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PPP_1
PROGRAMMING & ANALYSIS
144
Architecture
Professional
05/17/2015

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Programming Statement
Definition
states the problem. no solution or strategy given
Term
Design Concept
Definition
gives a physical/design solution for a problem
Term
Functional Program
Definition
owner provided data for analysis/creation of a Facilities Program
Term
Facilities Program
Definition
Program that considers scope, area minimums and adjacencies,
ballpark costs and site analysis
Term
Programming is comprised of four components
Definition
• Function: the objectives and needs (what it should do)
• Form: site, structure, existing components
• Economy: budget to build and to maintain/operate
• Time: the schedule needed to complete the work
Term
Programming v. Design
Definition
Programming finds the problems, parts, and data. Design solves the problem.
Term
Programming Goals
Definition
• Programming finds the problems, parts, and data. Design solves the problem.
• Clarify the owner’s concerns early in order to prevent major changes in the design process
or avoid too much/not enough space later. This also gets everyone on the same page, so
there’s less conflict.
• Address current issues, but also be conscious of future growth and changes that may take
place after the project is complete (how would the owner add on/remodel?)
Term
Programming Process
Definition
• Establish Goals: What are the owner’s goals for the project
• Gather Data: organize all site, context, users/occupancy, equipment, codes, budget, expenses, project specific information
• Find Relationships: What things go together, what issues will be critical during the design process
• Establish Priorities: most important function, second most, third....based on use and budget (eg: what’s more important- a fancy lobby, or equipment in the lab?)
• State the Problem: What needs to be answered in the design.
Term
Catchment Areas aka market, trade, or tributary area:
Definition
geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity.
Term
Residential Catchment Areas
Definition
determined by local transit systems.
Term
Proctor Compaction Test:
Definition
Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates.
Term
Survey - Baseline
Definition
parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the east‐west layout of the US Survey system
Term
Survey - Standard Parallels
Definition
Parallels between the baselines in the US Survey
Term
Survey - Principal Meridian
Definition
meridian (north-south line that follows longitude of earth) that serves as the basis for the north‐south grid layout of the US Survey
Term
Survey - Guide meridian
Definition
meridians between the principal meridians
Term
Survey - Metes‐and‐bounds
Definition
verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached
Term
Topography - Contour interval
Definition
change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps typically have a larger interval for clarity.
Term
Topography - Crown/Ridge
Definition
contours point “down” toward the lower elevation
Term
Topography - Swale/Valley
Definition
contours point “up” towards the higher elevation
Term
Topography - Hills
Definition
concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center
Term
Topography - Depression
Definition
concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center
Term
Water - Swamp
Definition
wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry‐land protrusions
Term
Water - Swale
Definition
an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water.
Term
Water - Detention Pond
Definition
low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly
Term
Water - Retention Pond
Definition
designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity
Term
Water - Riparian Rights
Definition
system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property (includes bottomland, beach, and upland, but not the water itself). Owners can use water adjacent to their property, but can’t infringe upon the rights of others to use the water.!
Term
Water - Sheet Flow
Definition
water that flows across paved surfaces.
Term
Energy - Albedo
Definition
how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror (rate is listed as a fraction).
Term
Energy - Conductivity
Definition
the speed with which heat passes through a material. Metals are high, and soils/sand are low.
Term
Weather/Climate - Macroclimate
Definition
based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces temperature extremes.
Term
Weather/Climate - Macroclimate - Islands/Costal Region
Definition
constant and moderate temperature
Term
Weather/Climate - Macroclimate - Arid/Desert Region
Definition
low humidity and greater temperature variation
Term
Weather/Climate - Macroclimate - Mountainous Region
Definition
winds are forced to rise
Term
Weather/Climate - Microclimate
Definition
based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude
Term
Weather/Climate - Microclimate - Greatest sun rays
Definition
perpendicular to ground
Term
Weather/Climate - Microclimate - Winter Solstice!
Definition
least hours of sun and low sun angle
Term
Weather/Climate - Microclimate - Summer Solstice
Definition
most hours of sun and high sun angle
Term
Weather/Climate - Microclimate - Vernal/Autumnal Equinox
Definition
equal hours of sun and dark
Term
acre
Definition
43,560 square feet
Term
US Survey - Check
Definition
area 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians & divided into 16 townships
Term
US Survey - Township
Definition
area 6 miles on a side; divided into 36, 1-mile sections
Term
US Survey - Section
Definition
1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres
Term
US Survey - Quarter Section
Definition
area 1/2 miles on each side
Term
Site Slope Percentage
Definition
Vertical/Horizontal x 100
Term
Site Slope Percentage - flat area - good for all activities
Definition
<4%
Term
Site Slope Percentage - moderate
Definition
4-10%
Term
Site Slope Percentage - steep-unusable
Definition
10-50%
Term
Site Slope Percentage - very steep, subject to erosion
Definition
+ 50%
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - storm drains
Definition
0.3% minimum
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - sanitary sewers
Definition
0.4 - 1.4%
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - street surface drainage
Definition
0.5% minimum
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - planted or large pavers
Definition
1% minimum
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - lawns
Definition
25% max
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - streets/paved driveways
Definition
10% max
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - planted banks
Definition
50% max
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - parking area/lot
Definition
5% max
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - automobile ramps
Definition
8% max
Term
Construction Slope Percentage - sidewalks
Definition
10% max
Term
General best site placement solar orientation
Definition
Choose a south facing site (use overhangs or deciduous trees to block summer sun)
Term
General best site placement on a hill
Definition
Midway on a hill is best (top is too windy, fog/cold air settles in valley)
Term
General best site placement breeze
Definition
Summer breezes are good (courtyards/porches) block winter winds
Term
Location Factors for Construction - Suburban areas
Definition
lowest costs for development and connected to urban areas
Term
Location Factors for Construction - Urban areas
Definition
highest costs for development (due to labor rates)
Term
Location Factors for Construction - Rural areas
Definition
variable cost based on access and existing transportation
Term
3 types of Site Surveys
Definition
Preliminary: basic for preparation of architectural drawings
Construction: precise condition of site and adjacent structures, bench marks
Possession: records completed development
Term
2 forms of Site Surveys
Definition
Geodetic: precise, follows spherical shape of the earth Plane: more common, assumes a flat plane of the earth
Aerial Photography (Google earth type images)
City
Construction (includes markers)
Hydrographic (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc)
Land (a description of the site)
Topographic (elevations, slopes)
Route (roads and utility lines)
Term
3 types of Building Surveys
Definition
Field Measurements: taken by hand
Laser Scanning: remotely measure existing spaces (quick)
Photogrammetry: establish control points and hand survey to get base coordinate system (takes much longer than laser scanning)
Term
Eight basic categories of land use
Definition
Agricultural
Commercial
Government
Industrial
Institutional
Natural Resources Open/Conservation Residential
Term
Land Value methods
Definition
Comparison Method
Development Method
Residual/Income Approach Method
Allocation Method
Term
Land Value - Comparison Method
Definition
compared to other similar parcels (can be applied to all categories of use) and is the most accurate if current data is available.
Term
Land Value - Development Method
Definition
when comparisons aren’t available, use estimates to determine the selling price of lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price.
Term
Land Value - Residual/Income Approach Method
Definition
used in highly developed areas by estimating potential income from improvements that yield the highest return (highest & best use)
Term
Land Value - Allocation Method
Definition
used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of the land.
Term
soil types
Definition
Gravel: well drained and able to bear loads (+2 mm)
Sand: well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5 - 2 mm)
Silt: stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002 - .05 mm) Clay: must be removed, too stiff whe dry and too plastic when wet ( < .002 mm)
Term
Levels of Soil
Definition
A Level - Topsoil (organic/mineral material)
B Level - Minerals
C Level - Partially weathered/fractured rock
D Level - Bedrock
Term
Potential Land Problems - Water within 6’-0” of land surface
Definition
pump out excavation, waterproof basement, resist hydrostatic pressure (continuous drain pipe installed at foundation)
Term
Potential Land Problems - Rock at/near surface of site
Definition
use explosives to reduce manual labor
Term
Potential Land Problems - Soil is soft clay, waterbearing sand or silt
Definition
construct deeper foundations or drive piles,
remove poor soil
Term
Potential Land Problems - Underground streams
Definition
avoid and be cautious of siting of structure
Term
Potential Land Problems - Cut and Fill
Definition
balance it. There shouldn’t be more taken away than added or vice versa
Term
Bearing Capacity:
Bedrock
Well graded gravel/sand
Compacted sand/fill
Silt/Clay
Definition
Bedrock - 10,000 psf
Well graded gravel/sand - 3,000 - 12,000 psf
Compacted sand/fill - 2,000 - 3,000 psf
Silt/Clay - 1,000 - 4,000 psf
Term
Borings
Definition
locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20’-0” past firm strata
Term
Boring location - open warehouse
Definition
one in each corner and one in the middle
Term
Boring location - Large structures
Definition
50’-0” spacing
Term
Boring location - Uniform conditions
Definition
100 - 500’ spacing
Term
Spread Footing
Definition
Most economical...$
method. Delivers load directly to soil.
Area of the footing = load/safe bearing
capacity.
Term
Mat Foundations
Definition
Very expensive...$$$
method. Typically it’s only used when the
strata is weak, and it acts as one
continuous foundation.
Term
Belled Caissons
Definition
holes are drilled to firm
strata and concrete poured. They’re
basically really, really deep spread
footings!
Term
Socketed Caissons
Definition
like Belled Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into
the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces.
Term
End Bearing Piles
Definition
2-3x cost of spread footings. Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata
Term
Friction Pile
Definition
Driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between pile and soil. bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil
Term
Prevent Future Problems - Site
Definition
• Connect new on-site drainage to natural drainage
• Design surface water runoff based on worst case storm scenerio
• Prevent erosion by using channels, gutters, swales, and xerioscaping
Term
Mothballing
Definition
Term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract.
Term
Adaptive Reuse
Definition
process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features.
Term
Preservation
Definition
the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity and materials of an historic property.
Term
Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation Standards
Definition
• Allow for new additions/alterations to be different from the older structure, but must be complementary in massing, size, scale, and architectural features
• Criteria must be met if Federal Tax Credits will be used
• Takes precedence over state/local regulations
• Clients may discover historical significance during site analysis. Archaeological activity and proper handling of structures/artifacts must take place.
Term
Historic Preservation:
4 treatments applied to historic structures (most historically accurate to least)
Definition
Preservation
Rehabilitation
Restoration
Reconstruction
Term
Preservation
Definition
least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible
Term
Rehabilitation
Definition
retain and repair historic materials, but some replacement of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values
Term
Restoration
Definition
remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with the restoration period
Term
Reconstruction
Definition
new construction to look like how something existed at an earlier time
Term
Adaptive Reuse/Land Conservation
Definition
• Reduces the amount of sprawl in the outlying city
• Is sometime associated with gentrification (eg: the pearl district)
Term
Historic Preservation - Preliminary Analysis/Predesign and Research
Definition
• Documenting existing conditions, programing the intended function/use of the building and site, doing research to investigate historic nature of project/area, determining which parts of the buildings are original and sequence of construction
• Complete preliminary cost estimate of work to be done, and prepare applications for federal grants.
Term
Historic Preservation - Design Phase
Definition
• Coordinate with standard steps of the building design process
• Coordinate preservation with architecture/engineering development
• Coordinate with specification/front end
Term
Historic Preservation - Document Phase
Definition
• Coordinate with drawings, specs, final cost estimate
• Coordinate with bidding/negotiation phase
• Coordinate with construction administration, observation, and documentation
• Reports for maintenance, determination of historic eligibility for review boards may be required
Term
Indigenous/Vernacular Architecture
Definition
Specific to a time or place
Term
Anthropomorphic
Definition
relating to human characteristics
Term
Fathom
Definition
measure of the spread of arms
Term
Room Data Sheets
Definition
list all of the relationship requirements in a given room (eg: different rooms of a diagnostic imaging department have different needs, so each would have a sheet) and include layout, equipment, activity zones, lighting, temperature, and comfort requirements.
Term
Assignable area
Definition
the amount of area needed for uses in square feet used for gross area calculations
Term
Gross Area
Definition
Net Area (commonly used areas) + circulation (structure/mechanical/service)
measured from exterior face of walls
Term
Gross Area - rules of thumb
Definition
• Include covered which is enclosed by 2+ sides whether attached or detached to the main dwelling unit.
• Include any covered area on/below the first or main floor when the average height of the 4 corners is more than 6’-0” above natural grade at the exterior
• Include decks, patios, other usable open areas that are enclosed on 3+ sides (includes 2 walls and a solid roof)
• Double the sf of any interior space with a ceiling height at 15’-0” or more. Exclude stairwells with no habitable space above/below, and a max of 60 sf of additional space (e.g. entry, atrium, study loft)
• Include any attic of at least 150 sf and with a ceiling height of at least 7’-6”
Term
Building Efficiency
Definition
Net Area/Gross Area
Term
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Definition
Gross Area/Site Area
Term
Net Area
Definition
measured from inside walls
Term
can sometimes exceed height restriction
Definition
Penthouses, fan rooms, and skylights
Term
Total Building Group
Definition
all of the buildings in a complex, group or masterplan
Medical Campus
Term
Component Building
Definition
an individual building in the group
Medical Campus > Acute Care Hospital
Term
Activity Center
Definition
spaces related to each other by function
Medical Campus > Acute Care Hospital > Surgery Department
Term
Space Unit
Definition
each individual space within a center
Medical Campus > Acute Care Hospital > Surgery Department > Pre-Op Suite
Term
Space/Site Planning Considerations
Definition
• Relationship between site/structure
• Response to site conditions (sun/vegetation/wind/sound)
• Be visible but maintain human scale
• Express and serve its purpose economically and thoughtfully
• Utilize technologies and materials appropriately (honest tectonic expression) • Use local materials and building techniques
• Create a hierarchy of parts that is interesting to look at
• Create a relationship between the interior and exterior
• Express human spirit and encourage human interaction
Term
Matrix Chart:
Definition
numerical values of required relationships (1 = adjacent, 2 = no relationship, 3 = separate) are assigned to each program space with regard to the others
Term
Bubble Diagram
Definition
before space planning create a loose drawing of circles that indicates required adjacencies, priorities or relationships, and relative sizes.
Term
Block Diagram
Definition
more accurate (but still preliminary) layout of spatial organization based
on bubble diagram, but with accurate sizes used.
Term
Diagrams - Blocking
Definition
assigning departments to a defined area on a floor based on its desired adjacency and support requirements
Term
Diagrams - Stacking
Definition
assigning floors/areas of floors to departments based on its desired adjacency and support requirements
Term
Furniture, Furnishings, and Equipment:
Definition
Refers to a wide assortment of products that are prefabricated or custom:
System furniture
Loose furniture
Artwork
Accessories
Millwork
Speciality Equipment
Custom Lighting
Signage
Planters
Window Coverings Custom Furniture Awnings
Audiovisual Equipment
Term
Ergonomics
Definition
applied science concerned with designing equipment/furniture to maximize productivity by reducing fatigue and discomfort.
Term
Freestanding Furniture
Definition
individual tables, chairs, case goods, that aren’t built in
Term
Systems Furniture
Definition
components that can be assembled, configured, and reconfigured to create workstations/workspaces. Includes panels, work surfaces, shelving, storage, and power&data support for computers/communication systems, and other equipment.
Term
FF&E budget
Definition
The budget for FF&E is about 3-4x Interior design fees
Term
Reasons for FF&E Services
Definition
• To furnish a new space: using new or reconfiguring old for a space.
• To replace or upgrade existing FF&E: accommodate new/replace outdated technologies
• To refurbish existing furniture: restore antiques, refinish furniture instead of buying new
• To expedite FF&E procurement: get things in time for a fast track project
• To simplify FF&E procurement: assembles FF&E from multiple sources in one coherent package/one single point of sale.
Term
FF&E Process
Definition
Evaluate Client Needs
Prepare a Cost Estimate
Select Furniture
Prepare Specifications
Assemble Bid Package/Solicitation of Bids
Administer Contract
Oversee Ordering Phase
Oversee Tracking/Scheduling Phase
Term
FF&E - Evaluate Client Needs
Definition
• Identify and document needs for all functional spaces including:
• Function and types of spaces (personal, common, support)
• Number of assigned staff
• Numbers of visitors
• Types and quantities of items to be stored
• Signage requirements
• Desired artwork and interior plantings
• Quantity, condition, and types of existing furniture to be reused
Term
FF&E - Prepare a Cost Estimate
Definition
• Line Item breakout of all FF&E to establish budget.
• Based on current prices of items comparable to those requested
• Client should approve budget before proceeding so architect has a benchmark for considering products.
Term
FF&E - Select Furniture
Definition
Decisions are based on:
• Function: what the client needs
• Durability: how long it should last
• Aesthetics: what will enhance the design
• Budget: how much the client can afford
• Style: what scale/size/proportion is appropriate for the space
Term
FF&E - Prepare Specifications
Definition
Include an instruction to bidders with requirements for delivery, installation, warranties, and punch list procedures, and reference/include a furniture plan.
• 3 types of specifications to choose from
Proprietary (Closed) Spec
Descriptive (Open) Spec
Performance Spec
Term
FF&E - Proprietary (Closed) Spec
Definition
does not allow for substitution, and typically used to
control aesthetics, function, and quality.
• Identify name, model number, finish type, and submittal requirement.
Term
FF&E - Descriptive (Open) Spec
Definition
used in competitive bidding, and does not give level of control in closed spec.
• Describe characteristics, materials, finishes, workmanship, and fabrication of
products and give list of comparable manufactures.
Term
FF&E - Performance Spec
Definition
used with vendors who propose products they think will meet requirements
• Describe only the desired/required results. Give no characteristics or
manufactures.
Term
FF&E - Assemble Bid Package/Solicitation of Bids
Definition
• Typically a two week process for mid size projects (approx. 20,000 sf.)
• Allow three weeks for large projects (100+ workstations)
• Include site factors, elevator access, building access, dumpster/recycling use.
• Award bid to a single dealer, or divvy up to different furniture, equipment, fixture providers
Term
FF&E - Administer Contract
Definition
• Owner/Supplier enter into their own contract (much like Owner/Contractor agreement)
• Supplier sends shop drawings/submittals to architect for review and approval
• Purchase orders are sent directly to the owner for payment, architect is copied on all
correspondence and notified of any issues (long lead time, discontinued items, etc)
• Architect helps establish installation schedule and arranges for punch list.
Term
FF&E - Oversee Ordering Phase (furniture acquisition process task)
Definition
• Review supplier’s bid compared to furniture plan/spec to verify consistency
• Review detailed furniture systems list
• Review invoices and recommend payment (much like pay app process)
• Review submittals for finish/fabric selections
Term
FF&E - Oversee Tracking/Scheduling Phase (furniture acquisition process task)
Definition
• Check acknowledgment for accuracy and complements
• Record estimated delivery dates
• Recommend substitutions/change for products with long lead time that might affect
move-in date.
• Coordinate delivery/installation schedule to ensure installation into the completed space
or to arrange storage in secure (and bonded) temporary warehouse or storage area.
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