Term
|
Definition
| Harry stack Sullivan's idea, derived from the sociological concept of the social self, that a preadolescent's chums serve as a social mirror for forming his or her identity |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal theory of psychology |
|
Definition
| Harry Stack Sullivan's approach to personality that focuses on the recurring social situations faced by an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| George Herbert Mead's idea that who we are and how we think of ourselves arise from our interactions with those around us; also, having an identity in a social world |
|
|
Term
| Illusion of individuality |
|
Definition
| According to harry Stack Sullivan, the idea that a person has a single, fixed personality is just an illusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According the Henry Murray, sets of dynamic influences with feedback |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Henry Murray's term for his theory of personality that emphasizes the richness of the life of each person and the dynamic nature of the individual as a complex organism responding to a specific environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The push of the situation emphasized in Henry Murray's approach to personality; it is a directional force on a person that arises from other people and events in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According the Henry Murray, a combination of needs and presses typical for the individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dan P. McAdams's approach to personality that involves studying motivations through biographies in order to understand the full life context of the whole person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The need to share oneself with others in intimate ways as studied by Dan P. McAdams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specific aspect of self-control that occurs when an individual chooses to forgo an immediate reinforcer in order to wait for a later, better reinforcer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Walter Mischel, individual differences in the meanings people give to stimuli and reinforcement that are learned during experiences with situations and their rewards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According the Walter Mischel, a person's abilities and knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Walter Mischel, the schemas and mechanisms one uses to process and encode information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Walter Mischel, a personality variable encompassing a persons outcome expectancies and self-efficacy expectancies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Walter Mischel, a personality variable encompassing our intentions for our actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Walter Mischel, the set of situation-behavior relationships that are typical of an individual and that contribute to the apparent consistency of an individual's personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theories that examine the ways in which individuals draw inference about other people's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Seymour Epstein, the averaging of behaviors across situations (or over time), to improve the reliability of behavior assessments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain cells that react (fire) in the same way both when a person (or animal) acts and when that person (or animal) sees another person act in the same way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Jack Block, the close, comprehensive, systematic, objective, sustained study of individuals over significant portions of the life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term used to describe people who are calm, socially at ease, insightful, and not anxious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Approach to personality by Avshalom Caspi that emphasizes that patterns of behavior change as a function of age, culture, social groups, life events, and so forth, as well as because of internal drives, motives, and traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of personality to remain stable over time through consistency of interpretations, environments, and reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using early measures to predict later outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which individuals are likely to respond appropriately in a given situation, as a function of their prior experiences with that situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point during development when an organism is optimally ready to learn a particular response pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term used by ethologist to describe a type of learning that occurs at a particular early point in an organism's life and cannot be changed later on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An arrangement of two basic dimensions of social interaction that shows the circular pattern of the combined characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An individual's level of psychological maturity |
|
|
Term
INTERACTIONIST APPROACH
quick analogy |
|
Definition
| humans as an ongoing dialogue between self and environment |
|
|
Term
INTERACTIONIST APPROACH
advantages |
|
Definition
-emphasizes interpersonal influences
-can draw on best aspects of other approaches
-understands that we are different selves in different situations
-often studies personality across time |
|
|
Term
INTERACTIONIST APPROACH
limits |
|
Definition
-difficult to define situations
-may overlook biological influences
-extreme positions can fail to take into account the complexity of the relationship between personality, behavior, and the situation |
|
|
Term
INTERACTIONIST APPROACH
view of free will |
|
Definition
| free will exists but only to a limited degree |
|
|
Term
INTERACTIONIST APPROACH
common assessment techniques |
|
Definition
| observation and empirical testing of cross-situational consistency, classifying situations, self-report tests, projective tests, biographical study, longitudinal study |
|
|
Term
INTERACTIONIST APPROACH
implications for therapy |
|
Definition
| personality can change slowly over time, as a person seeks out and influences situations and as situations in turn interact with the person's characteristics |
|
|
