Term
|
Definition
| states the problem. no solution or strategy given |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives a physical/design solution for a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| owner provided data for analysis/creation of a Facilities Program |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Program that considers scope, area minimums and adjacencies,
ballpark costs and site analysis |
|
|
Term
| Programming is comprised of four components |
|
Definition
• Function: the objectives and needs (what it should do)
• Form: site, structure, existing components
• Economy: budget to build and to maintain/operate
• Time: the schedule needed to complete the work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Programming finds the problems, parts, and data. Design solves the problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Programming finds the problems, parts, and data. Design solves the problem.
• Clarify the owner’s concerns early in order to prevent major changes in the design process
or avoid too much/not enough space later. This also gets everyone on the same page, so
there’s less conflict.
• Address current issues, but also be conscious of future growth and changes that may take
place after the project is complete (how would the owner add on/remodel?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Establish Goals: What are the owner’s goals for the project
• Gather Data: organize all site, context, users/occupancy, equipment, codes, budget, expenses, project specific information
• Find Relationships: What things go together, what issues will be critical during the design process
• Establish Priorities: most important function, second most, third....based on use and budget (eg: what’s more important- a fancy lobby, or equipment in the lab?)
• State the Problem: What needs to be answered in the design. |
|
|
Term
| Catchment Areas aka market, trade, or tributary area: |
|
Definition
| geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity. |
|
|
Term
| Residential Catchment Areas |
|
Definition
| determined by local transit systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the east‐west layout of the US Survey system |
|
|
Term
| Survey - Standard Parallels |
|
Definition
| Parallels between the baselines in the US Survey |
|
|
Term
| Survey - Principal Meridian |
|
Definition
| meridian (north-south line that follows longitude of earth) that serves as the basis for the north‐south grid layout of the US Survey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meridians between the principal meridians |
|
|
Term
| Survey - Metes‐and‐bounds |
|
Definition
| verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached |
|
|
Term
| Topography - Contour interval |
|
Definition
| change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps typically have a larger interval for clarity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contours point “down” toward the lower elevation |
|
|
Term
| Topography - Swale/Valley |
|
Definition
| contours point “up” towards the higher elevation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry‐land protrusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property (includes bottomland, beach, and upland, but not the water itself). Owners can use water adjacent to their property, but can’t infringe upon the rights of others to use the water.! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water that flows across paved surfaces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror (rate is listed as a fraction). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the speed with which heat passes through a material. Metals are high, and soils/sand are low. |
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Macroclimate |
|
Definition
| based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces temperature extremes. |
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Macroclimate - Islands/Costal Region |
|
Definition
| constant and moderate temperature |
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Macroclimate - Arid/Desert Region |
|
Definition
| low humidity and greater temperature variation |
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Macroclimate - Mountainous Region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Microclimate |
|
Definition
| based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude |
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Microclimate - Greatest sun rays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Microclimate - Winter Solstice! |
|
Definition
| least hours of sun and low sun angle |
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Microclimate - Summer Solstice |
|
Definition
| most hours of sun and high sun angle |
|
|
Term
| Weather/Climate - Microclimate - Vernal/Autumnal Equinox |
|
Definition
| equal hours of sun and dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians & divided into 16 townships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area 6 miles on a side; divided into 36, 1-mile sections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres |
|
|
Term
| US Survey - Quarter Section |
|
Definition
| area 1/2 miles on each side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertical/Horizontal x 100 |
|
|
Term
| Site Slope Percentage - flat area - good for all activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Site Slope Percentage - moderate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Site Slope Percentage - steep-unusable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Site Slope Percentage - very steep, subject to erosion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - storm drains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - sanitary sewers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - street surface drainage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - planted or large pavers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - lawns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - streets/paved driveways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - planted banks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - parking area/lot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - automobile ramps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Construction Slope Percentage - sidewalks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General best site placement solar orientation |
|
Definition
| Choose a south facing site (use overhangs or deciduous trees to block summer sun) |
|
|
Term
| General best site placement on a hill |
|
Definition
| Midway on a hill is best (top is too windy, fog/cold air settles in valley) |
|
|
Term
| General best site placement breeze |
|
Definition
| Summer breezes are good (courtyards/porches) block winter winds |
|
|
Term
| Location Factors for Construction - Suburban areas |
|
Definition
| lowest costs for development and connected to urban areas |
|
|
Term
| Location Factors for Construction - Urban areas |
|
Definition
| highest costs for development (due to labor rates) |
|
|
Term
| Location Factors for Construction - Rural areas |
|
Definition
| variable cost based on access and existing transportation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Preliminary: basic for preparation of architectural drawings
Construction: precise condition of site and adjacent structures, bench marks
Possession: records completed development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Geodetic: precise, follows spherical shape of the earth Plane: more common, assumes a flat plane of the earth
Aerial Photography (Google earth type images)
City
Construction (includes markers)
Hydrographic (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc)
Land (a description of the site)
Topographic (elevations, slopes)
Route (roads and utility lines) |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of Building Surveys |
|
Definition
Field Measurements: taken by hand
Laser Scanning: remotely measure existing spaces (quick)
Photogrammetry: establish control points and hand survey to get base coordinate system (takes much longer than laser scanning) |
|
|
Term
| Eight basic categories of land use |
|
Definition
Agricultural
Commercial
Government
Industrial
Institutional
Natural Resources Open/Conservation Residential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Comparison Method
Development Method
Residual/Income Approach Method
Allocation Method |
|
|
Term
| Land Value - Comparison Method |
|
Definition
| compared to other similar parcels (can be applied to all categories of use) and is the most accurate if current data is available. |
|
|
Term
| Land Value - Development Method |
|
Definition
| when comparisons aren’t available, use estimates to determine the selling price of lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price. |
|
|
Term
| Land Value - Residual/Income Approach Method |
|
Definition
| used in highly developed areas by estimating potential income from improvements that yield the highest return (highest & best use) |
|
|
Term
| Land Value - Allocation Method |
|
Definition
| used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of the land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gravel: well drained and able to bear loads (+2 mm)
Sand: well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5 - 2 mm)
Silt: stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002 - .05 mm) Clay: must be removed, too stiff whe dry and too plastic when wet ( < .002 mm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A Level - Topsoil (organic/mineral material)
B Level - Minerals
C Level - Partially weathered/fractured rock
D Level - Bedrock |
|
|
Term
| Potential Land Problems - Water within 6’-0” of land surface |
|
Definition
| pump out excavation, waterproof basement, resist hydrostatic pressure (continuous drain pipe installed at foundation) |
|
|
Term
| Potential Land Problems - Rock at/near surface of site |
|
Definition
| use explosives to reduce manual labor |
|
|
Term
| Potential Land Problems - Soil is soft clay, waterbearing sand or silt |
|
Definition
construct deeper foundations or drive piles,
remove poor soil |
|
|
Term
| Potential Land Problems - Underground streams |
|
Definition
| avoid and be cautious of siting of structure |
|
|
Term
| Potential Land Problems - Cut and Fill |
|
Definition
| balance it. There shouldn’t be more taken away than added or vice versa |
|
|
Term
Bearing Capacity:
Bedrock
Well graded gravel/sand
Compacted sand/fill
Silt/Clay |
|
Definition
Bedrock - 10,000 psf
Well graded gravel/sand - 3,000 - 12,000 psf
Compacted sand/fill - 2,000 - 3,000 psf
Silt/Clay - 1,000 - 4,000 psf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20’-0” past firm strata |
|
|
Term
| Boring location - open warehouse |
|
Definition
| one in each corner and one in the middle |
|
|
Term
| Boring location - Large structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Boring location - Uniform conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most economical...$
method. Delivers load directly to soil.
Area of the footing = load/safe bearing
capacity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very expensive...$$$
method. Typically it’s only used when the
strata is weak, and it acts as one
continuous foundation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
holes are drilled to firm
strata and concrete poured. They’re
basically really, really deep spread
footings! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
like Belled Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into
the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2-3x cost of spread footings. Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between pile and soil. bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil |
|
|
Term
| Prevent Future Problems - Site |
|
Definition
• Connect new on-site drainage to natural drainage
• Design surface water runoff based on worst case storm scenerio
• Prevent erosion by using channels, gutters, swales, and xerioscaping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity and materials of an historic property. |
|
|
Term
| Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation Standards |
|
Definition
• Allow for new additions/alterations to be different from the older structure, but must be complementary in massing, size, scale, and architectural features
• Criteria must be met if Federal Tax Credits will be used
• Takes precedence over state/local regulations
• Clients may discover historical significance during site analysis. Archaeological activity and proper handling of structures/artifacts must take place. |
|
|
Term
Historic Preservation:
4 treatments applied to historic structures (most historically accurate to least) |
|
Definition
Preservation
Rehabilitation
Restoration
Reconstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retain and repair historic materials, but some replacement of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with the restoration period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new construction to look like how something existed at an earlier time |
|
|
Term
| Adaptive Reuse/Land Conservation |
|
Definition
• Reduces the amount of sprawl in the outlying city
• Is sometime associated with gentrification (eg: the pearl district) |
|
|
Term
| Historic Preservation - Preliminary Analysis/Predesign and Research |
|
Definition
• Documenting existing conditions, programing the intended function/use of the building and site, doing research to investigate historic nature of project/area, determining which parts of the buildings are original and sequence of construction
• Complete preliminary cost estimate of work to be done, and prepare applications for federal grants. |
|
|
Term
| Historic Preservation - Design Phase |
|
Definition
• Coordinate with standard steps of the building design process
• Coordinate preservation with architecture/engineering development
• Coordinate with specification/front end |
|
|
Term
| Historic Preservation - Document Phase |
|
Definition
• Coordinate with drawings, specs, final cost estimate
• Coordinate with bidding/negotiation phase
• Coordinate with construction administration, observation, and documentation
• Reports for maintenance, determination of historic eligibility for review boards may be required |
|
|
Term
| Indigenous/Vernacular Architecture |
|
Definition
| Specific to a time or place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relating to human characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of the spread of arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| list all of the relationship requirements in a given room (eg: different rooms of a diagnostic imaging department have different needs, so each would have a sheet) and include layout, equipment, activity zones, lighting, temperature, and comfort requirements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of area needed for uses in square feet used for gross area calculations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Net Area (commonly used areas) + circulation (structure/mechanical/service)
measured from exterior face of walls |
|
|
Term
| Gross Area - rules of thumb |
|
Definition
• Include covered which is enclosed by 2+ sides whether attached or detached to the main dwelling unit.
• Include any covered area on/below the first or main floor when the average height of the 4 corners is more than 6’-0” above natural grade at the exterior
• Include decks, patios, other usable open areas that are enclosed on 3+ sides (includes 2 walls and a solid roof)
• Double the sf of any interior space with a ceiling height at 15’-0” or more. Exclude stairwells with no habitable space above/below, and a max of 60 sf of additional space (e.g. entry, atrium, study loft)
• Include any attic of at least 150 sf and with a ceiling height of at least 7’-6” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measured from inside walls |
|
|
Term
| can sometimes exceed height restriction |
|
Definition
| Penthouses, fan rooms, and skylights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all of the buildings in a complex, group or masterplan
Medical Campus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an individual building in the group
Medical Campus > Acute Care Hospital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spaces related to each other by function
Medical Campus > Acute Care Hospital > Surgery Department |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
each individual space within a center
Medical Campus > Acute Care Hospital > Surgery Department > Pre-Op Suite |
|
|
Term
| Space/Site Planning Considerations |
|
Definition
• Relationship between site/structure
• Response to site conditions (sun/vegetation/wind/sound)
• Be visible but maintain human scale
• Express and serve its purpose economically and thoughtfully
• Utilize technologies and materials appropriately (honest tectonic expression) • Use local materials and building techniques
• Create a hierarchy of parts that is interesting to look at
• Create a relationship between the interior and exterior
• Express human spirit and encourage human interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| numerical values of required relationships (1 = adjacent, 2 = no relationship, 3 = separate) are assigned to each program space with regard to the others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before space planning create a loose drawing of circles that indicates required adjacencies, priorities or relationships, and relative sizes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more accurate (but still preliminary) layout of spatial organization based
on bubble diagram, but with accurate sizes used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assigning departments to a defined area on a floor based on its desired adjacency and support requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assigning floors/areas of floors to departments based on its desired adjacency and support requirements |
|
|
Term
| Furniture, Furnishings, and Equipment: |
|
Definition
Refers to a wide assortment of products that are prefabricated or custom:
System furniture
Loose furniture
Artwork
Accessories
Millwork
Speciality Equipment
Custom Lighting
Signage
Planters
Window Coverings Custom Furniture Awnings
Audiovisual Equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| applied science concerned with designing equipment/furniture to maximize productivity by reducing fatigue and discomfort. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual tables, chairs, case goods, that aren’t built in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| components that can be assembled, configured, and reconfigured to create workstations/workspaces. Includes panels, work surfaces, shelving, storage, and power&data support for computers/communication systems, and other equipment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The budget for FF&E is about 3-4x Interior design fees |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for FF&E Services |
|
Definition
• To furnish a new space: using new or reconfiguring old for a space.
• To replace or upgrade existing FF&E: accommodate new/replace outdated technologies
• To refurbish existing furniture: restore antiques, refinish furniture instead of buying new
• To expedite FF&E procurement: get things in time for a fast track project
• To simplify FF&E procurement: assembles FF&E from multiple sources in one coherent package/one single point of sale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evaluate Client Needs
Prepare a Cost Estimate
Select Furniture
Prepare Specifications
Assemble Bid Package/Solicitation of Bids
Administer Contract
Oversee Ordering Phase
Oversee Tracking/Scheduling Phase |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Evaluate Client Needs |
|
Definition
• Identify and document needs for all functional spaces including:
• Function and types of spaces (personal, common, support)
• Number of assigned staff
• Numbers of visitors
• Types and quantities of items to be stored
• Signage requirements
• Desired artwork and interior plantings
• Quantity, condition, and types of existing furniture to be reused |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Prepare a Cost Estimate |
|
Definition
• Line Item breakout of all FF&E to establish budget.
• Based on current prices of items comparable to those requested
• Client should approve budget before proceeding so architect has a benchmark for considering products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decisions are based on:
• Function: what the client needs
• Durability: how long it should last
• Aesthetics: what will enhance the design
• Budget: how much the client can afford
• Style: what scale/size/proportion is appropriate for the space |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Prepare Specifications |
|
Definition
Include an instruction to bidders with requirements for delivery, installation, warranties, and punch list procedures, and reference/include a furniture plan.
• 3 types of specifications to choose from
Proprietary (Closed) Spec
Descriptive (Open) Spec
Performance Spec |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Proprietary (Closed) Spec |
|
Definition
does not allow for substitution, and typically used to
control aesthetics, function, and quality.
• Identify name, model number, finish type, and submittal requirement. |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Descriptive (Open) Spec |
|
Definition
used in competitive bidding, and does not give level of control in closed spec.
• Describe characteristics, materials, finishes, workmanship, and fabrication of
products and give list of comparable manufactures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used with vendors who propose products they think will meet requirements
• Describe only the desired/required results. Give no characteristics or
manufactures. |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Assemble Bid Package/Solicitation of Bids |
|
Definition
• Typically a two week process for mid size projects (approx. 20,000 sf.)
• Allow three weeks for large projects (100+ workstations)
• Include site factors, elevator access, building access, dumpster/recycling use.
• Award bid to a single dealer, or divvy up to different furniture, equipment, fixture providers |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Administer Contract |
|
Definition
• Owner/Supplier enter into their own contract (much like Owner/Contractor agreement)
• Supplier sends shop drawings/submittals to architect for review and approval
• Purchase orders are sent directly to the owner for payment, architect is copied on all
correspondence and notified of any issues (long lead time, discontinued items, etc)
• Architect helps establish installation schedule and arranges for punch list. |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Oversee Ordering Phase (furniture acquisition process task) |
|
Definition
• Review supplier’s bid compared to furniture plan/spec to verify consistency
• Review detailed furniture systems list
• Review invoices and recommend payment (much like pay app process)
• Review submittals for finish/fabric selections |
|
|
Term
| FF&E - Oversee Tracking/Scheduling Phase (furniture acquisition process task) |
|
Definition
• Check acknowledgment for accuracy and complements
• Record estimated delivery dates
• Recommend substitutions/change for products with long lead time that might affect
move-in date.
• Coordinate delivery/installation schedule to ensure installation into the completed space
or to arrange storage in secure (and bonded) temporary warehouse or storage area. |
|
|
