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PPA CV
Cardiovascular
164
Biochemistry
Graduate
10/24/2016

Additional Biochemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Muscular Dystrophy

[image]

Definition

-Genetic DIsease

-1/3500 males

-Progressive muscle degeneration(cardiac &skel)

-Due to absence of COSTAMERES

[Poor balance, diff. walking, freq falls,droopy eyes]

Term

Multiple Sclerosis

[image]

Definition

-Autoimmune Disease attacks myelin sheath around nerves

-3x more common in women

-less prevalent in tropical than temperate climates

[muscle weakness/spasms,difficulty moving]

Term

Myasthenia Gravis

[image]

Definition

-AUtoimmune disorder (1/7500 Americans)

-flattened post junctional folds

-damage to postsynaptic membrane

[facial weakness & difficulty chewing, limb weakness,repiratory difficulty]

Term

Malignant Hyperthermia

[image]

Definition

-RAre genetic disorder

-mutated RYANODINE RECEPTOR

-treat with Dantrolene IV

[massive muscle conrtraction, rapid rise in body temperature]

Term

Underlying pathologies of

 

 

HTN

Definition

-alterations of flow

 

-atherosclerosis

 

-hyperlipidemia

Term

3 complications of 

 

HTN

 

[image]

Definition

-Increased wrk of heart [HF, Arrythmias]

 

-Dec. flow to kidneys [renal failure]

 

-Dec. flow to brain [dementia, stroke]

Term

CV-Renal drugs acoount for

 

[image]

Definition

29/100 most prescribed drugs

 

 

[ex: lisinopril,valsartan, metoprolol, amlodipine, HCTZ]

Term

Cv provides flow to tissues. Tissues need flow for delivery

 

FLOW is

1. directly related to

 

2. inversely related to 

Definition

1. Blood Pressure on the input (arterial) side

 

2. Resistance to flow (WITHIN THE TISSUE,based on arteriole constriction)

[image]

Term
Blood vessels are resistors and arterioles can control resistance theough ______ and ________
Definition

1. Dilation 

 

2. Constriction

Term
Cardiac Output is about_________ for a 70 kg pt
Definition
5ml/min
Term

BP = CO x TPR

 

[image]

Definition
Blood pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
Term
CO (Cardiac Output)= ???
Definition

CO = HR x SV   (Controlled by ANS)

[image]

Term

CO (Cardiac Output)= ???

 

 

[depends on contraction,relaxation]

Definition

CO = HR x SV   (Controlled by ANS)

[image]

Term
If pressure(arterial) or volume increases
Definition

Work increases

[against art. press.]

Term
How do you inc flow?
Definition

1. inc radius

 

2. inc P (in artery)

 

3. decrease R (arterial)

Term

Arterial pressure

 

{Delta}P = Q(output) x R(resistance)

 

 

Definition

Arterial resistance R =

[larger radius = less resistance]

[image]

Term

Vein (compliance/floppiness)

 

eq?

[image]

Definition

C = {delta}V/{delta}P

 

compliance = volume/ pressure

Term

Flow to Kidney 

 

Q = {delta}P/R

 

Definition

To inc flow 

inc P in artery or dec R in arteriole

 

[image]

Term

If R to 1 organ inc then flow to that organ _______

 

Flow to other organs _____________

Definition

1. decreases

 

2. increases 

 

(inc R to GI=dec flow to GI=inc BP=inc Flow to brain) 

[Flow to tissue = BP/R]

Term

Firing Rates

SA:, AV:, Purkinje:

[image]

Definition

SA:60-100/min [-50 to-60mV resting]

 

AV: 50-60/min

 

Purkinje:30-40/min [-90mV resting]

 

 

Term

What do we call Cells outside SA(sinoatrial node)?

 

[image]

Definition

Latent pacemakers

 

GENERATE ESCAPE(AV node or purkinje fibers)

OR ECTOPIC BEATS (ventricular walls)

Term

Internodal pathway:

 

Bachmann bundle:

 

AV: 

 

Bundle of his:

Bundle branches:

 

Purkinje fibers:

Definition

Internodal pathway:SA to AV

 

Bachmann bundle:SA to LA

 

AV:delays, secondary pacemaker

 

Bundle of his:large fibers

Bundle branches:in septum

 

Purkinje fibers:impulse spreads rapidly over ventricles

Term

Whats happening?

[image]

Definition

4: beginning resting potential [Na+ leak into cell]

 

0: Beginning of action potential [Ca2+ in]

 

3: K+ efflux (out)

 

NA CA K

Term

What's Happening?

 

Ventricular Muscle Phases

[image]

Definition

0: Na+ entry triggers depolarization

 

1: Transient K+ efflux (TMP to 0mV)

 

2: Na+ causes K+ out (plateau)

large amount Ca2+ in [L-TYPE!!!!Ca2+ channels open long time]

 

3: K+ efflux more than outgoing Na+

 

4: Back to rest [Na+ & Ca2+ close, Open K+]

 

 

Term

Funny Channels (If) are

 

[SA node]

 

I=conductance

f=funny

Definition

-non slelective ion channels(all voltage gated)

 

-constantly open (leaky) to cations at RMP

 

-Ca2+ open at threshold

 

-K+ open when fully depolarized

Term

Ventricular muscle Channels

 

[both channels must be open to wrk]

Definition

-all voltage gated

 

-L-type Ca channels open at depolarized membrane pot.

 

 

-A # of K+ channels make up Kto and Kdr

 

-Kdr opening causes cell repolarization(heart refills w/ blood)

Term
Kto are in ventricular muscle electrical activity and are
Definition
potassium transient[out] channels
Term

Heart Contraction

 

[image]

Definition

phase 0 depolarize

 

Phase 2 inc P Ca2+ 

 

Triggers Ca2+ release from SR [binding site on ryanodine receptor]

 

inc free Ca2+

Term

Heart relaxation

 

[image]

Definition

Repolarize phase 3 

 

P K+ efflux [hyperpolarizing to -90mV agn]

 

3Na+/2K+ pump

 

Na+/Ca+exchange (Ca out Na in)

Term
During relaxation the Na+ Ca2+ exchange is driven by ____ gradient lowering the ______levels inside the cell
Definition

1. Na+

 

2.Ca2+

Term

PLB  (Phospholamban) is the main way we rid calcium to restore relaxation of Cardiac muscle and is....

 

[image]

Definition

-Protein stuck to ATPase [inhibits act. of Ca2+ pump]

 

 

-Dissociates & inc act of SERCA which restores Ca2+ in SR [RELAXATION]

 

Term
The most important source of Ca2+ for pumping and refilling of the heart is ____________
Definition

the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

[image]

Term

What effects SV (Stroke volume)?

 

[3]

Definition

1. Preload

 

2. Afterload

 

3. Contractility

Term

HR frequency change via ___and ____

 

 

 

Strngth of Contrction controlled via

Definition

PNS & SNS

 

 

 

SNS [local effect via initial stretch]

Term

Sympathetic nerves = Nor and Epi

 

 

 

Parasymp nerves = Acetylcholine

 

 

[PNS and SNS wrk together on heart]

 

Definition

INC & SPEED up SA and AV activity 

 

 

 

 

DEC and SLOW dwn SA and AV activity 

Term

Vagal effect = Brake

 

[Dec HR]

Definition

-Pronounced Dec in Pacemaker Pot.

-Dec prob of open If and Ca2+ channels

-Inc prob of open K+

 

Term
Wher does VAGAL  effect occur?
Definition
SA and AV node
Term
Vagal effect causes release of what neurotransmitter?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term

Vagal effect makes cells start at a ____________membrane pot. [<-60]

 

[inc threshold & dec slope]

 

Definition

lower

 

[cells more hyperpolarized]

 

[inc pain = inc vagal tone & can cause syncope]

 

[Causes bradycardia]

Term

Sympathetic EFFECT = inc HR

 

[dec threshold inc slope]

Definition

-Inc probability of OPEN If (funny=leaky) channels

-inc probability of Ca2+ channels

-Tachycardia

 

ex: HR of 60-70 bpm can go to 140-160bpm

Term
On ECG p wave frequency correlates to
Definition

SA node firing

 

[every P wave results in QRS complex in normal heart]

Term
In ECG inc of p wave / QRS  frequency means inc ________ tone
Definition
sympathetic
Term

Na+ or Ca2+ influx _______________

 

while

Efflux of K+ ______________cells

Definition

Depolarizes

 

 

Repolarizes (HYPERPOLARIZES)

Term
What connects cardiac muscle fibers to allow electrical conncectivity?
Definition

Gap junctions

[Ca2+ stored in SR in cardiac myocites]

Term
What connects cardiac muscle fibers to allow electrical conncectivity?
Definition

Gap junctions

[Ca2+ stored in SR in cardiac myocites]

 

[image]

Term
Pathway for electrical conductivity in heart
Definition

SA node [Right atrium] = blood returns to heart from inf. &sup ven. Cav

 

to

AV node = [set by SA node]

 

to

Purkinje fibers = between atrium and ventr. [large myocites]

Term

1. WHere do escape beats occur?

 

2. where do ectopic beats occur?

[image]

Definition

1. Av node or purkinje fibers

 

2. Ventricular walls (left or right)

Term
Kdr
Definition

Proteins letting out K+

 

[K+ delayed & rectifying/repolarizing]

Term

The refractory phase is important for 

[image]

Definition
Heart depolarization/contraction and relaxation
Term

The refractory phase is important for 

[image]

Definition
Heart depolarization/contraction and relaxation
Term

What is SERCA/ what does it do?

 

Definition

-Smooth endoplasmic reticukum Calcium ATPase pump

 

[restores Ca2+]

Term

What is SERCA/ what does it do?

 

Definition

-Smooth endoplasmic reticukum Calcium ATPase pump

 

[restores Ca2+]

Term

Changes in blood volume affect venous return

examples...

Definition

-more intake or retention

 

-loss w/ sweat or hemmorrage

Term

Changes in blood volume affect venous return

examples...

Definition

-more intake or retention

 

-loss w/ sweat or hemmorrage

Term
In ECG more epinephrine would result in increase frequency of
Definition

-P and QRS

 

-Dec PR interval

 

-Dec RR interval

 

-Dec AV node delay

Term
PNS effect on ECG
Definition

-Dec SA node firing rate

-Inc AV node delay[slower conduction throughout ATRIA]

-Inc RR and PR interval

Term

Exercise inc ______ and _____

and dec. PNS and RR interval

Definition

-SNS/SA node firing

 

-HR

Term

Release of Ca2+ = Phase ____

 

Restorage [repolarization] = Phase ___

 

Definition

Phase 2

 

Phase 3

Term

Release of Ca2+ = Phase ____

 

Restorage [repolarization] = Phase ___

 

Definition

Phase 2

 

Phase 3

Term
Beta 1 receptors in the heart are located in_______&_________
Definition

-SA node 

&

-Ventricles

Term
Contracion is strengthened by phosphorylation of these 3 proteins
Definition

1. L-Type Ca2+ channels [Ca2+ entry]

 

2. Ryanodine Receptor [Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release from SR]

 

3. Troponin [Cross bridge formation]

Term
If yo stimulate Beta 1 & contraction you have an _______________effect
Definition
Inotropic
Term
If yo stimulate Beta 1 & contraction you have an _______________effect
Definition
Inotropic
Term
To cret an inotropic effect SNS & epi act on
Definition
Beta agonists
Term
To cret an inotropic effect SNS & epi act on
Definition
Beta agonists
Term
Inc in length of myocardial fiber inc force of contarction explains.....
Definition

The Frank-Starling Mechanism

 

[INTRINSIC EFFECT OF myocardium]

Term
Inc in length of myocardial fiber inc force of contarction explains.....
Definition
The Frank-Starling Mechanism
Term
Preload
Definition

Out flow matches inflow

 

inc volume enters heart during Diastole

Term
Preload
Definition

-Out flow matches inflow

 

-inc volume enters heart during Diastole

 

-INC. Venous return, EDV, Stretch of fibers, SV

Term
Afterload
Definition

-Inc volume at end of beat due to pressure aortic valve

 

-INC. BP, ESV, EDV, Stretch of fibers, SV

Term

-Change in  blood volume.

-inc in intake or retention

-loss w/ sweating, hemorrhage

Change in compliance

-SNS dec compliance(alpha 1 rec)

-Muscl activity

Definition
Factors that change  VENOUS RETURN (in preload)
Term

-Inc wall stress during contraction w/ inc P or r of ventricle

 

-inc BP

 

-Aortic Stenosis

 

-Inc chamber size [dilation]

Definition
Factors that INCREASE AFTERLOAD
Term
Diseases that compromise SV
Definition

-Chronically inc afterload [Hypertension] 

 

-Chronically inc SNS

 

-Chronically inc Preload (volume overload)

Term
In a normal heart at REST PNS tone is __________than sympathetic tone
Definition
Greater!!
Term
QT Interval
Definition

Time of Ventricular depolarization & repolarization

 

{used clinically]

[Normal is QTc = 440-460msec] corrected QT

Term
P wave
Definition
Atrial depoalrization
Term
P wave
Definition

Atrial depolarization

 

[Depolarization means contraction]

Term
PR interval
Definition
SA to AV conduction velocity
Term
QRS complex
Definition

Ventricular Depolarization

 

[Depolarization means contraction]

Term
QRS complex
Definition

Ventricular Depolarization

 

[Depolarization means contraction]

Term
T Wave
Definition

Ventricular Repolarization

 

[beginning of ventricular relaxation]

Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
The process of repolarization causes an overshoot in the RMP of the cell
Term
RMP(resting membrane potential)
Definition
61.5log [K+ outside]/[K+ inside] = -90 mV
Term
RMP(resting membrane potential)
Definition
61.5log [K+ outside]/[K+ inside] = -90 mV
Term

Effect of K+

1. Inc plasma K+=less negative RMP (more Na+)...

 

2. Decrease in Plasma K+ = more neg RMP (Na+ If channels available

[image]

Definition

1. BRADYCARDIA =  Repolarization impaired [less excitable]

 

2. Tachycardia = Repolarization period faster [more excitable]

Term
Ectopic Foci is located in the AORTA and  VENTRICLES....
Definition

-Abnormal location takes over as pacemaker

 

-Ischemia/apoptosis causes leaky cells

 

-Hyperkalemia/calcemia inc. cells excitability

Term

Afterdepolarization

 

Definition

-Excitation during relativerefractory period [stage 3 or 4]

LEADS TO TACHYCARDIA

Term
3 types of AFTERDEPOLARIZATIONS
Definition

1. premature ventricular contraction

 

2. Ventricular Tachycardia

 

3. Torsades de Pointes

Term
Ischemia
Definition

inadequate blood to organs

 

(especially heart or from heart to periphery)

Term

Re-entry

[image]

Definition

-Always irregular tachycardias

 

-recurrent pathways produced by ischemia

Term
3 types of tachycardia
Definition

1. ATRIAL FLUTTER-regular P waves (mostly looks regular)

 

2. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION-irregular P waves 

 

3. VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION- DEATH, very fast irregular QRS, need defibrillator to revive, NO cardiac out put

Term

ATRIAL FLUTTER

 

[image]

Definition

regular P waves (mostly looks regular)

[image]

Term

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

 

[image]

Definition

irregular P waves 

 

[image]

Term

 VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION

 

[image]

Definition

 DEATH, very fast irregular QRS, need defibrillator to revive, NO cardiac out put

[image]

Term

BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK

 

[image]

Definition

Are characterized by QRS shape change

 

[can happen in left or right]

Term
Nodal Blocks (3 degrees) are blocks in AV conduction due to ...
Definition

-Beta blockade [too much beta blockers]

-vagal stimulation [slowing of HR]

-hypokalemia [lowers RMP]hyperpolarizes cell

-digitalis(drug effect)

-hypoxic or ischemic damage or scarring

Term

1st degree nodal Block

 

[image]

Definition

slow A to V conduction [inc P-R interval]

 

 

Term

2nd degree Nodal Block

[image]

Definition

not all A contraction causes V contraction

[multiple P waves]

slower than 1st degree

Term

3rd degree nodal block

[image]

Definition

-A, V dissociated

 

-PR intervals are variable

 

-SOOOOO slow that Ventricles take over own firing

Term

Arrhythmias

[image]

Definition
change in rate or pattern of ECG
Term
4 ARRHYTHMIA ABNORMALITIES
Definition

1. SINUS: inc or dec of rate

 

2. NODAL: SLowing [block]

 

3. Conduction Pathway: Blocks, abnormal pathways, re-entry

4. Abnormal impulses = ectopic foci-cells outside acting as pace

[triggered activity] 

Term
Afterpolarizations are early sction pot. leading to
Definition
TACHCARDIA
Term
Changes in path of conduction with the ventricles cause
Definition
Shape change in QRS and widrh
Term

1. SA node rate changes.....

 

2. AV node rate changes or block.....

Definition

1. change HR w/o chnging ECG shape

 

2. alter relation of P to QRS w/o chnging QRS shape

 

Term

4 valves

 

APTM

Definition
[image]
Term
Valves open during ejection/SYSTOLE
Definition

A & P

 

CLOSED DURING FILLING [DIASTOLE]

Term
Valves open during filling/DIASTOLE
Definition

M & T

 

CLOSED DURING CONTRACTION [SYSTOLE]

Term

2 NORMAL HEART SOUNDS 

 

Definition

 

1. 1st sound at strt of V contract. [M & T closing]

 

2. 2nd sound at strt of diastolic filling [A & P close]

Term

During Systole what happens?

 

[image]

Definition

-Ventricles contract

-A & P valves open

-Ventric. press. gets greater than aortic p

Term

What happens during Diastole?

[image]

Definition

-A and P Valves close

-Ventricles relax

-ventricular pressure falls below Aortic

Term
2 common mitral valve insufficiencies
Definition

Mitral valve prolapse [minor form, can be asymptomatic]

 

Mitral valve regurgitation [more severe, backflow]

Term
Most common valve defect
Definition

Mitral Valve Prolapse

[especially in woman]

Term
Mitral Valve prolapse etiology
Definition

-enlarged leaflets or chordinae tendinae too long

 

-backflow of blood into atria during ventricular systole[intermittent]

Term

Mitral Valve Prolapse Sx (MVP)

 

[10-15% women]

Definition

-can be asymptomatic, no regurgitation & normal cardiac func

 

-can cause midsystolic clicks or late systolic murmur

 

-pt's have chest palpitations (arrythmias)

Term

Progress to regurgitation

 

rupture of chord [sudden regurgitation]

 

infective endocarditis

 

microthrombus formation- emboli

 

atrial or ventricular arrhthmias

Definition
MVP Complications
Term

Mitral regurgitation{SYSTOLIC}

[image]

Definition

rupture of chordaae tendinae[acute]

 

-structural abnormality or damage to valve [chronically occurs]

{from endocarditis, ischemic heart disease CAD, structural abnormality of structural abnormality of valves or papillary muscles, LV enlargement, calcification}

 

Term

Mitral Regurgitation Sx {SYSTOLIC}

 

 

Definition

holosystolic or pansystolic murmur (all of systole S1 to S2)

 

-backflow into LA leads to inc LA pressure (pronounced when acute and severe)

 

 

Term
Mitral valve regurgitation Physiology {SYSTOLIC}
Definition

-pressure overload in atrium

 

{left atrial enlargmnt, atrial arrythmias,thrombus formation 20%, pulmonary edema & possible right heart failure}

Term
Mitral valve regurgitation Physiology {SYSTOLIC}
Definition

-pressure overload in atrium

 

{left atrial enlargmnt, atrial arrythmias,thrombus formation 20%, pulmonary edema & possible right heart failure}

Term
Normal valve sounds = turbulence with valve closure
Definition

-normal opening = no sound

 

- S3 and S4 due to flow of blood into large heart

Term

Stiff valve not completely opening

 

Reduces flow throu valve

Definition
Stenosis
Term

Valve does not completely close

 

backflow or regurgitation

 

[regurge is floppier]

Definition
Insufficiency
Term
Systole take ______time while diastole takes _____time
Definition

1/3 systole

 

2/3 diastole

 

{heart sounds = valve closure}

Term
Mitral Stenosis {DIASTOLIC}[image]
Definition

thickning/calcification of valve

 

thickening & shortening of chordae tendina [due to rheumatic fever, strep infection]

Term

Mitral stenosis Sx {DIASTOLIC}

[image]

Definition

-loud S1 (closure) possible snap & diastolic rumble

 

 

Term
Mitral stenosis Physiology {DIASTOLIC}
Definition

-rdeuced outflow into LV casue in P in LA

 

-Pressure overload in atrium 

 

-LA enlargement

 

-Atrial arrythmias

-thrombus formation (20%)

-pulmonary edema (possible right heart failure)

Term

Aortic stenosis {SYSTOLIC}

[image]

Definition

-rigid valve bc calcify/fibrosis

{rheumatic heart disease}

 

-senile calcification

 

-congenital deformed

-valve with deposits of Ca2+

Term
Aortic Stenosis Sx {SYSTOLE}
Definition

-late systolic ejection murmur[S4 sound]

 

Term
Aortic Stenosis Physiology
Definition

-Reduced Outflow into aorta

[leads to dec aortic P, inc LV P]

 

-Pressure ovrload in ventricle

{chest pain, syncope,fatigue,left heart failure, dizziness w/ exercise, fatigue,dyspnea,cyanosis}

Term

Aortic Regurgitation {DIASTOLIC}

[image]

Definition

dialated/hypertrophied left ventricle

-rheumatic disease

-cingenital valve defect

-endocarditis

-aortic root dilation[marfan syndrome, aneurysm, syphilis]

-Hypertension

Term
Aortic regurgitation Sx
Definition

early diastolic murmur

 

[valves should be closing during diastole]

Term
Aortic Regurgitation Physiology
Definition

-backflow into LV leads to abnormal aortic P

 

-acute(rupture): LV P wave increase fast

 

-Volume overload of ventricle (risk)

-LV dilation Ventricular arrythmias

-fatigue, exercise intolerance, angina

-pulmonary edema, dyspnea w/ progression

Term

Atrial septic Defect [end of diastole but beginning of systole]

 

-incomplete closure of atrial septum

(req mor wrk fromright heart)

Definition

-opening between left and right atrium [did not close after fetal time]

 

-blood in RA seeps into LA

 

-Causes murmur 

 

-Inc risk of pneumonia, clots and stroke

 

Term

Ejection fraction =

 

[measures myocardial performance]

Definition

Ejection Fraction = SV/EDV

 

[sv=amount pumped per beat

EDV = volume available to be pumped]

Term
Stroken volume is influenced by
Definition

EDV 

venous return

(intrrinsic mech. of muscle stretch with filling)

Term
Contractility
Definition
(uses extrinsic mech through drugs ir Beta agonists)
Term
Cardiac Hypertrophy (Enlarged Myocites)
Definition

Response to P or volume overload

 

wall tension = P x radius/2

 

 

Term
In cardiac CONCENTRIC hypertorophy Chronic inc in P causes wall to thicken. Diseases resulting are...
Definition
hypertension, aortic stenosis
Term
In cardiac ECCENTRIC hypertorophy Chronic inc in V causes wall dilation. Diseases resulting are...
Definition

aortic regurgitation

 

volume loading heart failure

 

myocardial infarction

Term
Hypertrophy Etiology
Definition

Aldosterone OR COrtisol 

(meralcorticoid receptor blockers)

 

-Renin-Angiotensin system (AT2RBs and ACE inhib.s)

Term
Hypertrophy causes(diseases states)
Definition

ISCHEMIA 

Pulmonary Edema

Heart Failure

Angina

Arrythmias

[larger heart to inc. stroke volume]

Term

Hypertropic Cardiomyopathy

 

Definition

-ABnormal diastolic RELAXATION

-thickening of tissue in wall with abnormal fiber struct 

[image]

Term
Hypertopic cardiomyopathy Etiology
Definition

Inc or normal contractility

decreased relaxation

increseased diastolic P

[ischemia,angina,mor muscle mass]

Term

Hypertropic Cardiomyopothy Sx

 

(hard to fill heart)

Definition

s3,s4 sounds

 

diastolic murmur if mitral obstruct

 

ventricular arrythmias

 

hypotension (fatigue if aortic valve obstructed)

Term
Dilated Cardiomyopathy etiology (systolic)
Definition

Ventricular dilations

alcohol, anticancer drugs

Impaired systolic

dec SV, dec EF

 

 

Term

Dilated Cardiomyopathy Sx (systolic)

[image]

Definition

S3 sounds

Murmur(mitral regurg)

Arrythmia=Afib,Vtach

Edema= congestive heart failure

[faatigue,weak,syncoope]

Term

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

[rigid ventr wall]

Definition

dec diastolic relaxation

dec filling 

inc diastollic filling P

inc veinous P

 

Term
Restrictive cardiomyopathy caused by...
Definition
[radiation, amyloidosis, glycogen storage disease]
Term
Restrictive Cardiomyopathhy
Definition

palpitations and syncope

weakness

Arryhtimias-   afib, vfib

Edema, HF

Term
Heart Failure is...
Definition

inability to pump to meet demands of CO

EF low(sytolic failure)

 

Term
Normal EF %
Definition
50-70% (allows for cardiac reserve with exercise)
Term
Heart failure EF %
Definition

<35%

dilated cardiomyopathy

valve disease- aortic stenosis/regurg

long standing HTN

cardiac ischemia

Term
2 constrictors
Definition
Galpha 1 and IP3
Term
2 dilators
Definition
cAMP or GMP
Term
constrictors effect Ca2+ by
Definition

increasing Ca2+ release from SR

 

[norep and angiotensin II]

Term
Dilators effect Ca2+ by
Definition

inc Ca2+ storage in SR

 

[inc K+ efflux-hyperpolarize cell(makes lessexcitable)]

 

[NO,lactic acid,prostacyclin,adenosine]

Term
Hypovolemic Shock
Definition

hemmorhage

burns

diahrrea

vomitting

[low volume]

Term
Cardiogenic SHock
Definition

Myocardial failure, acute valve defect , MI

 

[Low CO]

Term
ANaphylactic shock
Definition

allergic reaction to bite drug 

food

[vasodilation]

Term
Septic shock
Definition

infection reaches bloodstream and causes inflammation

[vasodilation]

too much NO produced

Term
Neurogenic shock
Definition

reflex response to traumatic injury

[loss of vascular tone]

Term
Frank STarling Law
Definition
inc prelaod= inc SV
Term
Left side HF
Definition

ddec urine prod [to keep fluids]

tiredness or fatigue

rapid/irregular heart beat[heart tries to inc blood sent to body]

 

congestsion

Term
Right side HF
Definition

weakness,fatigue

more co2

heart beats harder and faster[palpitations]

edema in peripheral [lowere extremeties]

weight gain

inc urination(at night)

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