cost is included in the building permit fee paid by the contractor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A seperate location for development of retail space near (but not in) a shiping center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The shared wall between two leased spaces or between two residential units. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A financial projection for a development project meant to determine if the project is feasible, given estimates on potential income and the cost of developing the project |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A limit on how the owner of a property or building can use or improve the property. Often called a 'restrictive covenant', it is usually contained in the deed to the property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Related to a body of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rights of a landowner to use or control all or a portion of the water in a body of water bordering his or her property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A minor or smaller tenant in a shopping center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An exemption from zoning regulations given to a jurisdiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The application of specific zoning regulations to specific properties when nearby land is under different zoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Property that is not producing the maximum income it is capable of producting given its size, zoning, and so on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The illegal practic of charging exorbinant interest rates on a loan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permission granted by a local jurisdiction to deviate from the literal provisions of a zoning ordinance where strict adhereance would cause undue hardship because of conditions or circumstances unqiue to an individual property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Land that has development restrictions placed on it because it is commonly flooded and may be environmentally sensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of a zoning regulation's setback requirements that allows a building to be constructed up to the property line with no setback |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The set of zoning regulations established by a local jurisdiction that regulates certain building practices within the jurisdiciton |
|
|
Term
- Current workload in the office
- Match between the project type and qualified experience within the firm
- Potential feasibility of the project
- The owner's budget for project and fees
- Reliability and reputation of the client
|
|
Definition
| What factors are considered when determining to take on a new project? |
|
|
