Term
| An LH surge occurs [this many hours] prior to ovulation in birds |
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Definition
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Term
| An LH surge occurs [this many hours] prior to ovulation in humans |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolutionarily, traits that have disappeared phenotypically, but do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA |
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Term
| Broiler chickens will eat to fill _________________ needs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ca stored in ______ until muscle fiber is depolarized |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Ca stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum until ______ |
|
Definition
| muscle fiber is depolarized |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pair of bones that aid in wing movement and supplies additional support of shoulder joint |
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Term
|
Definition
-leg muscles
-longer usage
-more continuous usage
-more myoglobin (lota like hemoglobin due to Fe containing heme groups that bind to O; this is a reservoir for O)
-more blood vessel
-more fat
-more color
-has high aerobic capacity
-has higher capillary profusion
-birds that fly more have dark meat in their breast |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe how poultry was raised on farms in the 1800s and early 1900s |
|
Definition
| basically as a side business |
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Term
|
Definition
| central hollow region in bones |
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|
Term
| Difference between microvilli and villi |
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Definition
| villi protrude into the lumen (inside) of the intestine and microvilli are cytoplasmic extensions off of the epithelial membrane of the villi |
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Term
|
Definition
fluffy or plumulaceous; these feathers have a less organized structure
-trap air for insulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| the end of the bone where growth occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of feed required for 1 pound of body mass |
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Term
|
Definition
very small, hair-like feathers with rudimentary barbs and barbules which are located at the apex.
-a.k.a. “Pin Feathers”
-Hard to remove in processing
-If dark in color, very detrimental to carcass |
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|
Term
| From what wild species are all modern chickens descendants? |
|
Definition
| red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) |
|
|
Term
| Generally, what two breeds are crossed to give us the modern broiler chicken? |
|
Definition
| White Plymouth Rock and White Cornish |
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|
Term
| Granulosa cells secrete... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How are broiler feathers rendered |
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Definition
| Steam pressure cookers with temperatures over 140 °C are used to "cook" and sterilize the feathers. This partially hydrolyzes the proteins, which denatures them. It is then dried, cooled and ground into a powder for use as a nitrogen source for animal feed (mostly ruminants) or as an organic soil amendment. |
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Term
| How can you tell the difference between a remiges and rectrices? |
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Definition
| remiges have one side bigger than the other while retrices are symmetrical |
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|
Term
| How could you increase the pigmentation of a chicken’s skin/yolk? |
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Definition
| more carotenoids, which come from mostly corn diet |
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Term
| How could you tell if a hen is a highly productive hen just by sight? |
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Definition
| yellow pigment is removed from the birds own body in the production of eggs as well as coming from the feed. Can be used for judging hens for egg production. |
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|
Term
| How did artificial insemination contribute to Roman’s being known as the first poultry breeding specialist? |
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Definition
| this led to the heavy breed (meat) and the light breed (eggs); also came up with the concept of force feeding |
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|
Term
| How do human and avian erythrocytes differ? |
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Definition
| In birds, erythrocytes are oral shaped, nucleated, and 1.5x larger than mammalian RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
how they may work:
-supplying nutrients to beneficial microbes
-tricking pathogenic bacteria into attaching to the oligosaccharide rather than to the -intestinal mucosa
-Lower the gut pH through lactic acid production
-Inhibit/prevent colonization of pathogens
-Modifying metabolic activity of normal intestinal flora
-Stimulation of the immune system. |
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|
Term
| How does the feed conversion of chickens compare with other agricultural animals? |
|
Definition
broilers: 1.7
layers: 2.00
pork: 3.00
beef: 6.5 |
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Term
|
Definition
| male’s abdomen palpated to release semen thru cloaca and the semen gets inserted into the female’s vagina |
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|
Term
| How many amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are in a chicken spermatogonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are in a chicken spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many spermatozoa come from one spermatogonia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How much broiler meat does Georgia produce per year? |
|
Definition
| Georgia produces more than 7.5 billion pounds of broiler meat a year. |
|
|
Term
| How were they once used (but no longer)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Georgia were a country, it would be the ______largest in Broiler production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vein that returns blood from the abdomen and lower body to the heart |
|
|
Term
| Is calorie of Kilocalorie used when measuring available energy in feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is mammalian or avian sperm more concentrated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medullary bones form in egg laying birds in response to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nitrogen-free extract; represents carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| Of total production cost, what percent is contributed by feed cost? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On an average day, how many millions of pounds of chicken are produced in Georgia? |
|
Definition
| approx. 20.7 million lbs/day |
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Term
|
Definition
| large unpaired tube located along dorsal midline of abdominal cavity between ovary and cloaca. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
feathers that are found under the contour feathers and form a soft, downy-like undercoat.
they are
-Short shafted
-No interlocking hooklets
-Primary function is trapping air for the conservation of heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 3 main proteases are trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (rem-a-gees) wing feather-1º, 2º, flight feather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (ret-try-seez) long feathers on tail |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal (striated) muscles |
|
Definition
| muscle responsible for voluntary movement and body shape. Attached to bones by tendons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has passages for capillaries and nerves; this type of bone is home to bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the epidermis, made up of dead, flattened, dehyrated hard or horny cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost layer of the epidermis, where epidermis cells are formed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of the epidermis, transition layer where new live cells transform into outer layer dead cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| vein that returns blood from the head (via jugular veins), and upper body (wings, thoracic region) to the heart |
|
|
Term
| The main purpose of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| to store bile, that is produced by the liver and enters the gallbladder hepatic ducts . |
|
|
Term
| The testes has a mass of ____% if of the chicken’s body mass. Is this more or less than man? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Theca of small immature follicles produces... |
|
Definition
| primarily estrogens and androgens |
|
|
Term
| Trace the flow of blood through the heart as it enters the heart from the systemic circulatory system, travels to the pulmonary circulation and finally leaves the heart in a return to the systemic system. |
|
Definition
| inferior and superior vena cava → RA → right atriventricular valve (tricuspid) (lub) → right ventricle → pulmonary valves (dub) → pulmonary artery → lungs (picked up O and discharged CO2) → pulmonary veins (R&L) → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid, mital) (lub) → left ventricle → aortic valves (dub) → aorta → systemic |
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|
Term
| What are some management changes that you can introduce to address issues with hock burns occurring in a broiler house? |
|
Definition
-litter management
-control ammonia
-waterline management
-nutritional consideration |
|
|
Term
| What are some measures that can be taken to reduce green muscle disease? |
|
Definition
measures to reduce wing flapping, such as...
-reduce amount of entry/exit in house
-look for stressful stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons why poultry production grew substantially between the years of 1920 and 1950? |
|
Definition
-Wilmer Steele’s establishment of broiler farming in Delmarva
-eradication of Salmonella pullorumby way of USDA, poultry improvement, and testing of flocks
-WW2 boosted production because it was needed to feed the soldiers; pork and beef were rationed, but chicken wasn’t
-1948 chicken of tomorrow contest
-destruction of cotton crop by boll weevil helped Southern farmers turn to poultry |
|
|
Term
| What are the four main macromolecules and how many kcal/g do they have? |
|
Definition
| lipids (9.5), carbohydrates (~4), proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the “critical” amino acids in poultry? |
|
Definition
-Methionine
-lysine
-tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| What breed is the major layer in the US industry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can lead to increased instances of foot pad dermatitis (hock burn)? |
|
Definition
-“Ammonia burn”
-Combination of Moisture (softens pads and leads to FPD), High ammonia, and Contact with feces
-High stocking densities
-Nutritional concerns: (High protein --> wetter litter)
-all vegetable diets; high density (or high fat) diets) |
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|
Term
| What can you measure to get the amount of crude protein in the diet? |
|
Definition
| N content; CP = N content X 6.25 |
|
|
Term
| What causes Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) in broiler meat? |
|
Definition
| the pH of the meat dropping too quickly |
|
|
Term
| What common ingredient contribute linoleic acid to poultry feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does “essential” amino acid mean? |
|
Definition
| the chicken can’t make them itself |
|
|
Term
| What fatty acid is considered when formulating poultry feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What instrument can be used to measure the amount of energy in feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a dual purpose bird? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good, cheap and efficient way to estimate the amount of feed consumed in a poultry house? |
|
Definition
| Measuring the amount of water consumed by the birds; birds consume about 2 g of water per 1 g of feed |
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|
Term
| What is a measurement that involves the GI tract that can be made to test the effectiveness of prebiotics? |
|
Definition
| Because the oligosaccharide is non-digestible, the microbes that are attached will travel along the GIT with the ingesta, and are excreted from the bird along with other undigested food. |
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|
Term
| What is an advantage of using fish meal in the diet of layers? |
|
Definition
| Provides eggs with omega 3 fatty acids, which are very healthy, since they increase HDL |
|
|
Term
| What is artificial insemination |
|
Definition
| humans inseminating animals |
|
|
Term
| What is cage layer fatigue? |
|
Definition
-occurs in prolific hens kept in battery cages.
-The disease is typified by muscular paralysis and severe osteoporosis.
-Caused by excessive calcium depletion. |
|
|
Term
| What is feed conversion for broiler chickens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is feed conversion for eggs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is long thought to be the initial reason for domestication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the presence of spermatogonia in males? |
|
Definition
| this is the male stem cell, enabling a man to produce sperm the rest of his life |
|
|
Term
| What is the Chicken of Tomorrow Contest and why was it significant? |
|
Definition
| In 1948, A&P supermarkets sponsored an event to give the world a better chicken. |
|
|
Term
| What is the anatomical demarcation between the jejunum and ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the annual contribution of poultry to Georgia’s economy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the heart rate of a chicken? |
|
Definition
350 – 475 bpm
ball park…could be 280 for chick, 470 for 1 week old, 250 broiler, 300 mature male, 350 mature female |
|
|
Term
| What is the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
| the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage (e.g., external temperature, internal water loss). |
|
|
Term
| What is the koilin layer in the gizzard and what purpose does it serve? |
|
Definition
| secreted layer of mucus to protect the gizzard from the HCl |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common reference to energy in poultry feed formulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protein content of starter, grower, and finisher diets of the broiler? |
|
Definition
| 23%, 20%, and 18%, respectively |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the ability of birds to detect presence of light? |
|
Definition
| changes in day length stimulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular (HPG) axis |
|
|
Term
| What nation is a distant second to the US in poultry production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the feather is used in rendering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of broiler diets is made up of Corn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of broiler diets is made up of soybean meal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pest contributed to the growth of poultry in NE Georgia due to its destruction of cotton crops? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What poultry company is currently taking a public stand against the “no antibiotics ever” movement? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What recent atavistic discovery in birds demonstrates that they are direct descendants of dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
| having the genes for dinosaur-like teeth and hands |
|
|
Term
| What selective pressure pushed for the bird to adopt the more energetically costly uric acid pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What societies first perfected the art of artificial incubation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species may have contributed to the ability of chickens to take pigment (Yellow) into their skin? |
|
Definition
| Grey Jungle Fowl (Gallus sonneratii) |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the production of medullary bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three anatomical arrangements allow for increased surface area in the small intestines to increase nutrient absorption? |
|
Definition
-circular folds
-villi
-microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What trend do you see in the diet formulation as you progress through market weight? |
|
Definition
| the protein content of the diet drops |
|
|
Term
| What was established by the Hatch Act? |
|
Definition
| fostered the establishment of experimental stations for research and development of land grant colleges and provided research funding for agriculture and veterinary research at the colleges |
|
|
Term
| What was established by the Morrill Land Act? |
|
Definition
| created in each state a land grant college to teach agriculture |
|
|
Term
| What was established by the Smith-Lever Act? |
|
Definition
| established and provided funding for the Cooperative Extensive Service within the land grant universities, which resulted in the dissemination of knowledge about current developments in agriculture and home economics to the public |
|
|
Term
| What was established in 1935 that contributed to the eradication of Salmonella pallorum? |
|
Definition
| poultry improvement and testing of salmonella positive flocks; this was done by USDA |
|
|
Term
| What was the pathogen that limited the expansion of the poultry industry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carboxypeptidase and chymptrypsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can antibiotics be used in poultry? |
|
Definition
| when under authority from a vet |
|
|
Term
| When do rooster sperm gain motility? |
|
Definition
| when they're in the ductus deferens |
|
|
Term
| Where in poultry production is AI used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where were the oldest known chicken fossils that show early domestication recently found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ovary develops in the chicken? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which oviduct develops in the chicken? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-flight muscles
-short bursts of movement (equivalent to your type 2 muscle; they allow for strong, powerful movement, but they’re more prone to fatigue)
-less myoglobin
-fewer blood vessels
-less fat
-less color |
|
|
Term
| Who seeded the establishment of major poultry farming in the Delmarva peninsula? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are we “lucky” that turkey have more SSTs then chicken? |
|
Definition
| because turkeys rely on AI |
|
|
Term
| Why do chicks have down, not feathers? |
|
Definition
| Because they cannot thermoregulate |
|
|
Term
| Why do you propose that chicken production will grow significantly in developing countries in Africa and South America over the next 10 years? |
|
Definition
| I think because poultry could do great on fly larvae |
|
|
Term
| Why do you think avian sperm is more concentrated than mammalian? |
|
Definition
| such a rudimentary phallus that it makes sense that the sperm be concentrated when they do the cloacal kiss so that hopefully some of the sperm reach the egg |
|
|
Term
| Why do you think broiler production is now shifting to larger birds? |
|
Definition
| because we’re growing them longer to get larger birds; the more meat we can get from the bird, the more meat there is for further processing; we’re not as worried about cuts as we once were |
|
|
Term
| Why does green muscle disease occur in broilers? |
|
Definition
| The green color is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin and myoglobin to bile salts. |
|
|
Term
| Why have chicken feet and paws become important to poultry integrators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is beak trimming used in broiler breeders? |
|
Definition
| Beak trimming is a preventive measure to reduce damage caused by injurious pecking such as cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking, and thereby improve livability. Broiler breeding stock may be trimmed to prevent damage during mating. |
|
|
Term
| Why is pepsinogen dependent on HCl? |
|
Definition
| HCl helps turn pepsinogen into pepsin, which is an active protease that works at low pH |
|
|
Term
| Why is the pancreas vital for digestion? |
|
Definition
| the enzymes it secretes help with digestion; Pancreatic enzymes take over protein digestion in small intestine by hydrolyzing polypeptides into shorter oligopeptides |
|
|
Term
| Why is xanthophyll pigment significant in broiler nutrition in the US? |
|
Definition
| Contributes yellow skin, which is preferred by Americans |
|
|
Term
| Why isn't cottonseed used in layers? |
|
Definition
| Because it has gossypol, which can discolor yolks, making them unmarketable |
|
|
Term
| Why might broilers be grown sex-separate? |
|
Definition
| because males are gonna have a higher feed efficiency and grow more rapidly, such that you would wanna give the males a more nutrient dense diet than the females |
|
|
Term
| Why might including fiber in the diet be beneficial for poultry production? |
|
Definition
-Increased fiber in the diet can decrease cannibalism and other problems associated with beaks that haven’t been trimmed
-Catabolism, villi height, pathogens
+2-3% fiber in the diet increases gastrointestinal health
+Increases intestinal villi height
+Decreases pathogenic organisms |
|
|
Term
| Why might raw soybean be a problem in poultry feed? |
|
Definition
| because raw soybean contains a protein that is a trypsin inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Why might the 50-year bamboo bloom cycle that occurs in the native regions of the jungle fowl be beneficial to poultry being an efficient production animal? |
|
Definition
| It is postulated that the jungle fowl, known as the bamboo fowl in many Southeast Asian languages, is a special pheasant well adapted to take advantage of the large amounts of fruits that are produced during the end of the 50-year bamboo seeding cycle to boost its own reproduction. In domesticating the chicken, humans took advantage of this prolific reproduction of the jungle fowl when exposed to large amounts of food. |
|
|
Term
| Why was poultry farming a deceptively large business in the 1800s? |
|
Definition
| It was a deceptively large business due to the high % of farms that kept chickens. |
|
|
Term
| Why would low sodium lead to a decrease in amino acid and monosaccharide absorption? |
|
Definition
| because they are both absorbed through a Na dependent active transport mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Why wouldn’t you just meet your energy needs with protein rich sources? |
|
Definition
| because of the expense of proteins |
|
|
Term
| ______ energizes the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is needed to allow myosin to bind with actin, to form crossbridge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum until muscle fiber is depolarized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the infundibulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the isthmus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the magnum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the oviduct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the uterus (shell gland) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digests starch and glucose |
|
|
Term
| amylase, maltase, and sucrase |
|
Definition
| some enzymes that break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leaves the left ventricle divides to supply 2 coronary arteries that supply heart itself, and supply remainder of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bolus is the stuff you’re gonna find thru your stomach |
|
|
Term
| boundary between magnum and isthmus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are found around the mouth and eyes of poultry and are believed to aid in sensory ability and protect sensitive areas.
-Comparable to mammalian eyelashes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition of a hen where she is prepared to sit on eggs for the purpose of incubation and becomes receptive to caring for the young. Hens cease to lay eggs during this period of time. |
|
|
Term
| cage layer fatigue aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capacitation is a functional maturation of the spermatozoon. The changes take place via the sperm cell membrane in which it may be that receptors are made available through the removal of a glycoprotein layer. The area of the acrosomal cap is also so altered thereby that the acrosome reaction becomes possible. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of contour feathers that make them ideal for flight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chickens in the American class originate from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chickens in the Asiatic class originate from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chickens in the Continental class originate from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chickens in the English class originate from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chickens in the Mediterranean class originate from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of eggs layed in a row |
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|
Term
| color of eggs laid by American class chickens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| color of eggs laid by chickens in the English class |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| color of skin in chickens in the American class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| color of skin in chickens in the Asiatic class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| color of skin in chickens in the English class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typical contour feathers are the flight quills on the wings and tail. They cover the body of the bird and have more down at the lower part of the feather. Down part of feathers trap air (insulate). |
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Term
|
Definition
| leftover follicular tissue in mammals that maintains the uterine lining; absent in birds and there’s no equivalent function |
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Term
|
Definition
| an expansion of the esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| a secretion in the crop produced by birds such as pigeons and doves when crop epithelial cells fill with lipid due to stimulation by the hormone prolactin |
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Term
| depiction of a bristle feather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a chicken sperm |
|
Definition
[image]
where it says nucleus, it should say pronucleus |
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Term
| depiction of a contour feather |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a down feather |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of enterohepatic circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of pancreatic enzymes in small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the avian digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the avian digestive tract compared with the human digestive tract |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the different parts of a feather |
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Definition
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|
Term
| depiction of the female reproductive tract |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the flow of blood through the heart as it enters the heart from the systemic circulatory system, travels to the pulmonary circulation and finally leaves the heart in a return to the systemic system |
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Definition
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|
Term
| depiction of the hypothalamus-pitutiary-testicular axis and the different hormones that are released |
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Definition
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|
Term
| depiction of the typical pattern of blood flow through the systemic circulatory system (might wanna draw this) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| depictions of the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-ovarian axis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the middle tissue of the skin |
|
|
Term
| difference between the pulmonary artery and aorta |
|
Definition
-Pulmonary artery:
+Leaves right ventricle of the heart and divides into left and right branches,
+Each pulmonary artery branch enters corresponding (static) lung lobe where blood exchanges carbon dioxide (waste) for oxygen.
-Aorta:
+Leaves the left ventricle divides to supply 2 coronary arteries that supply heart itself, and supply remainder of the body |
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Term
| differences between avian and mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
|
Definition
-Oral shaped and larger than mammalian RBC (1.5x larger)
-RBC are nucleated in birds
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| the outermost skin tissue (3 separate layers) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes (red blood cells) produced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pounds of feed needed to produce one pound of live weight |
|
|
Term
| function of egg shell gland |
|
Definition
| egg plumping, shell deposition, pigmentation and cuticle addition |
|
|
Term
| function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin, Iron containing protein that carries oxygen and exchanges it with tissues |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| engulf ovulated ovum and site of fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of inner and outer egg shell membrane deposition |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| addition of albumen to egg |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| allows the heart to beat with minimal friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the follicle contains ovum and yolk material that serves as a nutrient source for the developing embryo |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the mechanical action of mixing and grinding the feed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| oogenesis and steroidogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of egg formation and path of sperm migration |
|
|
Term
| function of the proventriculus |
|
Definition
| The proventriculus is a small organ through which ingested feed passes rapidly. The fluid secreted by the proventriculus is very similar to those in the stomach of non-ruminant mammals, containing both pepsinogen and HCl. Very little churning and mixing of feed occurs in this organ. Two types of glands predominate in the proventriculus (glandular stomach) : (1) simple mucosal glands that secrete mucus and (2) compound submucosal glands that secrete mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects shell gland to cloaca |
|
|
Term
| functions of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
-Acts as physical boundary between bird internal structures and the external environment
-Provides protection against Injury, Parasites, and Pathogens
-Insulation – Thermoregulation – heating and cooling of the body – regulating blood flow
-Skin provides attachment structure for feathers
-Aids in flight; Acts as receptors for sensory stimuli |
|
|
Term
| functions of the renal portal system |
|
Definition
-Active secretion of uric acid by kidney tubule, a waste product of protein metabolism.
-Filters blood to remove metabolic wastes
-Regulates water and electrolyte balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total amount of energy in the feed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. It is responsible for directing blood from the region of the gastrointestinal tract between the esophagus and rectum and also includes venous drainage from the supplementary organs such as the spleen and pancreas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Calcium and ATP are needed for muscle contraction |
|
Definition
-Ca needed to allow myosin to bind with actin, to form crossbridge
-Ca energizes the cell
-Ca stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum until muscle fiber is depolarized
-ATP needed to cause the shortening and power stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they pick up feed with their beaks, mix it with saliva and then raise their heads and extend their neck, thereupon allowing the feed to progress downward by gravity and negative pressure in the esophagus. The tongue plays an important role in moving the food particles toward the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
| how are feathers being repurposed? |
|
Definition
| being used to make feather meal and some other things, such as microchips and attracting oil, which can be useful in an oil spill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90% of bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein |
|
|
Term
| how can prebiotics be used in poultry |
|
Definition
| providing a substrate for beneficial bacteria (lactobaccili) |
|
|
Term
| how can probiotics be used in poultry? |
|
Definition
| stimulating the immune system |
|
|
Term
| how chickens cool off w/o sweat glands |
|
Definition
-Cool off by evaporation through wattle and comb; there’s increased vascularization there
-Pant and use respiration |
|
|
Term
| how controlling ammonia can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Days 1-14 most important in lesion development
-Proper ventilation
-Monitor relative humidity (~50-70%). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mode of action in broilers:
-Outcompete or exclude pathogenic bacteria
-Alter metabolism by increasing digestive enzyme activity
-Improve feed efficiency, Decreased ammonia production
-Stimulate the Immune system; helps immune system be more on guard |
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|
Term
| how feathers are arranged |
|
Definition
| Feathers are arranged in rows within tracts called pterylae. The feather tracts are separated by non-feathered spaces called apteria. There are approximately 13 pterylae and 8 apteria. |
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|
Term
| how feathers function in flight |
|
Definition
| Light, strong, large surface to weight ratio to generate lift |
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in insulation |
|
Definition
assist in temperature regulation - the chicken is homothermous (warm-blooded animal) and maintains a body temperature of 41ºC (105 to 106ºF)
-Cold: fluff feathers to trap air
-Hot: hold feathers erect to allow air flow to skin |
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|
Term
| how feathers function in protection |
|
Definition
| Waterproofing, parasites, pathogens, social signaling, camouflage |
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in reproduction |
|
Definition
| helping to attract a mate |
|
|
Term
| how is broodiness avoided? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how litter management can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Deeper litter = drier litter = better paws
-Proper conditions: Dry, remove caked up litter |
|
|
Term
| how long can sperm storage tubules store sperm in chickens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can sperm storage tubules store sperm in turkeys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for ovulation to occur following oviposition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is spermatogenesis in birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is spermatogenesis in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many amino acids are considered "essential for poultry"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many apteria does a chicken have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many breeds are in the American class of chickens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many breeds are in the Asiatic class of chickens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many pterylae does a chicken have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how muscles function in heat |
|
Definition
| regulate body temperature; this is produced by metabolism |
|
|
Term
| how muscles function in movement |
|
Definition
| many work by themselves, many in pairs |
|
|
Term
| how muscles function in shape and form |
|
Definition
| surround, cover and protect bones, organs, etc. |
|
|
Term
| how old are the oldest known chicken fossils that show early domestication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how photostimulation factors into egg production |
|
Definition
| Photostimulation (long day length) is the message to start egg production |
|
|
Term
| how the artificial incubators of Egypt worked |
|
Definition
| The Egyptians built incubators of clay brick in which fires were kept burning by an attendant who without any kind of thermometer other than his own skin adjusted constantly burning fires to maintain the temperature at the level required for incubation of the eggs (around 102°F). Not only were eggs incubated and hatched in these incubators in large numbers, they served as brooder to keep the young chicks warm until they were ready to fend for themselves. |
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|
Term
| how the cervical vertebrae (neck bones) are in birds |
|
Definition
| they have an “S” shape, which is designed to minimize landing impact stresses on the head. The S shape provides more moveability. |
|
|
Term
| how the circulatory system functions in pH and body fluid regulation |
|
Definition
-Acid-base balance (pH)
-Blood pressure and heart rate |
|
|
Term
| how the circulatory system participates in thermoregulation |
|
Definition
-Vasoconstriction – cold
-Vasodilatation - hot |
|
|
Term
| how the role of the epididymis is different in birds |
|
Definition
| the epididymis in humans stores sperm, but birds have a poorly developed epididymis, so they use the vas deferens to store sperm |
|
|
Term
| how the spinal vertebrae are in birds |
|
Definition
| they are fused to add support for wing movement |
|
|
Term
| how waterline management can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Nipple flow rates and pressure
-appropriate nipple height
-leak repair |
|
|
Term
| how you want the litter to be when managing hock burn |
|
Definition
| Proper conditions: Dry, remove caked up litter |
|
|
Term
| humans vs. birds: occipital condiles |
|
Definition
| humans have 2 and birds have 1 |
|
|
Term
| humans vs. birds: weight of bones |
|
Definition
| Bones of birds are also lighter in weight than in mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the innermost tissue or layer of the skin |
|
|
Term
| in birds, these things are relatively higher due to the high energy demand for flight |
|
Definition
-metabolic rate
-heart rate
-body temperature
-blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
|
|
Term
| lower pH in blood can lead to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medularry bones are dependent on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an important source of calcium when hens are laying eggs. The medullary bone is estrogen dependent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fraction of gross energy not lost as fecal or urinary or gaseous exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic extensions off of the epithelial membrane of the villi |
|
|
Term
| muscles attach to bones by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the percentage of red blood cells in circulating blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and allows it to beat with minimal friction
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smooth muscle contraction that moves bolus down digestive tract; bolus is the stuff you’re gonna find thru your stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| straw colored fluid portion of the blood that is the carrier for other blood components, such as proteins, such as albumen, hormones, and antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones that are hollow and actually act as part of the avian respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systems where venous capillary beds interact with organs WITHOUT first going through the heart. You can think of these as “side trips” blood goes thru on the way back to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating growth and/or activity of beneficial GI microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using oil from uropygial/preen gland to condition (water proof) the bird's feathers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of bringing food into the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Leaves right ventricle of the heart and divides into left and right branches,
-Each pulmonary artery branch enters corresponding (static) lung lobe where blood exchanges carbon dioxide (waste) for oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the veins that bring blood from the lungs to the heart |
|
|
Term
| reaction that takes place in blood that can lower pH |
|
Definition
| H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collects blood from the lower extremities and delivers it to the kidneys. Renal just simply refers to the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| role of the pectoralis major in flight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of the pectoralis minor in flight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the functional unit of muscle; it’s basically 2 strands of myosin that “sandwich” actin |
|
|
Term
| skeletal (striated) muscles attached to bones by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| smooth muscles are controlled by... |
|
Definition
| the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is the part of the nervous system that performs functions without you even thinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| better control of the population genetics |
|
|
Term
| some bones that are considered medullary bones |
|
Definition
-tibia
-femur
-pubic bone
-ribs
-ulna
-toes
-scapula |
|
|
Term
| some breeds in the American class of chickens |
|
Definition
-silver laced wyandottes
-Rhode Island red
-Jersey giant |
|
|
Term
| some breeds in the Asiatic class of chickens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some breeds in the Continental class of chickens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some breeds in the English class of chickens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some breeds in the Mediterranean class of chickens |
|
Definition
-leghorn
-buttercup
-Spanish |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of filoplumes |
|
Definition
-a.k.a. “Pin Feathers”
-Hard to remove in processing
-If dark in color, very detrimental to carcass |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of filoplumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of plumules |
|
Definition
-Short shafted
-No interlocking hooklets
-Primary function is trapping air for the conservation of heat. |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of sperm maturation in mammal |
|
Definition
-Immature when leave testis
-Mature in epididymis
+Can fertilize eggs
+Motile
-Storage and motility are androgen dependent
-Require capacitation |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of sperm maturation in rooster |
|
Definition
-Fully mature when leave testis
+Can fertilize eggs
+Not motile
-Motility gained in ductus deferens
+Androgen dependent |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of sperm storage in mammal |
|
Definition
-Testes and epididymis
-Duration - 60 days (bull)
-Storage is androgen dependent |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of sperm storage in rooster |
|
Definition
-Ductus deferens
+20-30 days in not actively mating
+1-3 days in sexually
-Sperm Storage Tubules (female)
+average of 10-14 days
-Not androgen dependent in male tract or testes |
|
|
Term
| some differences between the avian and mammalian skeletons |
|
Definition
-Coracoids – a pair of bones that aid in wing movement and supplies additional support of shoulder joint,
-Cervical vertebrae (neck bones) – for an “S” shape, which are designed to minimize landing impact stresses on the head. the S shape provides more moveability
-Spinal vertebrae – are fused to add support for wing movement
birds have 1 occipital condile
-Bones of birds are also lighter in weight than in mammals,
-Some of the bones are hollow and actually act as part of the avian respiratory system. They are called pneumatic bones (New-Matic) and include the skull, humerus, clavicle, keel (sternum), pelvic girdle, and the lumbar and sacral vertebrate.
-Another important type of bone in the avian skeleton are medullary (Med-ULarry) bones. These include the tibia, femur, pubic bone, ribs, ulna, toes and scapula. Medullary bones are an important source of calcium when hens are laying eggs. The medullary bone is estrogen dependent. |
|
|
Term
| some differences between the integumentary system of birds and that of mammals |
|
Definition
-Poultry skin has NO sweat glands
-Poultry have a uropygial gland or preen gland which is a source of oil used to condition (water proof) the birds feathers (a process called preening), and glands in the outer ear canal.
-Skin of a chicken is very thin compared to mammals |
|
|
Term
| some differences between white and dark meat |
|
Definition
White meat – flight muscles, short bursts of movement (equivalent to your type 2 muscle; they allow for strong, powerful movement, but they’re more prone to fatigue), less myoglobin, fewer blood vessels, less fat, less color
Dark meat – leg muscles, longer usage, more continuous usage, more myoglobin (lota like hemoglobin due to Fe containing heme groups that bind to O; this is a reservoir for O), more blood vessel, more fat, more color, has high aerobic capacity, has higher capillary profusion, birds that fly more have dark meat in their breast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some features of the cardiac (heart) muscle |
|
Definition
-has its own pacemaker
-has gap junctions
-in heart attack, the heart muscles are off sequence
-gap junctions allow heart muscles to act as a single unit; synsacum (did I spell that right?) |
|
|
Term
| some functions of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
-autonomic
-blood vessels
-repro
-respiritory
-digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| some important fat soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
vitamins A, D, E, and K
KADE |
|
|
Term
| some info about the American class of chickens |
|
Definition
| The American Class all originate from Canada or the US. The birds of this class are all heavy breeds and most lay brown eggs and have yellow skin. There are a total of 13 different breeds in this class. |
|
|
Term
| some info about the Asiatic class of chickens |
|
Definition
| The three breeds in this class all have origins in China. They are large, feather legged and lay brown eggs. |
|
|
Term
| some info about the Continental class of chickens |
|
Definition
| The Continental Class contains large-sized chickens breeds of Continental European origins. The breeds included in this class are mostly lively birds. |
|
|
Term
| some info about the English class of chickens |
|
Definition
| The English Class is made up of breeds that originated in the UK and Australia. White skin is a characteristic sported by the breeds of this class and most are heavier birds that lay brown eggs. |
|
|
Term
| some info about the Mediterranean class of chickens |
|
Definition
| All Members of this class possess white earlobes and tend to produce white eggs. They are generally flighty with great foraging skills. Mostly originate from Italy and Spain. |
|
|
Term
| some measures to reduce wing flapping |
|
Definition
-reduce amount of entry/exit in house
-look for stressful stimuli |
|
|
Term
| some nutritional considerations for addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
-Decrease Protein (high protein leads to wet droppings)
-all vegetable diets have been found to have higher incidence and severity of FPD
-Frequent ingredient changes causes bacterial imbalances which leads to wet droppings. |
|
|
Term
| some other details about white blood cells |
|
Definition
-Nucleated with a colorless cytoplasm
-Most WBC are phagocytic - a cell that engulfs and absorbs waste material, harmful microorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues
[image] |
|
|
Term
| some pneumatic bones in birds |
|
Definition
-skull
-humerus
-clavicle
-keel (sternum)
-pelvic girdle
-lumbar vertebrae
-sacral vertebrate |
|
|
Term
| some things transported by blood |
|
Definition
-Nutrients from the alimentary tract to the tissues
-Blood gases (i.e., O2 and CO2) from lungs to tissues and back to lungs
-Metabolic waste – removal of waste products from the tissues and products of metabolism
-Hormones produced by endocrine system to their target tissues
-Immune cells for protection – leukocytes and antibodies |
|
|
Term
| some top broiler producing states |
|
Definition
-Georgia
-Arkansas
-Alabama
-Mississippi
-N. Carolina |
|
|
Term
| some types of bones in chickens |
|
Definition
-Epiphysis
-Diaphysis
-Spongy
-Compact |
|
|
Term
| some types of smooth muscles |
|
Definition
-blood vessels
-gizzard
-intestines
-organs
-repro tract |
|
|
Term
| some unique features of the avian male reproductive system |
|
Definition
| Paired testes, Poorly developed epididymis, Ductus deferens, Rudimentary phallus |
|
|
Term
| something about the heart muscles in heart attack |
|
Definition
| in heart attack, the heart muscles are off sequence |
|
|
Term
| something smooth muscles are able to do |
|
Definition
| smooth muscles are able to expand and still be able to contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place inside female repro tract to store sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maturation to functional sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphological changes, such as...
-Spermatid to spermatozoa
-Formation of the acrosome cap and tail |
|
|
Term
| the 2 types of contour feathers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 3 different types of muscles |
|
Definition
-smooth
-cardiac
-skeletal (striated) |
|
|
Term
| the accessory glands in humans that are absent in the bird |
|
Definition
| seminal vesicles, prostate and Cowper’s gland |
|
|
Term
| the approximate number of broilers produced in the US in 2015 |
|
Definition
| 9 billion broiler chickens |
|
|
Term
| the approximate value of broilers produced in the US in 2015 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the approximate weight of broilers produced in the US in 2015 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the basic scheme of the hepatic portal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (aka thrombocytes) |
|
|
Term
| the chicken's body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the components of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
| In animals, the system comprises of the skin and its derivatives (e.g., feathers, beak, claws in birds). |
|
|
Term
| the criteria that are needed in the hen to reach sexual maturity |
|
Definition
-Age (14-15 weeks)
-photostimulation (12 hours)
-adequate body weight |
|
|
Term
| the difference between urea and uric acid |
|
Definition
| they’re both waste products of metabolizing protein, but the production of uric acid wastes less water than the production of urea |
|
|
Term
| the different cells of the follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the different classes of chicken breeds |
|
Definition
-American
-English
-Continental
-Mediterranean
-Asiatic |
|
|
Term
| the different components of the eggs |
|
Definition
-Eggshell
-Outer membrane
-Inner membrane
-Chalaza
-Outer Thin albumen
-Inner Thick Albumen
-Vitelline membrane
-Nucleus of pander
-Germinal disk (blastodisc)
-Yellow yolk
-White yolk
-Chalaziferous Layer
-Chalaza
-Air cell
-Cuticle |
|
|
Term
| the different contributions that feathers provide for birds |
|
Definition
-flight
-protection
-insulation
-reproduction |
|
|
Term
| the different functions of the circulatory system |
|
Definition
-transport
-pH and body fluid regulation
-thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| the different types of feathers |
|
Definition
-Contour
-Plumules
-Filoplumes
-Bristle
-Down |
|
|
Term
| the feedback that happens with progesterone |
|
Definition
| positive feedback on LH release |
|
|
Term
| the feedback that happens with progesterone on LH release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the function of HCl and Pepsinogen |
|
Definition
| HCl lowers the pH to enable pepsinogen to turn into pepsin, which is an active protease at low pH |
|
|
Term
| the function of Leydig cells |
|
Definition
| Responsible for testicular androgen production |
|
|
Term
| the function of Sertoli (nurse) cells |
|
Definition
-Sperm maturation – crypts
-Provide nutrients and the optimal environmental, consume damaged sperm
-Produce “Inhibin” that block the release of FSH when enough sperm is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enters the small intestines and emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to attach muscles to bones |
|
|
Term
| the function of the down part of contour feathers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the function of the kidney |
|
Definition
-Active secretion of uric acid by kidney tubule, a waste product of protein metabolism.
-Filters blood to remove metabolic wastes
-Regulates water and electrolyte balance |
|
|
Term
| the functions of the uropygial gland |
|
Definition
-Lubricate scales
-Keep feathers pliable
-Provides waterproofing
-Antibacterial/antifungal properties
-Vitamin D precursors |
|
|
Term
| the ideal relative humidity for a broiler house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ideal relative humidity for a broiler house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the importance of gap junctions in cardiac (heart) muscles |
|
Definition
| gap junctions allow heart muscles to act as a single unit; synsacum |
|
|
Term
| the lack of this prevents a bird from swallowing like humans do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the layers of the chicken's skin |
|
Definition
-epidermis
-dermis
-hypodermis |
|
|
Term
| the layers of the epidermis |
|
Definition
-stratum corneum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum germinativum |
|
|
Term
| the most important days in lesion development regarding hock burns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the order of the different segments of the small intestines |
|
Definition
| Duodenum --> Jejunum --> Ileum |
|
|
Term
| the ovary and its hierarchial follicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Calamus
-Rachis
-Vane
-Barb
-Barbules
-Barbicels (hooklets) |
|
|
Term
| the process of protein digestion |
|
Definition
1: pancreas releases trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into small intestine
2: trypsinogen gets activated into trypsin by enterokinase
3: trypsin converts procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen into carboxylase and chymotrypsin, respectively
4: Pancreatic enzymes take over protein digestion in small intestine by hydrolyzing polypeptides into shorter oligopeptides.
5: Brush border enzymes finish task, producing free amino acids that are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells
-Enterocytes use sodium-dependent amino acid cotransporters move amino acids into epithelial cells (co-transporter means they bring them both in)
-Facilitated diffusion moves amino acids out into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| the purpose of the accessory glands? |
|
Definition
| add fluids to sperm to form semen |
|
|
Term
| the purpose of the acrosome |
|
Definition
| enzyme to break down the innerperivitteline layer (IPVL) or the the zona pollusa, which is the coat around the ovulated egg that the sperm has to get thru to fertilize the egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the purpose of the digestive system |
|
Definition
-breakdown of food
-absorption of nutrients
-excretion of undigested material |
|
|
Term
| the receptors on Leydig cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors on Sertoli (nurse) cells |
|
Definition
| FSH and testosterone receptors |
|
|
Term
| the role of ATP in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| ATP needed to cause the shortening and power stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of NaHCO3 secreted by the pancreas |
|
Definition
| this brings the pH up and neutralizes it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bile, originally produced in the liver, enters the small intestines and emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| source of amino acids for the developing embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds the embryo in place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents bacteria from getting through the pores in the egg shell |
|
|
Term
| the role of the egg shell pores |
|
Definition
| breathing, inflow of oxygen, and diffusion of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| the role of the epididymis in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of the germinal disc |
|
Definition
| where the female pronucleus is; the disk might help to attract sperm to it |
|
|
Term
| the role of the granulosa cells in the follicle |
|
Definition
| granulosa produces progesterone |
|
|
Term
| the role of the shell membranes |
|
Definition
| holds inside together and serves as a foundation for the deposition of CaCO3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they produce testosterone and sperm |
|
|
Term
| the role of the theca cells in the follicle |
|
Definition
| theca produces estrogen and androgen |
|
|
Term
| the role of the vas deferens (ductus deferens) in birds |
|
Definition
| store sperm and transport sperm to cloaca for ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| source of important fat soluble vitamins and lipids that will help nourish the chick as it develops |
|
|
Term
| the three requirements for successful natural fertilization |
|
Definition
1: Long fertilizable life span for ova and/or sperm
2: Accurate synchronization between copulation and ovulation
3: Copulations must occur frequently to ensure viable sperm at the time of ovulation. |
|
|
Term
| the two different cells in the testes |
|
Definition
-Leydig cells
-Sertoli cells (nurse cells) |
|
|
Term
| the two different pigments that play a role in avian skin color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two main proteins involved in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two prominent myopathies that are a current concern in poultry production |
|
Definition
-green muscle disease
-pale soft exudate |
|
|
Term
| the type of bone that has bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of junctions in cardiac (heart) muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of muscle in gizzard |
|
Definition
| gizzard has mix of skeletal and smooth |
|
|
Term
| the typical pattern of blood flow through the systemic circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Arteries --> Arterioles --> Capillaries --> Venules --> Veins --> heart |
|
|
Term
| the use of oil from uropygial/preen gland |
|
Definition
| it is used to condition (water proof) the bird's feathers |
|
|
Term
| the “extra caloric” effect of fat in the diet |
|
Definition
-Decreases rate of passage, which leads to improved intestinal digestion and absorption
-Lower heat increment
+The reduced heat increment of fat is because the conversion of carbohydrates and proteins to fatty acids is a heat producing process, so adequate levels of dietary fat lowers the energy wasting. The process of converting proteins and carbs to fat wastes energy as heat. |
|
|
Term
| thickness of the chicken's skin |
|
Definition
| the skin of a chicken is very thin compared to mammals |
|
|
Term
| this takes deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka preen gland
-this gland is a source of oil used to condition (water proof) the birds feathers (a process called preening) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the vas deferens is snipped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protrude into the lumen (inside) of the intestine |
|
|
Term
| what a chicken breast with Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) looks like |
|
Definition
[image]
PSE breast on right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Growing bones fail to calcify normally
-birds are retarded in growth, unthrifty and often unable to walk
-Can be caused by deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphorus. |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of beak trimming? |
|
Definition
-reduced feather pecking
-reduced cannibalism
-better feather condition
-less fearfulness
-less nervousness
-less chronic stress
-decreased mortality |
|
|
Term
| what are the disadvantages of beak trimming? |
|
Definition
| beak trimming takes off that tip |
|
|
Term
| what bristle feathers are comparable to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes cage layer fatigue? |
|
Definition
| excessive calcium depletion |
|
|
Term
| what causes muscles to produce heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be caused by deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| what chicken feathers do when the chicken is cold |
|
Definition
| fluff feathers to trap air |
|
|
Term
| what chicken feathers do when the chicken is hot |
|
Definition
| hold feathers erect to allow air flow to skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Movement – many work by themselves, many in pairs
-Heat – regulate body temperature; this is produced by metabolism
-Shape and form – surround, cover and protect bones, organs, etc.
-muscles attach to bones by tendons |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas secrete that helps with digestion? |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic Exocrine Secretions, which are
-lipase
-amylase
-proteolytic enzymes
-NaHCO3 |
|
|
Term
| what happens to bile salts? |
|
Definition
| 90% of bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein. |
|
|
Term
| what is Meckel’s diverticulum a remnant of? |
|
Definition
| it’s where the yolk sac was attached during embryonic development |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein? |
|
Definition
| Enterohepatic Circulation |
|
|
Term
| what may be the selective pressure for the crop in birds |
|
Definition
| function as food storage when food supply is limited |
|
|
Term
| what might be causing the increase in Pale Soft Exudative (PSE)? |
|
Definition
| stress just before slaughter could be causing an increase in pale soft exudative |
|
|
Term
| what might be causing the increase in green muscle disease? |
|
Definition
-wing flapping
-tougher sheath around pectoralis minor |
|
|
Term
what part of the ovary is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what part of the ovary is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what part of the ovary is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what part of the ovary is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what part of the ovary is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what part of the ovary is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the pulmonary artery does |
|
Definition
| takes deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what white blood cells do |
|
Definition
| Participate in protecting the body from infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when hens put on lots of egg shell and why |
|
Definition
| at night because they lay eggs in the morning |
|
|
Term
| when is crop milk produced? |
|
Definition
| Crop milk is regurgitated and fed to the young |
|
|
Term
| where are sperm storage tubules located? |
|
Definition
| in the infundibulum and at the utero-vaginal junction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where bile is synthesized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where white blood cells are produced |
|
Definition
| Produced in the spleen, lymphoid tissue and in special cells in the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
which bone is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 13?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 14?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 15?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 16?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 17?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 18?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 19?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 20?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 21?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 22?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 23?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 24?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 25?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 26?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 27?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 28?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 29?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 30?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 31?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 32?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more FSH responsive? theca or granulosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more LH responsive? theca or granulosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the chicken sperm is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the chicken sperm is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the chicken sperm is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the chicken sperm is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the chicken sperm is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the chicken sperm is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
| (Albumen-secretion region) |
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
Isthmus
(with an incomplete egg) |
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
| space containing red marrow |
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which portal system is the gallbladder part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which requirements for successful natural fertilization are characteristics of chicken fertilization? |
|
Definition
-Long fertilizable life span of ovum
-Long retention of fertilizing capacity by sperm |
|
|
Term
| who won the Chicken of Tomorrow Contest? |
|
Definition
| Arbor Acres won pure breed category; Vantress Hatchery won the overall contest. |
|
|
Term
| why all vegetable diets are bad for FPD |
|
Definition
| because all vegetable diets have been found to have higher incidence and severity of FPD |
|
|
Term
| why birds have evolved a higher relative metabolic rate, heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure |
|
Definition
| because of the high energy demand for flight |
|
|
Term
| why the nucleus in sperm is instead a pronucleus |
|
Definition
| because it doesn’t have a full set of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| why trypsin is a vital protease needed for digestion |
|
Definition
| When activated, trypsinogen becomes trypsin and trypsin in turn can activate two other pancreatic zymogens (procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen). Trypsin then converts procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase. Trypsin helps with hydrolysis and breaking peptide bonds. |
|
|
Term
| why you don't wanna change the ingredients too frequently when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| because frequent ingredient changes causes bacterial imbalances which leads to wet droppings. |
|
|
Term
| why you might want deeper litter when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| Deeper litter = drier litter = better paws |
|
|
Term
| why you want to avoid broodiness when egg production is the goal |
|
Definition
| because then you have a continuation of lay period with an occasional skip day |
|
|
Term
| why you want to decrease the protein when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| high protein leads to wet droppings |
|
|
Term
| why younger birds need a more nutrient dense feed? |
|
Definition
| Because they have a more immature digestive system and eat less per unit of body weight |
|
|
Term
| why ~15 weeks of age is critical for a hen in terms of reaching sexual maturity |
|
Definition
| because ~15 weeks, the hypothalmic/pituitary axis matures |
|
|
Term
| with ovulation taking about 30 minutes to occur following oviposition, how much time would this give sperm in the utero-vaginal SSTs to reach the infundibulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive form of an enzyme that becomes activated at the site of digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal chicken breast on left, one affected by Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) on right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
