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| General known as last Liberal Dictator in Latin America. Governed from 1933-1944. Slavery not debt peonage but the vagrancy laws that had replaced it under the law of Ubico. Repressive measures for support and forced labor on roads. |
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| People with little land were vagrants and compelled them to work on plantations. Had to carry identity card showing which plantation and how many hours they worked that year. If person didn't carry it, they could jail you. Those who couldn't afford road tax (plantation workers) required to labor without pay building roads |
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| Person stops being Indian by becoming a Ladino which meant abandoning old habits and customs, by leaving their past behind. Ladinos support progress while Indians do not cooperate with progress of civilization. |
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| The allies wartime rhetoric of freedom and democracy flooded the country and undermined legitimacy of dictatorial rule. First popular revolt broke out in capital, led by students and urban middle class then joined by members of economic elite. Second uprising brought to power a pair of reform minded army officers calling for democratic elections. Juan Jose Arevalo, young professor won election and made Guatemala's labor system more humane. Jacobo Arbenz 1950 president brought more radical changes of October revolution: agrarian reform |
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| (1944-54): nationalist; free and open elections, end of forced labor; Agrarian reform; political organizing, unions |
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| 1944- Elected first Guatemalan president. Freedom now where there had been none. Peasants admire. eight hour workday, seventh day, half salary pay for sick workers, minimum wage, and right to unionize |
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| Nationalist goals were national integration. Modernization of rural areas. Saw Indians as impediment to national development |
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| Colonel was army officer that helped lead the 1944 revolution establishing democracy and won 1950 presidential election. Task of transforming world that past Liberal Reforms had created. Four years later, stripped of office and exiled |
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| Masterminded the transformation of his homeland, only to spend next four decades in exile. Founder of the communist Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT). principal adviser of President Arbenz, and chief architect of the Law of Agrarian Reform. |
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| PAR (Revolutionary Action Party) |
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| AKA Revolutionary Party: First in nationalized plantations and urban centers; rallies quickly grew until 1950 national election where workers grouped to support Colonel Jacobo Arbenz. Labor unions grew and agrarian reform passed (1952) |
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| AGA General Association of Agriculturalists |
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| anti communist, feared labor shortages, feared individual uprisings |
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| 1952 Law of Agrarian Reform. Goals of overcoming economic backwardness and improve the quality of life of the great masses. Workers could not expect the government to expropriate the plantation's coffee groves, but they could ask to be granted ownership |
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| Local Agrarian Committees (CALs) |
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| identified potential leaders in plantations to explain the expropriation processes to them. Inform laws to citizens. help organize unions |
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| CIA aim to overthrow Arbenz government through psychological warfare rather than military confrontation. 1) isolate Arbenz by pressuring other LA countries to denounce its communist tendencies 2) Convince American public that US national security was threatened by communist penetration in Guatemala. 3)using contacts within the press, radio, church, army, and other organized elements susceptible to rumor to convince Arbenz that their defeat was inevitable. Create dissension, confusion and FEAR in enemy camp |
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| gathering of all documents left behind by deposed government and disbanded labor unions, with hope that these would conclusively prove the Communist nature of Arbenz regime. No traces of Soviet control and that Guatemalan Communists acted alone |
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| National Liberation Movement (Movimiento Liberacion Nacional) |
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| Overthrew Arbenz and the Agrarian reform came to an end. Leader of invading troops from Honduras. CIA drew up list of 58 Guatemalan leaders to be assassinated. |
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| National Security Doctrine |
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| American based Guatemalan military academy trained soldiers to think in political terms of democracy vs totalitarianism (US vs USSR). Thought in context of the global struggle against the Soviet Bloc. |
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| US relationship to dictatorship; promotion of modernizing reforms; did not support political restructuring; huge influx of US investment |
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| Group of young military officers staged a barracks revolt which was crushed quickly and forced group into exile. In exile, established ties with the PGT and launched Guatemala's first guerrilla movement, installing three small guerrilla forces in eastern part of country. Two led by veterans of officers' rebellion and one led by student leaders. |
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| EGP Guerrilla Army of the Poor |
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| Armed guerrilla group in central and western highlands wiped out in 1982 |
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| ORPA Revolutionary Organization of Armed People |
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| Armed guerrilla group wiped out by General Hector Gramajo in 1983 |
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| CUC United Peasant Committee |
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| General Romeo Lucas Garcia |
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| Rios Montt ousted previous president (Garcia) in a coup in 1982 |
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| Came to power in coup in 1982. Led this mmilitary regime that governed country during the worst years of violence in 1980s. |
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| 1982-82. Systematic campaign of massacres with targets including civilians. 626 massacres, 75,000 murdered; torture, rape, forced complicity with violence; clandestine mass graves; 1.5 million refugees; under president Efrain Rios Montt |
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| Communities of Populations in resistance (CPRs) |
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| Mayan Indian who wrote book about Guatemala; Won Nobel Peace Prize and media coverage had brought increased international pressure on Guatemalan government to reign in its military. |
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| Guatemala's defense minister for much of the 1980s |
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| 1996 peace accords ending the war. Social movement push deepens reforms far beyond military expectations for democracy. New political culture of truth commissions and multi-ethnic democracy; indigenous rights |
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| UN and Catholic Church: UN said there were acts of genocide. Church: 93% of the killing done by army |
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