Term
|
Definition
| valuation of property for the purposes of taxes. |
|
|
Term
| Business Improvement Districts |
|
Definition
used to fund public space improvements (new
streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area’s appeal. All
business owners in district who would benefit pay increased taxes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Method cities use to issue bonds to pay for civic improvements
(sewers/streets) with the intention that it will stimulate development in that area. During redevelopment, taxes are based on the pre-improved assessed value of the property. After redevelopment, taxes (and assessed value) increase due to the improvements. The difference in tax increment is used to repay the bonds. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to fund a civic project (library, police/fire station) and require voter approval. All taxpayers in jurisdiction help pay off bond through property tax. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to fund infrastructure needed to support new developments.
Paid by developers...who generally look to develop areas with lowest fee. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An additional, long term cost to the owner, to pay off the construction loan
for a project. Typically not included in the original project cost. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tax based on the value of the property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreasing or accounting for an amount over a period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power of the state to take private property without owner’s consent, but with fair market value of the land compensation. Must be used government or public development (highways, railroads, civic center), economic development, or to mandate an easement for access (public utilities, right of way). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original
developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can’t
be changed by future owners. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be
aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials) pet control (how many and/or living conditions), or storage related (visibility of parked cars/boats/ campers). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commits a buyer to performing duties in the future (e.g. will make payments for common charges in a condo) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If restriction is violated or disregared, the land will revert back to original owners/heirs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right to use part of a site without ownership (typically for utilities) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agreement on if and how to carry out building work on a wall that is shared by two people who each own their respective property. (typically whoever originally builds first “owns” the party wall). |
|
|
Term
| Types of Assessments - Income Approach |
|
Definition
| used by appraisers to value properties that earn income (offices, warehouses, apartments, malls) using reliable financial data that is available for recent sales of similar income properties in a given market. |
|
|
Term
| Types of Assessments - Market Approach |
|
Definition
| used to determine the true underlying value of a property based on the estimated amount for which a property would trade in a competitive auction setting. |
|
|
Term
| Types of Assessments - Cost Approach |
|
Definition
| used to determine the value of the property by estimating the land value and the depreciated value of any improvements. Typically applied to special use buildings (eg: marinas) |
|
|
Term
| Types of Owners - Joint Tenancy |
|
Definition
| each tenant has a share in the whole development which passes to survivors after death |
|
|
Term
| Types of Owners - Partnership: |
|
Definition
a business built on the shares of partners. After the death of one, the partnership may be dissolved and asses are distributed to remaining partners/estate
of deceased. |
|
|
Term
| Types of Owners - Corporation: |
|
Definition
| a business independent of shareholders. After the death of one, their shares pass on and do not affect the business. |
|
|
Term
| Types of Owners - Trustee: |
|
Definition
| a person or company who hold holds property or authority for the benefit of another (eg: 401(k), will, charity, etc). |
|
|
Term
| Types of Ownership - Fee Simple/Fee Absolute |
|
Definition
| the most common form of real estate title in which the owner has “absolute ownership” (taxes, easements, deed/covenant restrictions apply) and can do whatever they want with their property. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sole ownership of property, and shared ownership of common elements (hallways, lobbies, meeting rooms, pools, etc). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ownership of a number of shares of stock of a corporation that owns land |
|
|
Term
| Types of Owners - Leasehold |
|
Definition
| aka rental agreement, where a person owns a temporary right to land or property for a determined period of time. Sometime sublet is allowed. |
|
|
Term
| Types of Owners - Sale and Leaseback |
|
Definition
owner sells property and then leases it back long-term at a
fixed rate, in order to raise money by offloading a property to someone who wants to make a long term investment. Typically done for tax purposes. |
|
|
Term
| Development Loan Types - Blanket loan |
|
Definition
| used by a developer to purchase land that they intend to subdivide and resell. When it’s sold, the lot is released from from the loan, and debt is repaid as part of the selling price. |
|
|
Term
| Development Loan Types - Bridge loan: |
|
Definition
| quickly granted and used to close on a property/start construction while waiting for the official (long term) loan to be approved. |
|
|
Term
| Development Loan Types - Mezzanine loan |
|
Definition
| used by a developer pay a variable amount of interest during project development (starts low and gets really a high % rate at the end). Is considered a gamble, the stock in the company is collateral if revenue isn’t produced by sale or lease at the end to repay the loan. |
|
|
Term
| Development Loan Types - Conventional mortgage |
|
Definition
borrow money at a fixed or adjustable interest rate, and when it’s paid off, the borrower has clear title to what was purchased.
• First mortgages take priority over second mortgages. |
|
|
Term
| Development Loan Types - Deed of Trust |
|
Definition
| title is held by a trustee, foreclosure can happen under power of sale |
|
|
Term
| Air Pollution Temperature Inversion Phenomenon |
|
Definition
| the air temperature at ground level is lower than higher elevations causing the heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the composite of weather conditions (described in data or quantifiable units) including temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and rainfall, as well as site
conditions including microclimate, topography, ground cover, water, and elevation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science of the pattern of relationships between a group of organisms and their environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an environment of living organisms and non-living components. |
|
|
Term
Typical Human Comfort Zone
Winter
Summer
Tolerable Humidity
Uncomfortable Humidity |
|
Definition
Winter = 63 - 71F
Summer = 66 - 75F
Tolerable Humidity = 30 - 60%
Uncomfortable Humidity = +75% |
|
|
Term
Winds
Basic Speed
Unnoticeable
Pleasant
Pleasant *and* noticeable
Drafty
Uncomfortable |
|
Definition
Basic Speed = 70 - 80 miles/hour
Unnoticeable = < 50 feet/minute
Pleasant = 50 - 100 feet/minute
Pleasant *and* noticeable = 100 - 200 feet/minute
Drafty = 200 - 300 feet/minute
Uncomfortable = + 300 feet/minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure varies as the square of velocity (if velocity doubles, pressure quadruples) |
|
|
Term
Noise
Sleeping, studying, whispering
Conversation, comfort
Safety Threshold
Rock Band |
|
Definition
Smallest Difference in 2 sounds the human ear can detect is 1 db
Each increase of 10 decibels the human ear perceives as 10x loud.
Sleeping, studying, whispering = 30 db
Conversation, comfort = 50 - 60 db
Safety Threshold = 85 db
Rock Band = 90 - 100 db |
|
|
Term
Sound blocking
trees
freeways
wind
walls |
|
Definition
Trees thin out high frequency noises
On freeways, doubling the distance between source and ear reduce level by 3 decibels
Winds add “white noise” that blurs any one sound frequency.
Walls close to a noise source reduce high frequency, but midway between the source and the ear does nothing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (all rural, natural ecologies or all urban, man made ecologies) tend to be unstable. Need harmony between natural and human activities. |
|
|
Term
| Building Orientation - How to |
|
Definition
• Place important spaces and windows at southeast corner of the site, it will get more sun in the winter and less in the summer
• Place windows on the south side to get winter sun into the space
• Use architectural overhangs/fins/louvers and to some extent deciduous vegetation to block solar rays in the summer
• Use few windows on the east and west sides of buildings because of morning and
late afternoon sun.
• If unavoidable, use vertical fins to block solar rays.
• Use northern windows for even daylight throughout the day |
|
|
Term
| Heat Transmission - How to |
|
Definition
• In northern latitudes, heat transmission through walls is critical
• In southern latitudes, heat transmission through roof is critical |
|
|
Term
| Wind - How to design plazas |
|
Definition
| • Design plazas at ground level, or open first floors, cautiously as they can be windy due to windbreaks (where part of the wind goes up and over and part goes down) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a space with definable boundaries and objects where typical pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time (e.g. Tossing a scarf during the national anthem at
Jeld-Wen Field during a Timbers match) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systematic record taking about members of a population. Began in 1790 and occurs every 10 years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Statistical study of human populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of people per unit area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actual number of people in a given location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavioral system where person/group lays claim to an area and defends it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grouping of people arranged in a way that each can have privacy from others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Densities are calculated as net or gross values. Net values do not include streets. |
|
|
Term
| Low v. High Population Density |
|
Definition
Lower densities (suburbs) have high utility rates and are dependent on the automobile
30 People Per Acre (or 1 person per 1,452 sf)
• Density required for public transportation to be effective/efficient.
• High for suburban America, but typical for European towns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Detached Single Family: private, one-family per building, height varies depending on style and location
Two Family Houses/Duplex: private, one-family per unit, two families per building, height varies depending on style and location, more affordable than detached single family buildings
Row Houses: private, one family per unit, multiple families per building, typically two stories with a basement and 20’-0”- 35’-0” wide. Sound is a problem with shared walls on either side
Walk-Up Apartment: semi-private, multiple families per building, with shared exterior circulation stairs to units, typically three stories tall, with neighboring units adjacent and above/below
High Rise: semi-private, multiple families per floor in multi floor building, shared exterior, lobby, elevator, and circulation space. Least amount of implied ownership. Works well for elderly residential complexes, not so much for low-income families. |
|
|
Term
| Housing Patterns - Street Front Pattern |
|
Definition
| linear with houses lining the street |
|
|
Term
| Housing Patterns - End On Pattern |
|
Definition
| rows of units on small streets at right angles to the street |
|
|
Term
| Housing Patterns - Court Pattern |
|
Definition
| units face a common open space |
|
|
Term
| Housing Patterns - Cluster Development |
|
Definition
| dwellings are clustered, open space is common |
|
|
Term
| Housing Patterns - Planned Urban Development (PUD) |
|
Definition
| large developments used to reintroduce diversity to a neighborhood an mimic cluster development. Typically phased and contains a mixture of uses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed by Oscar Newman. In residential communities (typically low income) crime and problems can be controlled not by force, but by environmental design and a sense of ownership instilled in residents. |
|
|
Term
| Defensible Space - 4 key factors |
|
Definition
TerritorialityNatural
Surveillance
Image
Milieu/Environment |
|
|
Term
| Defensible Space - Territoriality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defensible Space - Natural Surveillance |
|
Definition
| residents’ ability to see what’s happening in the neighborhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical design that instills a sense of security |
|
|
Term
| Defensible Space - Milieu/Environment |
|
Definition
surrounding amenities that affect security (proximity to police/city
center/drugs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
developed by Edward Hall. The area around a person that they consider psychologically to be “theirs”. Also known as a personal bubble
Each person has two social worlds they live in, primary and secondary, these are interdependent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Intimate Space
• Personal Space
• Social Space
• Public Space |
|
|
Term
| Personal Space - Intimate Space |
|
Definition
| 1’-6” radius around person |
|
|
Term
| Personal Space - Personal Space |
|
Definition
| 4’-0” radius around person |
|
|
Term
| Personal Space - Social Space |
|
Definition
| 12’-0” radius around person |
|
|
Term
| Personal Space - Public Space |
|
Definition
| 25’-0” radius around person |
|
|
Term
| Personal Space - Primary world |
|
Definition
Intimate social interactions where a person develops as an individual. Friends and family are in this cluster.
Design for primary and secondary clusters is critical for successful communities. |
|
|
Term
| Personal Space - Secondary world |
|
Definition
less intimate and more specialized, where a person finds and develops their place in society. Work friends, hobby groups, clubs are in this cluster.
Design for primary and secondary clusters is critical for successful communities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Naturally occurring mineral found throughout the world
• Asbestos was originally used for spray fireproofing, sound proofing, pipe insulation, floor/ ceiling tiles, mastic, etc.
• EPA banned spray application of asbestos containing fireproofing materials in 1973
• Laboratory analysis is the only way to positively identify asbestos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asbestos Containing Materials
regulated by EPA/OSHA/State/Local Agencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Permissible Exposure Limit
Standard that sets the number of asbestos fibers a
worker can be exposed to. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an EPA regulation that dictates requirement of ACM removal before remodel/demo in order to prevent significant asbestos release into the air. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an EPA regulation that handles asbestos found in K-12 schools, and requires that all facilities be inspected to determine the presence and amount of asbestos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| designed to protect workers who handle ACM and other hazardous materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
toxic material once used in paint and other household products, found in air from industrial sources, and in drinking water from plumbing materials.
• Typically lead based paint that is in good condition is not a hazard
• Children under 6 are at the greatest risk for lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
| Three most common types of asbestos found in buildings |
|
Definition
• Chrysotile: white asbestos, accounts for about 95% of asbestos found
• Amosite: brown asbestos
• Crocidolite: blue asbestos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Owner is responsible for cost to identify and remove asbestos.
• Removal is less of a concern if no children will be living in the building |
|
|
Term
| Health Hazards from Asbestos exposure |
|
Definition
• Asbestosis: non cancerous chronic respiratory disease caused by accumulation of asbestos fibers in the lungs
• Cancer of Lung, Stomach, and/or Colon
• Mesothelioma: rare cancer in the thin membrane lining the chest and abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Most common sources for lead poisoning |
|
Definition
Breathing or swallowing the following:
• Deteriorating lead based paint
• Lead contaminated dust
• Lead contaminated residential soil |
|
|
Term
Health Hazards from Lead exposure
Adults
Children |
|
Definition
Adults:
• Reproductive Problems
• High blood pressure
• Nerve disorders
• Memory/concentration problems
• Muscle/joint pain
Children:
• Damage to brain and nervous system
• Behavioral and learning problems (e.g. Hyperactivity)
• Slowed growth
• Hearing Problems
• Headaches |
|
|
Term
| Methods to minimize/contain asbestos fibers during removal |
|
Definition
• Wet methods
• HEPA vacuuming
• Area isolation
• Use of Personal Protective Equipment
• Avoid sawing, sanding and drilling |
|
|
Term
| Methods to minimize/contain lead during removal |
|
Definition
• If disturbing more than 6 sf of lead paint in homes, child care facilities, or a school built before 1978, the work must be done by contractors certified by the EPA to follow
procedures for safe removal
• Contain work area
• Minimize dust
• Clean up thoroughly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the two major streets in a Roman town, perpendicular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collector/distributor road into a shopping center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Japanese landscape technique to visually extend the foreground into the distance and surrounding context and blend new construction into it to blend the 3 together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| renaissance concept where a whole is divided so that the smaller part has the same relationship to the larger part, as the larger part has to the whole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a line, connected by a transportation spine, and used when major circulation occurs between two points. Lacks a focus or center, and can be congested. Typically not used when limited by the availability of land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extensive linear arrangement of cities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dispersed activities likely with no center or core. Growth happens in any and all directions, and is flexible efficient, and economical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
several sub centers connected to each other
• Finger plan: development occurs along transportation routes
• Cluster/satellite plan: varying center of activities
• Satellite pattern: like cluster, but with a distinct center (old city center) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensive urban area with out focal point, routes, or forms (aka sprawl) |
|
|
Term
| Standard Design Principles - Hotels |
|
Definition
• Separate public and private spaces from service areas/back of house function
• Services spaces should be available on each floor
• Unit of measure is the bed size, rooms should be sized accordingly (e.g.: a room with
a king bed should be proportionally larger than one with a full bed)
• Typical US room size = 12’-6” x 20’-0” |
|
|
Term
| Standard Design Principles - Suburban Shopping Centers |
|
Definition
• Convenient and easy to access by both automobile and public transportation.
• Typically car-centric, and not pedestrian friendly
• Street Mall = 800’ long (that’s 4 Portland city blocks long!!) with each store given
about 20’-30’ of frontage and 120-140’ depth.
• A mix of tenants, shopping, food, and services (dry cleaners, banks, etc)
• Allow 2x parking per building size (1,000 sf building = 2,000 sf parking) |
|
|
Term
| Standard Design Principles - Schools |
|
Definition
• Separate noisy spaces (gym, cafeteria, commons) from quiet spaces (classrooms)
• Design to mimic surrounding neighborhood character
• Address visibility, acoustics, temperature, human scale (kid sized vs teacher sized),
comfort, stimulation, and security
• Design for teaching type (private classrooms, team teaching, open plan, etc.)
• Standard classrooms = 800 - 1,000 sf |
|
|
Term
| Standard Design Principles - Churches |
|
Definition
• Form is determined by ritual, standards, and history. (e.g. cathedral vs mosque)
• Address sight lines, acoustics, procession, seating, existing congregation size and
projected growth
• Historical (pre ecumenical) organization was axial while contemporary organization is
more rectangular/circular allowing for intimacy and unity. |
|
|
Term
| Standard Design Principles - Theaters |
|
Definition
• Stage dimensions, seating and site lines vary with theater type and performance.
• Types of stages include proscenium (most common, audience in front of stage),
theater in the round (audience on all sides), thrust stage (audience on three sides)
• Optimum depth of seating is 4-5x the stage width
• Maintain a 30° viewing angle from the front row to the stage |
|
|
Term
| Standard Design Principles - Hospitals |
|
Definition
• Highly specialized and complex building type
• Standard single patient rooms are 150 sf and double rooms are 200 sf (they share
bathroom and lavatory)
• Nurse stations should monitor 25 - 35 beds and be centrally located |
|
|
Term
| Standard Design Principles - Parking |
|
Definition
• Most efficient layout are 90° perpendicular spaces, which allow for the maximum amount of spaces and two way traffic
• The cheapest parking to build is an outdoor lot, then a parking structure, then underground parking |
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Hospital |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - College, Student Union |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Court House |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Retail Stores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Apartments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - College, Class room & Admin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Auditoriums |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Banks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Restaurant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Jails/Prisons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Office |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Department Store |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Building Efficiencies - Garage, Service |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| building organizational values |
|
Definition
• Behavioral Interests: desired spaces to perform tasks
• Circulation: ease of movement around site and building
• Health: reduce stressors (noise, crowding, sun glare, sick building syndrome)
• Adaptability: allow for future changes, modifications, and flexibility
• Cost: use regular forms, plans, and compact arrangements |
|
|
Term
| building organization factors |
|
Definition
• Site: soil conditions, topography, water, sun angles, wind, noise
• Movement Patterns: pedestrian and vehicular access and circulation, distribution of utilities (centralized or stacked for more efficiency)
• Patterns of Growth: flexible for future use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process of ensuring that systems are designed, installed, and
functionally tested for effective operation/maintenance for an owner’s operational needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systematic investigation process applied to existing buildings to improve an optimize operating/maintenance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides a tool for determining long-term costs for the total building. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
something organic (wood fiber, paper, cotton, etc.) that mold can use as an energy source. Mold cannot eat inorganic materials like concrete, brick, or gypsum
(but it loves the paper on drywall!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of heat transmission where a Low U-value has a slow heat loss or gain (brick wall) and a High U-value has a rapid heat loss or gain (window) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of thermal resistance in a component. (U-Value = 1/R-Value) and typically the opposite of an U-Value. Used to define level of insulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release it slowly at night) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average temperature that a mechanical system is designed for, either for heating (how cold it gets) or cooling (how warm it gets) |
|
|
Term
| architecture and building community annual greenhouse gas emissions |
|
Definition
| 1/2 of all US greenhouse gas emissions |
|
|
Term
| How much time do North Americans spend indoors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heat loss in glass v. heat loss in an insulated wall |
|
Definition
| Heat loss in glass = 20x greater than heat loss in an insulated wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combines the best of traditional design with updated construction technology while addressing environmental and energy crises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
careful meshing of human purpose with the larger patterns and flows of the natural world
• Consider stewardship, restorative acts, and regeneration of natural capital. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a campaign to reduce fossil fuel energy consumption by
designing efficient buildings or retrofitting existing ones through proper site design, building form, glass property/location, material selection, and passive heating/cooling/ventilation/ daylighting. |
|
|
Term
| 9 points of Sustainable Design in context |
|
Definition
• Use infill/brownfield sites: reduce development on pristine habitat or farmland
• Retain/restore waterways on or near the site
• Use native or adapted plants that don’t require maintenance and restore biodiversity
• Plant trees to reduce heat island effect/offset carbon dioxide from building emissions
• Use vegetated roofs to reduce amount of stormwater runoff, impervious surface area,
and heat island effect. Also has a longer lifespan than a conventional membrane
roofing system and lower overall maintenance cost
• Use swales/storage basins to reduce storm water runoff
• Avoid petroleum based fertilizers
• Respect natural habitat/local species (be wary of noise, light pollution) |
|
|
Term
| Climate specific design in - Hot & Dry |
|
Definition
minimize sun exposure and effects of wind. Use small windows. Optimize thermal mass for large temperature swing during the day, and closely cluster buildings
for the shade the offer each other. |
|
|
Term
| Climate specific design in - Hot & Humid |
|
Definition
| minimize sun exposure, maximize natural ventilation. Use lightweight construction to minimize radiation of heat and space buildings far apart for breezes |
|
|
Term
| Climate specific design in - Temperate |
|
Definition
maximize solar gain in the winter, minimize in the summer. Maximize breezes in the summer, minimize in the winter. Take advantage of daylighting
opportunities |
|
|
Term
| Climate specific design in - Cold |
|
Definition
| orient buildings/openings for maximum protection from cold winds and use small windows/compact shapes to minimize heat loss. Use south facing windows to maximize solar gains. |
|
|
Term
| Creating Healthy Indoor Environments |
|
Definition
• Ample daylight and proper ventilation lead to greater satisfaction, more comfort, and increased productivity.
• Supply fresh outdoor air, use passive ventilation or “Mixed-mode” systems in larger buildings that supply a mix of fresh/mechanical air.
• Offer natural light and views to the outdoors with windows, skylights, light shelves, and the use of light colors
• Control temperature and humidity with passive and mechanical technologies that are individually controlled by occupants.
• Prevent moisture build up. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Reduce potable water use in irrigation and fixtures by using drip-irrigation or low-flow/graywater appliances
• Use local vegetation that requires minimal or no irrigation • Compost
• Catch rainwater for flushing fixtures, irrigation
• Treat backwater through an on site living machine so it can be reused
• Use few impermeable surfaces |
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Term
| Ways to Use environmentally preferable building materials |
|
Definition
• Build to the size that is needed and no larger
• Use materials/systems engineered for maximum efficiency
• Use durable materials that last longer and with fewer maintenance resources
• Avoid irreplaceable/engaged resources
• Use renewable/well managed resources
• Use recycled/recyclable resources and avoid anything that’s toxic
• Avoid materials that general pollution during manufacturing, building, use, or disposal
• Use materials with low embodied energy (how much fossil fuel was used to make it?)
• Use materials the help conserve energy (thermal mass for energy, light reflective surfaces, radiant barriers, insulation) |
|
|
Term
| Sustainable Plan for the long term |
|
Definition
• Maximize ecological, social, and economic value over time.
• Build buildings to last
• Design for adaptability to accommodate future changes in program and use
• Design for versatility to accommodate future changes in technology
• Design for durability by using materials, construction methods and structural systems that will withstand weather, long term use, and catastrophic events. |
|
|
Term
| Ways to change methods based on wisdom and user feedback |
|
Definition
• Postoccupancy surveys
• Install equipment to monitor building performance
• Design smaller/simpler buildings with accessible systems and short feeback loops
• Develop a common language of building metrics understood by designers and users (e.g. This building gets xx miles per gallon)
• Develop and share case studies. Don’t hog work, ideas, and findings!! |
|
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Term
Christopher Wren
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Royal Architect
English Baroque
London, England
- Masterplan for London after Great Fire of 1666 (not used) - St. Paul’s Cathedral in 1710
- Designed 52 London churches |
|
|
Term
Kevin Lynch
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Urban Planner
1950s/1960s
New England, USA
- Studied under FLW at Taliesin/Professor at MIT - Coined “imageability” and “wayfinding”
Wrote The Image of the City how users perceive and organize space as they navigate through cities. Also known as legibility, the ease with which people understand the layout of a place based on the following:
Paths: streets, sidewalks, trails that people travel on
Edges: perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines Districts: city sections distinguished by some identity/ character Nodes: focal points, intersections
Landmarks: readily identifiable objects become reference points |
|
|
Term
Christopher Alexander
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
1970s - present
California, USA
- Wrote A Pattern Language which described a practical
architectural system in what’s called a “generative form”. It provides rules to follow but leaves aesthetic and design decisions to the architect based on the environment. Offers methods for construction of practical/safe designs for everything from regions to hardware fixtures. |
|
|
Term
Jane Jacobs
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Writer/Activist
1950/1960s
New York City, USA/Toronto, Canada
- Wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities which is a
critique of urban renewal policy of the 1950s and how they destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces. Wanted to abolish zoning laws and restore free markets in land. Wanted dense, mixed-use neighborhoods and vibrant
communities
- Frequently cited Greenwich Village as an example of a vibrant
urban community
- Coined phrase “eyes on the street” a reference to natural
surveillance by people in their neighborhood |
|
|
Term
Camillo Sitte
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
Late 1800’s
Europe
- Authority on urban construction planning/regulation in Europe
- Thought that the experience of an irregular urban structure with
big plazas and monuments was more appropriate than the
hygienic planning procedures in practice at the time.
- Wrote City Planning According to Artistic Principles which
suggested that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is much more than sum of its parts) - Planning cannot be done in two dimensions, but three.
- Believed Greek spaces like the agora (gathering place) or forum (marketplace) were good urban spaces
- Said a public square should be seen as a room and should form an enclosed space
- Churches and monuments shouldn’t be isolated, but integrated into the squares |
|
|
Term
Baron Haussmann
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Civic Planner
Mid 1800s
Paris, France
- Responsible for the plan to rebuild and “modernize” Paris under
Napoléon III
- Encompassed all aspects of urban planning, both in the city
center and in the surrounding districts.
- Cut down the Luxembourg Garden and destroyed much of the
old city with twisting streets and rundown apartments.
- Built new wide tree lined boulevards. Placed regulations on
facades/heights of buildings, public parks, sewers/waterworks,
facilities and monuments.
- Influenced by the frequency street revolutions, now streets were too broad for rebels to build barricades and military could assemble and get through |
|
|
Term
Tony Garnier
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect/City Planner
1920s
Lyon, France
- Wrote Une Cité Industrial which suggested that functions of a
city could be separated by zoning into four categories: leisure,
industry, work, and transportation
- Was developed in response to the industrial revolution
- Schools and vocational schools are placed near the industries
they’re related to, and there are no churches or government/
police buildings so man can rule himself.
- Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete
- Designed innovative building block with free standing houses
- Enormous open spaces. There are few squares or parks
- Trees are incorporated into important streets |
|
|
Term
Sir Ebenezer Howard
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Writer/Parliament Recorderkeeper
1910s
London, UK
- Wrote Garden Cities of To-morrow which describe a utopian
city where people live harmoniously with nature, the basis for the
Garden City Movement.
- “Three Magnets” pull a people are: town, country, town-country
- Suburban towns of limited size, but financially independent could be planned ahead and surrounded by a belt of agricultural land, balancing the desire for the city and the country. These cities would be connected by a ring of rail transportation and surround a large central city. |
|
|
Term
Pierre Charles L’Enfant
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect/Civil Engineer
Late 1700’s/Early 1800’s
New York, USA
- Submitted plans for the federal city in Washington DC that followed a Baroque planning elements including grand radial avenues, sight lines, ceremonial spaces, and respect of natural contours of the land. The two most important buildings on the avenues were to be the houses of Congress and the President. Visual connections would be made down avenues to ideal sites throughout the city, including buildings, monuments, and fountains
Was dismissed of his duties and city plan was awarded to surveyor Andrew Ellicott, who's revisions became the basis for the development
In 1901 a partial redesign of the capital used L’Enfant’s plans, including the development of the national mall where his largest avenue was originally intended. |
|
|
Term
Daniel Burnham
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect/Urban Planner
Late 1800s/Early 1900s
Chicago USA
- Instrumental in the development of the skyscraper, key
contributor to the Chicago School, and served as director of the
World’s Columbian Expo
- Studied under William LeBaron Jenny and opened a firm with
John Root
- Designed one of the first skyscrapers: the Masonic Temple
Building, which was 21 stories tall, and a skeleton frame
- Designed the Flatiron Building in New York and Union Station
in Washington DC
- Designed the Monadnock, Reliance Building, Rookery offices,
the general plan for the World’s Columbian Expo in Chicago
- Prepared the Plan of Chicago which laid out plans for the future
of the city which controlled growth and suggested that every
citizen should be within walking distance of a park
- Helped with McMillan Plan which led to overall design of the
national mall in Washington DC |
|
|
Term
William LeBaron Jenney
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
Late 1800s
Chicago, USA
- “The Father of the American Skyscraper”
- Designed the Home Insurance Building the first fully metal framed building, considered to be the first skyscraper (8 stories)
- Used masonry, iron, and terra cotta flooring and partitions for fireproof construction |
|
|
Term
Clarence Stein
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect/Urban Planner
Early 1900s
New York City, USA
- Major proponent of the Garden City Movement in the USA - Collaborated with Henry Wright to design Rayburn, New
Jersey a garden suburb noted for its superblock layout. There was total separation between the automobile and the pedestrian. |
|
|
Term
Lewis Mumford
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Historian/Author
1950s - 1980s
New York City, USA
- Beleved that what sets humans apart from animals is not our use
of tools, but our use of language/symbols.
- friends with Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, Edmund
Bacon
- Critical of urban sprawl and argued that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for social problems seen in western society. Argues that urban planning should emphasize organic relationships between people and their living spaces
- Said the medieval city should be the basis of the ideal city. Modern cities are too much like Roman cities (a sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse. |
|
|
Term
Frederick Law Olmstead
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Journalist/Landscape Architect
Late 1800s
New York City, USA
- “The father of Landscape Architecture”
- Famous for designing Central Park and Prospect Park as well
as many parks throughout the country |
|
|
Term
Clarence Perry
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Planner/Writer
1920s/1930s
New York City, USA
- A strong advocate of the neighborhood community and
recreation center
- Wrote The Neighborhood Theory which served as a framework
to design functional, self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities. Included the following core principles:
- No major traffic through residential areas, arterial streets should form the perimeter to define the “place” of the neighborhood
- Interior streets to use cul-de-sacs and curves for low volume traffic
- Population would be determined by the number of people needed to support one school, and would be about 160 acres with 10 families per acre.
- The school would be at the center of the neighborhood so that a child would have to walk 1/4 mile - 1/2 mile, and without crossing any major streets
- Shopping, churches, services would be placed on the edge of the neighborhood so that nonlocal traffic wouldn’t intrude on the neighborhood
- 10% of the land area would be dedicated to parks and open space for community |
|
|
Term
Patrick Geddes
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Biologist/Town Planner
Late 1800s
France
- Responsible for introducing the concept of region to architecture - Believed that by changing spatial form, it would be possible to
change the social structure as well
- Emphasized the preservation of human life and energy rather
than superficial beautification. The happiness, health, and comfort of all residents is more important than the roads and park for the rich. |
|
|
Term
Le Corbusier
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
1910s - 1950s
France
- One of the pioneers of Modern Architecture
- Distanced himself from the past, and based designs on
functionality without ornamentation
- Developed the Five Points of Architecture which included:
pilotis (reinforced concrete stilts), a free facade (non supporting walls designed however), open plan (no structure in the way), ribbon windows (for unencumbered views), and roof garden (green area consumed by the building on the ground was relocated to the roof)
- Developed The Modulor a continuation of architectural scale and proportion based off the human body, the golden ratio, fibonacci numbers, and the double unit |
|
|
Term
Louis Sullivan
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
Late 1800s/Early 1900s
Chicago, USA
- Father of the modern skyscraper, critic of the Chicago School,
mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and inspiration to the Prairie
School.
- Used steel frames with terra cotta to create tall buildings that emphasized verticality
- Believed that the exterior of a building should reflect its inter structure and function. Ornamentation must be derived from nature rather than classical architecture of the past |
|
|
Term
Frank Lloyd Wright
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
Early 1900s
Chicago, USA
- Leader of the Prairie School, and emphasized structures built in
harmony with humanity and its environment, notably seen in Fallingwater. |
|
|
Term
Buckminister Fuller
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect/Engineer/Inventor
Mid 1900s
Los Angeles, USA
- Developed the geodesic dome, and futuristic prototype housing |
|
|
Term
Walter Gropius
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
1910s-1950s
Germany/Boston, USA
- Founder of the Bauhaus School, pioneer of modern
architecture, and the International Style.
- emphasized the gesamtkunstwerk or total work of art |
|
|
Term
Ludwig Hilbersimer
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect/Urban Planner
1920s-1950s
Germany/Chicago, USA
- Taught at the Bauhaus
- Wrote City Plan which emphasized street hierarchy including
safety for children to walk to walk to school while increasing the
speed of vehicular circulation
- Developed studies for the new town center which was a
dissolution of major cities and a complete penetration of
landscape and settlement
- In order to create a sustainable relationship between human industry, and nature, human habitation should be built in a way to secure people against disaster and crisis |
|
|
Term
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
1920s-1950s
Germany/Chicago, USA
- Pioneer of modern architecture,
- “Less is more” and “God is in the details”
- Sought a rational approach that would guide architecture through
a creative process |
|
|
Term
Charles McKim
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
Late 1800s
Germany/Boston, USA
- Member of McKim, Mead, and White bringing beaux-arts architecture to America. Notable buildings include Boston
" Public Library, Penn Station, New York Herald Building |
|
|
Term
Phillip Johnson
Title
Era
Location
Significance |
|
Definition
Architect
1940s - 2000s
New England
- Modern architect that worked in simple materials and glass.
- Notable buildings include the Glass House and The Seagram Building |
|
|
Term
Piazza Saint Peter
By:
Dates/Era:
Location:
Significance: |
|
Definition
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
1650s - 1660s
Rome
- Designed so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing
- Used doric columns so not to complete with the palace-like faced by Carlo Maderno, but done at such a huge scale to evoke emotions of awe |
|
|
Term
| World’s Columbian Exposition |
|
Definition
Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmstead
1893
Chicago, USA
- Celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus’ arrival - The prototype of what they thought a city should be
- Showed desirable results could be achieved through organized efforts
- Designed to follow Beaux Arts principles and French neoclassical architecture based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. |
|
|
Term
| Savannah, Georgia City Plan |
|
Definition
James Edward Oglethorpe
1770s
Georgia
- first colonial town laid out on a grid system
- groups of 40 houses are bound by major streets and each section has a public square |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
William Penn
1690s
Pennsylvania, USA
- an early attempt at a “pre planned” utopian city based on a grid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ebenezer Howard
1903
Hertfordshire, England
- the world’s first Garden City |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ebenezer Howard
1920
Hertfordshire, England
- the second Garden City and one of the first New Towns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clarence Stein
1928
New Jersey, USA
- first Garden City plan in the USA. It took on planning for
pedestrians and automobiles, by the use of underpasses to allow pedestrians to pass under automobiles. Only 1 underpass was constructed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Robert Simon
1964
Virginia, USA
- Influenced by the Radburn plan. It was the first modern post-war
planned community, and features a series of underpasses that promote travel on foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rev. W. Goodwin/John D. Rockefeller
1920s/1930s
Virginia, USA
- Part of the city was acquired and restored/preserved/
reconstructed to become the Colonial Williamsburg foundation |
|
|
Term
| Charleston, South Carolina |
|
Definition
-
1931
South Carolina, USA
- First city in the USA to establish a “historic district” as a response
to the growing number of aging buildings from theft, demolition, and neglect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
900s - end of 1100’s
Medieval Europe
- Round headed arches, arcades, symbolism, sometimes
squished elements to fit into tight spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1100s - 1300s
Europe
- Popular for religious structures, and featured the development of
the pointed arch, buttressing, and ribbed vaults.
- allowed for thinner walls, larger glass windows, and vaults to be constructed over bays that were square/rectangular/odd shaped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Late 1760s- 1790s
England/Colonial America, USA
- General buildings were 5 bays with 2 stories and a central door,
a double gambrel roof, quoining, heavy detailing (molding profile, keystone) thick chimney, 12 over 12 windows that were small compared to the building mass, and mutule blocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1790s - 1820s USA
- Style that originated from Pompeii.
- Delicate detail & ornamentation, 12 over 12 windows, circulate
window in pediment, pilasters that create arcade, splayed/point lintel, finely carved moldings, fan/transom lights around doorway, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1840s - 1860s
USA
- Looks like a temple with chunky details, arched columnist with correct proportions, full pediment, correct entablature (cornice, freeze, architrave), 6 over 6 windows, squared lintel, earlier examples have lower pitched roof
- Facades were in antis (two columns and two pilasters on facade) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1850s - 1860s
England (never took off in US)
- sought to revive medieval forms in contrast to the neoclassical/
beaux arts styles prevalent at the time. Associated w/churches - steep pitch roof, painted arches, verge board, wall dormers,
irregular “L” shaped plan, flat buttressing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1865 - 1880
England/Northern Europe/US
- Modeled on 16th century Italian renaissance architecture with
picturesque aesthetics.
- very tall/elongated feeling with irregular or symmetrical plan, 2
over 2 long narrow windows, paired bracket, cupola, corner quoining, squared columns with chamfered corners, cast iron details, heavy hood moldings, multiple story bay windows, shallow dormers and narrow double leaf doors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1870s - 1880’s
USA
- Exactly like Italianate but with mansard roofs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Late 1880s
USA/New England
- Closely related to masonry, mimics the shape of stone, has
shingles used as membrane, cavernous openings in gable are emphasized, as well as the overall volume of the building instead of details, gambrel roofs have curve edges, and shingles curve around corners and protrusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1880s
USA
- developed by H.H. Richardson, and basically a masonry version
of the Shingle Style |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1880s - 1900s
USA
- Hybrid with Shingle Style that emphases many wild colors,
scalloped shingles, gable screens (combined verge board) turrets/towers, irregular floor plan, clapboard siding, starburst motifs, weathervanes/finials, 1 over 1 windows typical, cube/ pyramid roof, slate wallhangings/roof, chamfered bays, oriel windows, big windows with little on top
- Heavy, big proportions, with roundheaded arches, belt courses, different color stones, and ornamentation in sandstone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1890s - 1930s
USA
- A building type that can be applied to any style.
- typically a cube, with a door and window on first floor and two
windows on the second floor, and a hipped roof |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1890s - 1930s
USA
- Excessive in every way, classical columns, 8 over 8 sash
windows or any # over 1 windows, blown out of scale details, swans neck pediments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1890s - 1920s
USA
- Low and wide projections that emphasize horizontality, broad
eves, stucco facades, windows and doors tucked under eaves
for privacy.
- Typically associated with Frank Lloyd Wright |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1913 - 1920s
USA
- Low, small and modest construction that has a Japanese
influence with square battered columns, exposed rafter tails, and emphasis of craftsmanship in design (clinkerbrick!) wide eaves, ideas borrowed from single style, and considered a dignified middle class home |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1929
USA
- Vertical/stripped down gothic that seems to go on forever to the
sky, any ornamentation is replaced with mechanics, and alludes to speed and industry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1920s
Western Europe
- An effort to industrialize craft traditions, which led to the
Bauhaus school led by Gopius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1790s - 1860s
UK/Western Europe/USA
- Transition from manual labor to machine based manufacturing
beginning with textile industries, and the increased use of coal.
Cities became dirty, unsafe places.
- Prompted a reform movement that lead to many ideas about
planning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1785
USA
- Started the rectangle survey system of the United States that
reinforced the idea of grid planning that began with Penn’s plan for Philadelphia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1670s - 1960s
Europe and the US (1880 - 1920)
- Academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the Ecole des
Beaux-Arts in Paris.
- Slightly over scale details, bold sculpture, deep cornices, swags,
flat roof, hierarchy of spaces (from grand staircases to small utilitarian services), arched windows, arched/pedimented doors, classical details, symmetry, sculpture, murals, and coordinated artwork
- In the US, the “White City” of the World’s Columbian Expo was an example of the movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1890s - 1900s
United States (Chicago, Detroit, DC)
- Progressive architecture and urban planning movement with the
intent of using beatification and monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the moral decay of poverty stricken urban environments.
- It wasn’t beauty for beauty’s sake, but for social control and improvement of the lives of the inner-city poor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1980s - present
United States
- Reform all aspects of development and urban planning (from urban remodels to suburban infill) to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs and be walkable.
- Ahwahnee Principles were developed by Duany, Platter-
Zebeck, Calthorpe, and others as a set of community principles for land use planning that reduce traffic congestion, increase the supply of affordable housing, and rein in urban sprawl. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
created by Hippodamus in 400 BC were the first urban planned cities. They used a rectilinear grid pattern with a large central area which became the agora, the
center of the city an the society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attributed to Vitruvius in 30s BC were rectilinear grid patter enclosed in walled city, and built off of two main streets the cardus and decumanus. Towns were either for commerce or military. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically built between 1100s-1350s and had no geometry or grid, but were walled for defense. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically built between 1300s-1600s, had a town square that was the focus, and cities were often star shaped, and built off of medieval plans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically built between 1600s - 1900s as a growth of the Renaissance. Used boulevards and avenues to connect various parts and expand the city. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Land was first owned communally. In England, land was owned by the King and was given to people in return for their loyalty, support, or military service
• Primogeniture: land was passed from father to eldest son
• Fee Simple: land could be transferred and used however the owner pleased
• Homestead Act: 160 acres was free and transferred to private ownership provided a
person built a house and lived on the land for five years. |
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