Term
| 10 F degree cooling increases humidity by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 possible outcomes USDA-FSIS inspection |
|
Definition
-passed
-condemned
-viscera only condemned
-trim and reprocessing (affected parts)
-cleaning reprocessing (surface contamination) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Athens-Canadian Random Bred |
|
|
Term
| ACTH causes the adrenal gland to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH → Adrenal gland → ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH causes the kidney to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH → ______ → water retention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-this refers to an active immune response in a bird as a result of recovery from the disease or by response to a vaccine.
-The bird produces its own immune cells and/or antibodies to provide protection. |
|
|
Term
| After fertilization, when does cell division start? |
|
Definition
| starts about ~3 hours + after fertilization |
|
|
Term
| After the ovum has been fertilized it is now called a ______, which has all 78 chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the ovum has been fertilized it is now called a zygote, which has all ______ chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary → GH → Liver → ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary → GH → ______ → IGF-1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary → ______ → Liver → IGF-1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Appearance of beak and voluntary movement
Which stage of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Appearance of scales
Which stage of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately when are flocks photostimulated? |
|
Definition
after both sexes are in the barn
pullets photostimulated at 22-23 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity not derived from a natural cause |
|
|
Term
| At what age are the birds moved to the laying house and photostimulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what temperature should eggs be stored prior to incubation at the hatchery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same cell that secretes the hormone is influenced by the hormone (some cancer cells can secrete transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) which binds to its own EFG receptor to stimulate proliferation); a lot of your lymphocytes do this |
|
|
Term
| Average plant does [how many?] birds a day to keep up with demand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Avian influenza damaged the turkey industry in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Clean and abundant feed
-Clean and good quality water
-Temperature
-Air quality
-Protection from disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulation and cushioning |
|
|
Term
| Bird activity is positively correlated with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broiler management is about... |
|
Definition
| minimizing stress; you want the energy to go to growth and development |
|
|
Term
| Broilers have been carefully bred and selected for what three characteristics? |
|
Definition
-improved feed efficiency
-improved growth rate
-improved breast yield |
|
|
Term
| Brooding temperature of air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brooding temperature of floor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Built up litter can help birds... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chickens can’t really control their own body temperature until this age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-drier carcass
-less weight |
|
|
Term
| Dark period allows broilers to... |
|
Definition
-rest
-not eat
-produce melatonin |
|
|
Term
| Difference between heavy mature chickens and light mature chickens? |
|
Definition
-heavy mature chickens are broiler breeders
-light mature chickens are egg layers |
|
|
Term
Embryo is now breathing and punctured air cell
Which stage of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Embryo turns with head towards large end of egg
Which stage of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released into blood by glandular cells, such as FSH |
|
|
Term
| Examples of protein hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of steroid hormones |
|
Definition
-testosterone
-estrogen
-progesterone
basically the gonad hormones |
|
|
Term
| FSH causes the ovaries to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Feather tracts seen
Which stage of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fertilization of the ______ by the sperm takes place in the infundibulum about 15 minutes after the ovum is released from the follicle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fertilization of the germinal disc by the sperm takes place in the ______ about 15 minutes after the ovum is released from the follicle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fertilization of the germinal disc by the sperm takes place in the infundibulum about 15 minutes after... |
|
Definition
| the ovum is released from the follicle. |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization of the germinal disc by the sperm takes place in the infundibulum about ______ after the ovum is released from the follicle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For every 1 F cooling increases relative humidity by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For every ______ cooling increases relative humidity by 2.5% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preparation of a WOG into other products, such as Cut-up, debone, marinating |
|
|
Term
| GA is number 1 in ______ eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GH causes the liver to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Broilers
-Peanuts
-Pecans
-Blueberries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (55- 60 C) Removes the cuticle so white skin, this process is much better for further processing (much better for batter/breading adhesion). |
|
|
Term
| Housing broilers is about... |
|
Definition
| minimizing stress and providing the optimum environment |
|
|
Term
| How are breeder hens prevented from eating rooster feed? |
|
Definition
| the male feeders are located in the scratch area at a height that’s too high for the females to reach |
|
|
Term
| How are breeder roosters prevented from eating hen feed? |
|
Definition
| the female feeders, located at the slats, have bars that are too narrowly spaced for the heads of the males, but wide enough for the heads of the females |
|
|
Term
| How are shelless eggs formed? |
|
Definition
| the oviduct not being able to adequately calcify an egg; this happens when a hen lays more than 1 egg per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chopped, Ground, Diced Meat, such as...
-Soups
-Chicken for Salads
-Lean Cuisine Meals |
|
|
Term
| How are the hens prevented from consuming the rooster diet? |
|
Definition
| the male feeders are located in the scratch area at a height that’s too high for the females to reach |
|
|
Term
| How are the roosters prevented from consuming the hen diet? |
|
Definition
| the female feeders, located at the slats, have bars that are too narrowly spaced for the heads of the males, but wide enough for the heads of the females |
|
|
Term
| How can one reduce the amount of floor eggs? |
|
Definition
| by eliminating shadows and periodically walking the barns to move birds |
|
|
Term
| How does sex-linked dwarfism work in broiler breeders? |
|
Definition
| -Produce dwarf hens by mating dwarf males to normal sized hens
-ZdwZdw X ZDwW |
|
|
Term
| How is a recombinant virus made? |
|
Definition
| by incorporating the DNA for the antigens that stimulate a disease response to a disease organism into a vector (or carrier), such as a harmless virus, which is then used as a live vaccine |
|
|
Term
| How is hatchability measured? |
|
Definition
| the number of chicks hatched per egg set |
|
|
Term
| How long does the sperm have to fertilize the ovulated ovum in the infundibulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long might breeder chicks be allowed access to fully available (ad libitum) feed? |
|
Definition
| the first 3-4 weeks or until they have reached a particular target body weight |
|
|
Term
| How many times are eggs collected per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How might spiking a flock improve fertility? |
|
Definition
| the frequency of mating in younger males is thought to stimulate the older males to mate |
|
|
Term
| How much daylight (light exposure) are birds exposed to when they are young? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How, in birds, is natural passive immunity provided? |
|
Definition
| via antibodies from the egg yolk and/or bird milk |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → CRH → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal Gland → ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → CRH → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → ______ → Cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → CRH → Anterior Pituitary → ______ → Adrenal Gland → Cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → CRH → ______ → ACTH → Adrenal Gland → Cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → ______ → TH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → ______ → Thyroid → TH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → TRH → ______ → TSH → Thyroid → TH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → ______ → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal Gland → Cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus → ______ → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → TH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside-outside-bird-washer |
|
|
Term
| If you sent 5,000 female chicks to the rearing farm, approximately how many males may accompany the females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In feather sexing, which sex has longer wing feathers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what direction are the eggs placed when placed in tray/cartons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a difference in the supply tissues (heart, lung, liver) as a percent of body weight when comparing ARCB to the modern broiler? |
|
Definition
| higher percent in the 1957 broilers |
|
|
Term
| It takes a chicken ______ days to hatch, but development really takes ______ days, since... |
|
Definition
21
22
some development occurs within the oviduct. |
|
|
Term
| Killed (or inactivated) vaccines |
|
Definition
| Killed vaccines contain high doses of the killed disease organism. Killed vaccines generally result in a weaker and shorter immune response than live vaccines due to their inability to infect and multiply in the host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low atmospheric pressure system
birds die from asphyxiation. The post mortem birds are hung from shackels for processing |
|
|
Term
| LH causes the testes to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH → ______ → testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List at least three biosecurity efforts that are implemented to protect the health of the broiler breeder flock. |
|
Definition
-change of boots and clothing
-boot dips to sterilize footwear
-wash hands before entering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain either low doses or doses of mild forms of the disease organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain living disease organisms that have been treated in some way to reduce their ability to cause disease while still causing an immune response. |
|
|
Term
| Low levels of thyroid hormone at birth in humans leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the heat birds produce is from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity coming from a natural source |
|
|
Term
| Needle injection marination |
|
Definition
| Marinade is injected into the meat or whole carcass using injector needles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release of neurotransmitters from neuron into the synapse. (norepinephrine from adrenergic neruon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that receive neuronal input and as a consequence release hormones into the blood (epinephrine form adrenal medulla) |
|
|
Term
| Occasionally, some birds that should have been culled get left there because... |
|
Definition
| they’re so close to processing |
|
|
Term
| One pair of breeders can affect approximately how many broilers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overall goal of First or Primary Processing |
|
Definition
| to produce a whole poultry carcass known in the industry as a WOG (without giblets) |
|
|
Term
| PAMPs are recognized by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pattern Recognition Receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released hormone into extracellular fluid that affects neighboring cells. (release of cytokines that stimulate an inflammatory response) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-this is achieved when antibodies are transferred to the individual either from the mother (such as during egg formation in poultry) or by provision of antiserum (blood serum containing antibodies) either orally or through injections.
-the immune system of the recipient is not stimulated, therefore the recipient will not produce its own immune cells or antibodies and it does not have any immune “memory” of the antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes stimulating hormones (controlled by the hypothalamus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifying DOA (dead on arrival) and it is illegal to process a bird if it isn’t alive going into the plant. |
|
|
Term
| Processing plants want uniform ______ among broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce cross contamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of peptides, hydrophilic, most common, membrane bound receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to loosen feather for easier feather removal! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These vaccines are produced by incorporating the DNA for the antigens that stimulate a disease response to a disease organism into a vector (or carrier), such as a harmless virus, which is then used as a live vaccine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gains 50g or less per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (50 -54.5 C) Retains the cuticle and yellow pigmentation. Preferred for whole carcass market |
|
|
Term
| Standard depth for bedding in a broiler house |
|
Definition
| for shavings, it's about 3 inches; gotta go deeper with hulls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from cholesterol, hydrophobic, need a transport protein in the blood due to being hydrophobic, intercellular receptor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH causes the thyroid to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH → ______ → Thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inspects each carcass and the digestive tract must be kept intact and with the associated bird |
|
|
Term
| The building of wider houses is driven by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The change in how broilers are marketed is ______ driven |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The company gains a ______ by going “antibiotic free” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first cut in the deboning process is often... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first line of defense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The way broilers are fed today minimizes ______ waste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today, what percent of chickens are sold as advanced further processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today, what percent of chickens are sold as cut-up parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today, what percent of chickens are sold as whole carcass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too much moisture provides perfect environment for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| base of epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| USDA allows a maximum of ______% water pickup in the chiller |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uniform temperature in a broiler house could be a bad thing because... |
|
Definition
| not all chicks prefer the same temp |
|
|
Term
| Vacuum Tumbling marination |
|
Definition
| -Marinade placed into a large chamber with the meat and usually CO2 snow
-A vacuum is pulled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are migration fences? |
|
Definition
| fences in the broiler house used to make the bird density in the house more uniform |
|
|
Term
| What are some aspects of innate immunity that help control disease in poultry? |
|
Definition
-genetic factors (may lack receptors such that disease organisms can’t infect)
-body temperature (precludes some diseases; some diseases can’t survive in poultry because of their temperature)
-normal microflora (skin and gut bacteria prevent some diseases from gaining a foothold) |
|
|
Term
| What are some cells involved with non-specific defense? |
|
Definition
-Leukocytes
-macrophages
-Lymphocytes (~70% of WBC) |
|
|
Term
| What are some different bedding sources? |
|
Definition
-cedar wood
-peanut hulls
-rice hulls |
|
|
Term
| What are some engineering advancements that are now common in the modern broiler house? |
|
Definition
-Drop ceiling
-Tunnel ventilated (Negative pressure)
-Evaporative cooling systems
-Solid side wall (More air tight)
-Heater and fans operated by controller |
|
|
Term
| What are some issues with dropped curtain housing? |
|
Definition
-leakage
-laborious
-poor bird environment
-higher energy usage (more so with propane than with electricity) |
|
|
Term
| What are some issues with overweight hens? |
|
Definition
-may experience excessive follicular development, which can cause the production of double-yolked eggs and/or the production of more than 1 egg per day, which is undesireable
-these hens can experience problems with locomotion and health |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the top turkey producing states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between T-cells and B-cells? |
|
Definition
| B-cells attack invaders outside the cells and T-cells attack invaders inside the cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary immune organs? |
|
Definition
-Thymus
-Bursa or Fabricius
-Bone Marrow
-Yolk Sac |
|
|
Term
| What are the top primary breeder operations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two different marination methods? |
|
Definition
-Needle Injection
-Vacuum Tumbling |
|
|
Term
| What are two ways that birds can be sexed and separated? |
|
Definition
-the cloaca being everted and examined
-feather sexing |
|
|
Term
| What area of the breeder house is the nests and female feeders located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What could be an explanation for this economic puzzle of lower turkey prices during higher demand? |
|
Definition
1: The loss-leader explanation (low prices advertised for high-demand items to attract customers, who then purchase other goods.)
2: A related supply-side explanation has to do with the breakdown of tacit collusion. Basically, if there was ever any informal agreement among competitors to keep prices a bit higher – that is, to avoid a price war – there’s greater incentive to “cheat” around Thanksgiving and offer big discounts because such a huge customer base is available.
3: Great price sensitivity among consumers (that is, greater demand elasticity) is another explanation, related to changes in the composition of customers, changes in their preferences, or more time available to price-shop around the holidays. Consumers might search more during high-demand periods
basically, huge demand and observant customers allow producers to get away with lower prices |
|
|
Term
| What do hens perform following mating? What might this behavior help? |
|
Definition
| They perform a post-coidal fluff, which might help draw semen up the oviduct and help with fertilization. |
|
|
Term
| What does proper ventilation ensure to the house/flock? |
|
Definition
-clean air
-dry litter
-lower levels of dust, carbon dioxide, and ammonia |
|
|
Term
| What does “all in, all out” mean? |
|
Definition
| an entire flock comes into the barn at the same time and is taken out of the barn at the same time |
|
|
Term
| What form of the feed is used in pullet rearing (mash or pellet)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 12 of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 13 of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 14 of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
| Embryo turns with head towards large end of egg |
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 20 of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
| Embryo is now breathing and punctured air cell |
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 21 of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 3 of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
| heart beats, blood vessels visible |
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 6 of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
| Appearance of beak and voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 8 of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the ovary if the broiler breeders are overfed? |
|
Definition
| may experience excessive follicular development, which can cause the production of double-yolked eggs and/or the production of more than 1 egg per day, which is undesireable |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the price of turkeys when their demand is high in November and December? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when you cross dwarf hens with normal males? |
|
Definition
| All progeny are normal size |
|
|
Term
| What has happened to the Eastern Wild Turkey population in the last 100 years? Why? |
|
Definition
| increased from about 30,000 in the early 20th century to about 7 million today because programs across the country were put in place to protect and encourage the breeding of surviving wild populations; basically conservation efforts and regulation of hunting |
|
|
Term
| What is Tip Top poultry in Marietta role in poultry processing? |
|
Definition
-slaughters broiler breeders...typically used to make chicken soup.
-Chickens are boiled (cooked) and the water is then saved, evaporated to make concentrated chicken broth. (Fat is skimmed off to save as chicken fat). |
|
|
Term
| What is a mature female turkey called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a mature male turkey called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a typical, modern broiler house dimensions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an advantage of having multiple silos at the same farm/house? |
|
Definition
-allows you to feed one diet completely before you start your next
-having enough feed storage
-able to feed house if you have to clean out the bin infected with fungus or mycotoxin |
|
|
Term
| What is an advantage of skip-a-day feeding? |
|
Definition
| allows the birds to fill up their digestive tracts at each feeding and maximize their intake |
|
|
Term
| What is an immature female turkey called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an immature male turkey called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is feed restriction? |
|
Definition
| restriction of feed during rearing to maintain optimal body weight for fertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of chicks hatched per egg set |
|
|
Term
| What is modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)? |
|
Definition
| The systems where the air is replaced with CO2 or other gasses such as nitrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unfertilized egg doubling its genetic material such that it develops into a zygote that develops into a baby animal; this is basically a "virgin birth" |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about a snood in reference to intersexual selection? |
|
Definition
| female wild turkeys prefer to mate with long-snooded males |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about a snood in reference to intrasexual selection? |
|
Definition
| during dyadic interactions, male turkeys defer to males with relatively longer snoods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removing the nonbreeding males and replacing them with young males that will breed |
|
|
Term
| What is temperature stratification in the broiler house? |
|
Definition
| the increase in temperature as you go from floor to ceiling |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of dry ice (or CO2 snow)? |
|
Definition
-less messy to handle
-has a longer shelf life
-lighter for shipping and handling |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of using an automatic cutter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantages of using bedding? |
|
Definition
-provides insulation and cushioning
-acts as a sponge |
|
|
Term
| What is the broiler breeder paradox? |
|
Definition
| selection for increased growth results in decreased fertility |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a 8 piece cut and a 9 piece cut? |
|
Definition
| 9 piece cut includes the wishbone cut (cutting of the superior portion of the breast around the wishbone). |
|
|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of using an automatic cutter? |
|
Definition
| it can only be cut on a single plane |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of attic inlets? |
|
Definition
| ventilation; seems to mitigate the problem with hot air being concentrated towards the roof; also seems to lead to drier litter |
|
|
Term
| What is the only turkey variety that is commercially important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the optimal temperature for development to occur during incubation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with using a machine to catch broiler chickens? |
|
Definition
| you always need a spare in case one breaks down |
|
|
Term
| What is the product of the broiler breeder operation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the technical term for a young female chicken before she starts to lay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the timeframe for the fertilization window in chickens? |
|
Definition
| Fertilization of the germinal disc by the sperm takes place in the infundibulum about 15 minutes after the ovum is released from the follicle. |
|
|
Term
| What is wrong with “floor eggs?” |
|
Definition
| they can become soiled, and are likely to contaminate the hatch during incubation |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the Spent Fowl Market? |
|
Definition
| Broiler Breeders (heavy mature chickens) and Egg Layers (light mature chickens) |
|
|
Term
| What might be added to this pan to ensure that birds visit the pan at the end of the feeder line? |
|
Definition
| light, often an LED light or spot light so that birds will come to it more |
|
|
Term
| What pan is the most important in the feeder line to monitor? |
|
Definition
| the one at the end of the feeder line, right where the motor is |
|
|
Term
| What process in turkey breeding is used that is different from broiler breeders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does lysozyme play? |
|
Definition
| destroys bacterial cell walls; found in saliva |
|
|
Term
| What sex are the offspring from parthenogenesis in turkeys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What technology does Pilgrim’s Pride use in Athens to make the chicken sandwich and whole breast nuggets for Chick-fil-A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time of day are hens provided feed? |
|
Definition
| early in the morning after the lights come on |
|
|
Term
| What two physiological mechanisms are used by the birds to dissipate body heat? |
|
Definition
-convection as radiant heat
-evaporation heat loss from respiration |
|
|
Term
| When are hens transferred to the laying house? |
|
Definition
before laying begins
maybe about 22-23 weeks of age |
|
|
Term
| When are the males often introduced to the laying house? |
|
Definition
| usually about 1 week after the females |
|
|
Term
| When can migration fences be used to increase the efficiency of production in the house? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is homeothermic obtained in broilers? |
|
Definition
| between 10-14 days, depending on breed |
|
|
Term
| When were turkeys first domesticated? |
|
Definition
| First domesticated by pre-Columbian civilizations (modern day Mexico and Central America) between 2,500 and 4,500 years ago |
|
|
Term
| Where can we find mucus membranes? |
|
Definition
| At vulnerable positions, such as your orifices, respiratory system, repro system, digestive system |
|
|
Term
| Where does the majority of heat in the house come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the oviduct does cell division start? |
|
Definition
| starts in isthmus and continues while the egg passes along the oviduct |
|
|
Term
| Where is the number 1 employment areas in the processing plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the temp the highest in the broiler house? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where were turkeys first domesticated? |
|
Definition
| First domesticated by pre-Columbian civilizations (modern day Mexico and Central America) between 2,500 and 4,500 years ago |
|
|
Term
| Which diet, broiler or breeder, is more nutrient dense? |
|
Definition
| broiler, because breeders are raised on very slow growth rates |
|
|
Term
| Why are broiler breeder males and females raised separately? |
|
Definition
| they have different body weight targets, which are met by feeding different amounts |
|
|
Term
| Why are the broiler breeder sexes fed separately? |
|
Definition
| they have different body weight targets, which are met by feeding different amounts |
|
|
Term
| Why are wider houses desireable in broiler production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to design a machine that can debone? |
|
Definition
Building a machine to cut in multiple planes with multiple inputs is very difficult
also, each carcass is from a once living organism, thus each one is slightly different |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important that rooster breeders and hen breeders don’t steal each other’s feed? |
|
Definition
| because they have different feed requirements |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to control ammonia levels in poultry houses? |
|
Definition
| ammonia damages the respiratory tract by burning the cilia, which reduces their ability to keep the gunk out of their respiratory systems |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to ensure that hens and roosters spend time in the scratch area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to keep broiler breeders on a good vaccination schedule? |
|
Definition
| to ensure that the hen’s antibodies do not decline and reduce the chicks IgG diversity |
|
|
Term
| Why is the broiler diet more nutrient dense than the broiler breeder diet? |
|
Definition
| because breeders are raised on very slow growth rates |
|
|
Term
| Why isn’t dry ice (or CO2 snow) regularly used in poultry? |
|
Definition
| The added expense of packaging material and carbon dioxide snow prevents this system from being more widely used |
|
|
Term
| Why isn’t it necessary for hens to mate each day? |
|
Definition
| because they can store sperm for about 14 days |
|
|
Term
| Why limit the pullets for 8 hours of light during rearing? |
|
Definition
| to make sure they don't reach sexual maturity until 22-23 weeks, which is when optimal fertility can be reached |
|
|
Term
| Why must artificial insemination be used in turkeys? |
|
Definition
| turkey breasts are too big to allow them to mate naturally |
|
|
Term
| Why must eggs be quickly removed from the floor? |
|
Definition
| because they can become soiled, and are likely to contaminate the hatch during incubation |
|
|
Term
| Why must eggs be quickly removed from the house? |
|
Definition
| to prevent the birds from pecking at the eggs |
|
|
Term
| Why must we feed restrict broiler breeders? |
|
Definition
| to maintain optimal body weight for fertility |
|
|
Term
| Why, during the first couple of days, are the birds given high light intensity and 23 hours of light per day? |
|
Definition
| to encourage eating and drinking |
|
|
Term
| You gotta manage the bird to get this potential |
|
Definition
| its full genetic potential |
|
|
Term
| [how many?] broilers processed each year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [how many?] processing plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ connects the hypothalamus to the portal system |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamo hypophyseal PORTAL system |
|
|
Term
| ______ connects the hypothalmus to the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamo hypophyseal TRACT |
|
|
Term
| ______ degree cooling increases humidity by 25% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → Adrenal gland → cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → CRH → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal Gland → Cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → GH → Liver → IGF-1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → TH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → Testes → testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → Thyroid → Thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → kidney → water retention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → ovaries → Estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ → uterus/mammary glands → oviposition & birth/lactation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a problem with pancake brooders that were used for brooding way back when |
|
Definition
| they are very ineffecient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| advantage of Live vaccines |
|
Definition
| Contains living organisms that are able to infect and multiply in the host and this enhances the strength and duration of the immune response. This is the closest thing to the real infection, which leads to a strong antibody response (B and T cells) and creation of memory cells. |
|
|
Term
| advantage of Live-attenuated vaccines |
|
Definition
| Contains living organisms that are able to infect and multiply in the host and this enhances the strength and duration of the immune response. This is the closest thing to the real infection, which leads to a strong antibody response (B and T cells) and creation of memory cells. |
|
|
Term
| advantage of Recombinant vaccines (not on test) |
|
Definition
| a way of generating an antibody response to a virulent pathogen by encasing the harmful virus's DNA in a harmless virus |
|
|
Term
| advantage of Vacuum Tumbling marination |
|
Definition
| The marinade penetrates deep into the meat. Better distribution of flavor |
|
|
Term
| advantage of needle injection marination |
|
Definition
| Large quantities of product injected in short amount of time in a continuous process |
|
|
Term
| advantage with Killed (or inactivated) vaccines |
|
Definition
| lower risk of getting sick from vaccination |
|
|
Term
| age of birds in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a circulatory system (driven by the new embryo heart) infused membrane
-When fully developed the Allantois completely surrounds the embryo
-has respiratory, excretory, and digestive functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from an amino acid (tyrosine and tryptophan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The Amnion forms a sac that fills with fluid in which the embryo floats
-Provides a shock-absorbing environment |
|
|
Term
| amount of feed held in auger system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of muscle in a chicken vs. rate of growth in the chicken |
|
Definition
| The more muscle you get in a chicken, the slower the growth occurs |
|
|
Term
| an alternative to electrocution to kill birds |
|
Definition
| LAPS (low atmospheric pressure system) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
-Because axon don’t enter the anterior pituitary, hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary is achieved through hormonal rather than neural regulation. |
|
|
Term
| at what age are pullets in broiler breeder operations moved into the laying house and photostimulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basic needs for broiler management |
|
Definition
-clean and abundant feed
-clean and good quality water
-air quality
-protection from disease |
|
|
Term
| broiler house dimensions with maximum cash return per foot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brooding systems used in broiler houses |
|
Definition
half house brooding
full house brooding |
|
|
Term
| categories of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
-T cells
-B cells
-NK cells |
|
|
Term
| controllers used in broiler houses |
|
Definition
Tortronics 3000 or Evolution 3000
controls most everything |
|
|
Term
| cooling/ventilation systems used in broiler houses |
|
Definition
-power ventilate
-cool cell circulating system; temp controlled; uses evaporative cooling |
|
|
Term
| cutting terminologies regulated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dead bird disposal at the broiler farm we visited |
|
Definition
-euthanize
-primarily pit
-composting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes all bones and associated connective tissue (e.g., ligaments, from meat and skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the process by which recombinant viruses are made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| details about the bleeding that occurs when a broiler is killed |
|
Definition
| Bleeding duration is about 60-120 seconds, which ensures death and that at least 40% of the blood is drained from the bird. |
|
|
Term
| digestive functions of allantois |
|
Definition
| it provides access to both the nutrition in the albumen and calcium in the egg shell |
|
|
Term
| dimensions of the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of Live vaccines |
|
Definition
| attenuated microbes may mutate back into virulent form. |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of Live-attenuated vaccines |
|
Definition
| attenuated microbes may mutate back into virulent form. |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of Recombinant vaccines |
|
Definition
| stability issue or risk of harmful mutation |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of Vacuum Tumbling marination |
|
Definition
| Batch process that takes time. |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of needle injection marination |
|
Definition
| Needle could break off and cause a physical hazard |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage with Killed (or inactivated) vaccines |
|
Definition
| Killed vaccines generally result in a weaker and shorter immune response than live vaccines due to their inability to infect and multiply in the host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single layer of cells that forms over the yolk at the germinal disc; this is the outer or upper layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inner layer of cells that develops from a thickening of the Ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| example of Artificial Active immunity |
|
Definition
| memory cells as a result of vaccination |
|
|
Term
| example of Artificial Passive immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of Innate immunity |
|
Definition
| normal leukocytes (esinophils, neutrophils, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| example of Natural Active immunity |
|
Definition
| memory cells as a result of sickness |
|
|
Term
| example of Natural Passive immunity |
|
Definition
| antibodies from milk or egg yolk |
|
|
Term
| examples of amino acid hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excessive follicular development can cause... |
|
Definition
| double-yolked eggs and/or the production of more than 1 egg per day |
|
|
Term
| excretory functions of allantois |
|
Definition
| it removes waste products from embryonic metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feeding program in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feeding system in broiler houses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
first visible feathers
Which stage of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for every 20 degree increase in temperature, the moisture holding capacity (humidity) decreases by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for every ______ degree increase in temperature, the moisture holding capacity (humidity) is cut in half |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything beyond the WOG is further processing all the way to RTE (ready to eat). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| goal of evisceration in poultry processing |
|
Definition
| to remove the visceral pack and associated organs from the carcass |
|
|
Term
| gonads (testes and ovaries) |
|
Definition
| produce sex steroid hormones – regulate growth and development |
|
|
Term
heart beats, blood vessels visible
Which stage of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same body temperature regardless of outside temperature; basically warm blooded |
|
|
Term
| how broiler harvesting is done |
|
Definition
| Primarily still done by hand which is very difficult, so one of the highest paid hourly jobs in processing. (bad hourse, dark and dirty work) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Forklifts take dump coops from live holding
-Dump coops are tilted and birds slide onto a conveyer belt. |
|
|
Term
| how electricity is used in poultry processing in Europe |
|
Definition
| In Europe, high voltage is used to electrocute the bird (kill it). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Birds are transferred from conveyor belt to shackles in preparation for stunning (lot of manual work in the hangers, considered the toughest job in the plant). |
|
|
Term
| how hauling of live broilers is done |
|
Definition
| Birds placed into “dump coops” and loaded onto large flatbed trucks in the open air. (helps circulate air for fresh oxygen and cool the birds). |
|
|
Term
| how high cortisol affects chicken growth |
|
Definition
| leads to decrease in growth |
|
|
Term
| how killing live broilers is done |
|
Definition
| After stunning, the bird pass through an automatic killer that places the birds neck against a blade. |
|
|
Term
| how live holding of live broilers is done |
|
Definition
-A shed where the flatbeds can be parked and birds held until processing
-Sheds have fans and spray or misting nozzles to keep birds cool. |
|
|
Term
| how most plants wash carcasses |
|
Definition
| by using a number of manual or automated carcass washing cabinets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electrical stunning is used to render the bird unconscious in preparation for automated killing |
|
|
Term
| how the anterior pituitary is controlled |
|
Definition
-The anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
-Because axon don’t enter the anterior pituitary, hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary is achieved through hormonal rather than neural regulation. |
|
|
Term
| how the broiler dies when being killed in processing |
|
Definition
| Bird dies from cutting of the jugular and carotid…exsangunation or bleeding to death). |
|
|
Term
| how the catching of broilers is done |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the endocrine pathway that involves growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 affects chicken growth |
|
Definition
| Pathway leads to growth via hypertrophy (growing cells larger) and hyperplasia (mitosis, proliferation). |
|
|
Term
| how thyroid hormone (TH) affects chicken growth |
|
Definition
| This pathway leads to increased growth, too little or too much thyroid hormone negatively affects growth rate |
|
|
Term
| how transfer is done in poultry processing |
|
Definition
| At transfer, the bird is removed from the shackle line and passed thru a wall and rehung for evisceration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in broiler production, water is important for monitoring... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lighting system used in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
| mostly LED at half a foot candle |
|
|
Term
| market body weight for broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of cells that develops in the cavity between the ectoderm and mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| mortality in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the action in the endocrine pathway that involves growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 is via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of chickens in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portions of the carcass not normally consumed by humans |
|
|
Term
| one difference between giblet harvesting in the US and other parts of the world |
|
Definition
| in other parts of the word, several other organs (offal) are recovered |
|
|
Term
| one function of bedding other than providing insulation and cushioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxytocin causes the uterus/mammary glands to... |
|
Definition
| oviposition & birth/lactation |
|
|
Term
| oxytocin → ______ → oviposition & birth/lactation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxytocin → uterus/mammary glands → ______ |
|
Definition
| oviposition & birth/lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin and glucagon – regulate blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Par-fried (partial frying), start the cooking process to set the batter and then frozen...frowned upon now for food safety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes PTH – Calcium homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Temperature below which embryo becomes dormant and most development stops
-Temperature above which embryo development activity starts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cracking the shell of an egg |
|
|
Term
pipping
Which stage of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body temp varies with outside temp; basically cold blooded |
|
|
Term
| popularity of air chilling in the US |
|
Definition
| Air chilling has become a popular niche market in the US |
|
|
Term
| primary goal of feed withdrawal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between temperature and moisture holding capacity |
|
Definition
| For every 20 degree increase in temp, you 2bl your moisture holding capacity |
|
|
Term
| relationship between temperature and moisture holding capacity (humidity) |
|
Definition
| for every 20 degree increase in temperature, the moisture holding capacity (humidity) is cut in half |
|
|
Term
| respiratory functions of allantois |
|
Definition
| the developing embryo respires (O2 in / CO2 out) but doesn’t have the system to do it, so the Allantois completes gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| some advantages of using dwarf chickens as broiler breeders |
|
Definition
-Better utilization of dietary nutrients for egg production (better FCR for hatching eggs)
-No need for feed restriction programs
-Better reproduction / fertility
-Better resistance to heat stress; this is an advantage for tropical regions
-Reduced rearing cost of breeder flock (15%). (you can fit more birds in a building)
-Lower Maintenance requirements
-dw consume less feed and improve Feed Efficiency by 8.4%
-Mortality in dw is about half compared to standard hen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. These molecules can be referred to as small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by TLRs and PRRs.
-PAMPs activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved nonself molecules. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), endotoxins found on the cell membranes of bacteria, are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs.
-Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin (recognized by TLR5), lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycan, and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), recognized by TLR3 or unmethylated CpG motifs, recognized by TLR9. |
|
|
Term
| some details about when feed is withdrawn |
|
Definition
-Primary goal is intestinal emptying (ZERO tolerance for visible fecal material going into chiller…all carcuses would be condemned)
-Withdrawal is 8-12 hours (more than 12 hours they lose weight or live shrink, less and gut may not be empty…It is NOT done to prevent feed wasting). |
|
|
Term
| some diseases of concern in the broiler industry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some equipment in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
-controllers
-watering system
-feeding system
-brooding system
-cooling/ventilation system
-lighting system |
|
|
Term
| some examples of further processing |
|
Definition
-Cut-up
-debone
-marinating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some external barriers that function as a first line of defense |
|
Definition
-Skin
-Mucus membranes
-Lysozyme
-Respiratory Epithelium
-Air Quality |
|
|
Term
| some hormones released by the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some hormones released by the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some parts of the chicken that are considered "offal" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some poultry related companies that don't have operations in Georgia |
|
Definition
| Mountaire Farms and Peco Foods don’t have operations in GA |
|
|
Term
| some problems with older broiler houses |
|
Definition
| Older houses are leaky; greatly affected by environment |
|
|
Term
| some things other than wood that can be used as shavings/bedding in a broiler house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that lead to decreased levels of TH |
|
Definition
-high temperature (hot birds)
-feed restriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Live vaccines
-Live-attenuated vaccines
-Killed (or inactivated) vaccines
-Recombinant vaccines |
|
|
Term
| something about the ventilation in modern broiler houses |
|
Definition
| Modern houses have ventilation blowing air outward such that it wants to rush in thru inlets; we control where it rushes in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| target tissue of oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperature at which chckens experience physiological zero |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 10 steps of broiler processing |
|
Definition
-Harvesting
-Slaughter
-Scalding
-Picking
-Transfer
-Evisceration
-Inspection
-Giblet Harvesting
-Washing
-Chilling
HSSPTEIGWC |
|
|
Term
| the advantages of ice packing |
|
Definition
-cheap
-yields an attractive fresh product |
|
|
Term
| the broiler producers job is to minimize... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the different hormones that affect growth in poultry |
|
Definition
-cortisol
-growth hormone (GH)
-thyroid hormone (TH) |
|
|
Term
| the disadvantages of ice packing |
|
Definition
-the pack drips water and is messy
-requires dedicated transport and holding rooms
-the ice adds considerable extra bulk and weight during shipping |
|
|
Term
| the effect of too little thyroid hormone on chicken growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of too much thyroid hormone on chicken growth |
|
Definition
| negatively affects growth rate |
|
|
Term
| the effect of tunnel ventilation on the chickens |
|
Definition
| Tunnel ventilation increases heat removal from the body and lowers body temperature. |
|
|
Term
| the electricity used for stunning in the U.S. |
|
Definition
In the US we use low voltage (12-40V) and high frequency (500 Hz) for a short duration (3-5 seconds)
The US stunning method is recoverable |
|
|
Term
| the endocrine pathway that involves cortisol |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus → CRH → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal Gland → Cortisol |
|
|
Term
| the endocrine pathway that involves growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 |
|
Definition
| Growth Hormone (GH) → Liver → IGF-1 |
|
|
Term
| the endocrine pathway that involves thyroid hormone (TH) |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → Thyriod → TH |
|
|
Term
| the endocrine pathway that leads to cortisol is stimulated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the floor in a broiler house |
|
Definition
| packed dirt covered with bedding |
|
|
Term
| the genotype of the sex chromosomes of dwarf hens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the goal of chilling broilers |
|
Definition
| to chill the carcass to 4C in less than four hours |
|
|
Term
| the goal of killing birds like they do in poultry processing |
|
Definition
| to insure that only dead birds enter the scalder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the half-life of growth hormone (GH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hormone that causes liver to release IGF-1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hormone that causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hormone that causes the kidneys to retain water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hormone that causes the ovaries to release estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hormone that causes the testes to release testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hormone that causes the thyroid to release thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hormone that causes the uterus/mammary glands to do oviposition & birth/lactation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hypothalamo hypophyseal PORTAL system connects the ______ to the ______ |
|
Definition
hypothalamus
portal system |
|
|
Term
| the hypothalamo hypophyseal TRACT connects the ______ to the ______ |
|
Definition
hypothalmus
posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| the most used method of chilling broiler carcasses in the US |
|
Definition
| water immersion (works faster, less than an hour) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: feed withdrawn
2: harvesting
3: hauling
4: live holding |
|
|
Term
| the steps of slaughtering |
|
Definition
1: coop dumping
2: hanging
3: stunning
4: killing
5: scalding
6: picking
7: transfer
8: evisceration
9: giblet harvesting
10: washing
11: chilling |
|
|
Term
| the top broiler companies |
|
Definition
-Tyson
-Pilgrim’s
-Sanderson Farms
-Koch
-Wayne Farms |
|
|
Term
| the two largest turkey companies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these can be used to mitigate the problem with hot air being concentrated towards the roof |
|
Definition
| It seems attic inlets can be used to mitigate the problem with hot air being concentrated towards the roof |
|
|
Term
| things that develop from the ectoderm |
|
Definition
-Skin
-Feathers
-Beak
-Claws
-Eye (Lens, Retina)
-Nervous System
-Mouth, vent lining |
|
|
Term
| things that develop from the endoderm |
|
Definition
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Endocrine System
DRE |
|
|
Term
| things that develop from the mesoderm |
|
Definition
- Muscles
- Bones
- Blood
- Repro System
- Excretory System
BREMB |
|
|
Term
| this amino acid is the base of epinepherine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this amino acid is the base of melatonin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is done before harvesting the broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is used to predict amount of feed in auger system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this thing about temperature allows you to cut down on moisture in the house |
|
Definition
| For every 20 degree increase in temp, you 2bl your moisture holding capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes thyroxine – regulates metabolism and growth |
|
|
Term
| trend in broiler feed efficiency over the past 40 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trend in broiler live weight over the past 40 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trend in broiler percent mortality over the past 40 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
| environmentally controlled; dark houses; solid sidewall tunnel vent |
|
|
Term
| type of cooling used in cool cell circulating system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| use of back-up generator on the broiler farm we visited |
|
Definition
| runs fans to keep birds alive; most run off of diesel fuel |
|
|
Term
| vaccination program at the broiler farm we visited |
|
Definition
| in hatchery and on farm at ~day 18 thru eyes and nostrils |
|
|
Term
| watering system used in broiler houses |
|
Definition
| drinker tip system; big ace drinker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved nonself molecules |
|
|
Term
| what burning the cilia does to poultry |
|
Definition
| reduces their ability to keep the gunk out of their respiratory systems |
|
|
Term
| what causes double-yolked eggs and/or the production of more than 1 egg per day? |
|
Definition
| excessive follicular development |
|
|
Term
| what circulation fans are often used for |
|
Definition
| moving warm air to cooler areas; this makes the operation more efficient and better for the birds |
|
|
Term
| what circulation fans do in broiler houses |
|
Definition
Circulation fans on the house moves hot air off the ceiling and into cooler parts of the house.
This keeps the house temperature more consistent and decreases energy bill. |
|
|
Term
| what detractors say about water immersion of carcasses |
|
Definition
| it increases the water in the carcass thus poultry companies selling expensive water |
|
|
Term
| what happens if a live bird goes into the scalder? |
|
Definition
| If bird is still alive in the scalder, the skin will be bright red and called a cadaver (condemned…a no no) |
|
|
Term
| what is done to antibiotics in chicken feed prior to processing? |
|
Definition
| Prior to processing, antibiotics and such are removed from the feed |
|
|
Term
| what is the goal of minimum ventilation in broiler houses? |
|
Definition
| Bring air across the ceiling to increase its temperature and drop it to the floor on the birds. |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)? |
|
Definition
| Removes oxygen and decreases aerobic pathogen growth and prevents oxidative damage (fatty acid oxidation). |
|
|
Term
| what is thought to be mutated in the dw chickens (dwarf chickens)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what most US poultry facilities recover in giblet harvesting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what supporters say about water immersion of carcasses |
|
Definition
| it increases product moistness |
|
|
Term
| what the floors are under the shavings in broiler houses in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the floors are under the shavings in broiler houses overseas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thyroid hormone does in the chicken |
|
Definition
| stimulates protein synthesis, maturation of nervous system and elevates metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when feather removal became automated |
|
Definition
| the 60s when it became automated with the rubber picking finger. |
|
|
Term
| when feed withdrawal is done to broilers |
|
Definition
| 8-12 hours before slaughter; more than 12 hours they lose weight or live shrink, less and gut may not be empty…It is NOT done to prevent feed wasting |
|
|
Term
| when harvesting is best done |
|
Definition
| at night when it’s cool and dark |
|
|
Term
| when the LED lights in the broiler house are at half a foot candle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the LED lights in the broiler house are full bright |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the ACRB broilers housed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is sex-linked dwarfism in broiler breeders mostly used? |
|
Definition
| 20% of broiler breeder hens in Europe are dwarf. (Majority in France) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where you want the energy in broilers to go |
|
Definition
| you want the energy to go to growth and development |
|
|
Term
| which works better? tunnel ventilation systems or individual fans? |
|
Definition
| Tunnel ventilation systems work better than individual fans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carcass must be free of any contamination prior to entering the chilling system. |
|
|
Term
| why is the pan at the end of the feeder line where the motor is important? |
|
Definition
| because the motor at the end of the feeder line activates when the feed level in the pan at the end gets low enough |
|
|
Term
| why you want the intestines to be empty when processing |
|
Definition
| ZERO tolerance for visible fecal material going into chiller…all carcuses would be condemned |
|
|
Term
| why you want to see water consumption increase daily |
|
Definition
| because water is important for monitoring bird uniformity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covers the yolk and produces an enzyme that converts yolk material into a food source |
|
|
Term
| ~70% of your white blood cells are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(packed, weighed, labeled, priced) fresh poultry products to retailers
No need anymore for the in-store Butcher, just need someone to stock the shelves… |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickens that have been killed, bled and had the feathers removed |
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