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| A reward that occurs after some, but not all, occurences of behavior |
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| Behaviorist see people as controlled absolutely by their ___ |
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| the concept that after the repeated pairing of an unconditioned simulus that elicits an unconditioned response and a neutral stimulus, the previously neutral stimulus can come to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus |
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| the tendacy for a similar stimuli to evoke the same response |
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| the concept that a conditioned response will not occur for all possible stimuli, indicating that an animal can learn to tell the difference between different stimuli |
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| the process by which the frequency of the organism's producing a response gradually decreases when the response behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcement. |
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| The learning approach to psychology introduced by John Watson that emphasizes the study of observable behavior |
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| Systematic Desensitization |
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| Gradually exstinguishing a phobia by causing the feared stimulus to become dissociated from the fear response |
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| An event that strengthens a behavior and increases the likelihood of repeating the behavior in the future. |
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| Edward Thorndike's concept that the consequence of a behavior will either strengthen or weaken the behavior; that is, when a response follows a stimulus and results in satisfaction for the organism, this strengthens the connections between stimulus and response; however, if the response results in discomfort or pain, the connection is weakened. |
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| The changing of a behavior by manipulating its consequences |
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| The process in which undifferentiated operant behaviors are gradually changed or shaped into a desired behavior pattern by the reinforcement of successive approximations, so that the behavior more and more resembles the target behavior |
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| A enclosure in which an experimenter can shape the behavior of an animal by controlling reinforcement and accurately measuring the responses of the animal |
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| An aversive event that ends if a behavior is performed, making it more likely for that behavior to be performed in the future. |
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| The belief that all human behavior is caused and that humans have no free will |
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| In learning theory, simple associations between a stimulus and a response |
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| A fundamental innate motivator of behavior, specifically hunger, thirst, sex, or pain |
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| A theory that proposes that habits are built up in terms of a hierarchy of secondary drives |
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| In social learning theory, a learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will produce particular responses in particular situations |
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| In social learning theory, drives that are learned by association with the satisfaction of primary drives |
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| Approach-Avoidance conflict |
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| A term used by Dollard and Miller to describe a conflict between primary and secondary drives that occurs when a punishment results in the conditioning of a fear response to a drive |
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| Approach-Approach conflict |
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| A term used by Dollar and Miller to decribe a conflict in which a person is drawn to two equally attractive forces. |
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| Avoidance-Avoidance conflict |
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| A term used by Dollard and Miller to describe a conflict in which a person is faced with two equally undesirable choices |
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| Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
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| The theory that aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating, a person's efforts to attain a goal |
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| Assessing personality by examining the frequency with which a person performs certain observable actions |
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| What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? |
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Classical:
-unconditioned stimulas-> unconditioned response
-unconditioned stimulus + Neutral stimulus
-conditioned stimulus-> conditioned response
Operant:
-A response or behavior recieves either a reinforcement or punishment
-the behavior will be strenghtened by reinforcement or weakened by punishment |
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| How does extinction occur in classical conditioning? |
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Definition
-The conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
-over time, the conditioned stimulus stops eliciting the conditioned response |
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| How does extinction occur in operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| The operant behavior stops being maintained by reinforcement |
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| Give an example of "negative reinforcement" |
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Definition
| Turning off the alarm clock is negatively reinforced by the removal of the alarm sound, so the behavior of turning off the alarm is more likely to be repeated in the future |
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| A behavior is reinforced (rewarded) with the removal of an ___ stimulus |
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distinguish negative reinforcement from punishment
-punishment ___ behavior
-reinforcement ___ a behavior
-reinforcement and punishment are defined by their effect on behavior |
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Definition
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| What was thorndike's Law of effect? |
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Definition
| The consequence of the behavior will either strengthen or weaken the behavior. that is whether or not the behavior will be repeated |
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How does shaping work?
-part of ___ conditioning
-operant behaviors are often changed or shaped into a desired pattern of behavior by the ___ of successive approximations until the target behavior is achieved. |
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operant; reinforcement
the previous approximations are placed on extinction while the new behavior is reinforced. (creates a more complex behavior that wouldnt have occured naturally in the subject) |
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| How does learning theory define habits? |
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Habit: A simple association between a stmulus and a response.
(see CLARK HULL) |
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What would be considered a primary drive?
defined as: |
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hunger
thirst
sex
avoidance of pain
A fundamental innate motivator of behavior |
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| What kind of drive is money? |
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secondary drive
-in social learning theory, these drives are learned through their associations with primary drives.
that is, people associate the drive for money (secondary) with the primary hunger drive (or sex or thirst or safety) |
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What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
-___ is the result of interference with an individuals ability to satisfy their drives
-Frustration leads to aggression; aggression therefore can be __ or __ |
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| aggression; learned or unlearned |
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