Term
|
Definition
| the activity of phytase that generates 1 micromole of inorganic phosphorus per minute from an excess of sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and 37 degrees Celsius |
|
|
Term
| 45% of Ca in the plasma binds to proteins, predominantly... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 70% of the mineral content of the body is taken up by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95% of Mg absorbed is due to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 99% of the Ca in the body exists as... |
|
Definition
| hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) |
|
|
Term
| A dietary deficiency of Ca can result in |
|
Definition
•Growth retardation
•Feed intake reduction
•Reduced activity and sensitivity
•Rickets or osteoporosis
•Abnormal posture
•Lameness
•Susceptibility to internal hemorrhages
•Mortality
•Reduced egg production
•Thin shells |
|
|
Term
| Amount of Mg absorbed depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca and P metabolic pathway in laying hens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca and P occur in bones primarily as... |
|
Definition
| Hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca5(PO4)3OH) |
|
|
Term
| Ca and P requirements can vary within species based on... |
|
Definition
•Age
•Growing animals deposit bone
•Production |
|
|
Term
| Ca and P takes up ______% of the mineral content of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid back bone, and link proteins |
|
|
Term
| Cu deficiency reduces the function and activity of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu is involved in synthesis of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are, in general, membrane-bound hemoproteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport. |
|
|
Term
| Decomposition of algae & other vegetation leads to... |
|
Definition
| Poor water quality and Eutrophication |
|
|
Term
| Fe is a constituent of... |
|
Definition
-Several metallo-proteins: hemoglobin, cytochromes, myoglobin
-Enzymes: catalase, peroxidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High serum [Ca+2] causes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low serum [Ca+2] causes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mg is absorbed independent of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mn deficiency causes defects in... |
|
Definition
| epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and long bone growth |
|
|
Term
| Na is most abundant in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thickening or hyperkeratinization of the epithelial cells
Lesions on the superficial layers of epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Low serum [Ca+2] --> Increased PTH secretion
-High serum [Ca+2] --> Decreased PTH secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spongy, poorly mineralized bones, lameness, fractures, mis-happen bones & death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Stimulates GI absorption of both calcium and phosphate
•Stimulates renal reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate
•Stimulates bone resorption
•stimulates active Ca transporter in intestine |
|
|
Term
| Role of Mn on bone growth and development |
|
Definition
-Mn plays an important role in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans, major components of cartilage extracellular matrix.
-Mn is a cofactor for glycosyltransferase, which is critical for the formation of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulphate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Stimulates renal reabsorptionof calcium
•Inhibits renal reabsorptionof phosphate
•Stimulates bone resorption
•Inhibits bone formation and mineralization
•Stimulates synthesis of calcitriol |
|
|
Term
| S is needed for synthesis of... |
|
Definition
-sulfur amino acids (Meth, Cyst)
-vitamins (biotin & thiamin) via microbes
-collagen
-mucopolysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a common disorder in grassland ruminants caused by Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
| Grass tetany (Grass staggers, Mg tetany) |
|
|
Term
| a trace element that can reduce Mn absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of damage that sometimes occurs in laying hens in cages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of Mn in common feedstuffs |
|
Definition
| common feedstuffs low in Mn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heating the pellet reduces the activity of phytase |
|
|
Term
| anatomy of a collagen fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biavailability issues with trace elements |
|
Definition
-Organic vs. inorganic forms
-Bioavailability has to be considered in diet formulation for trace elements |
|
|
Term
| biochemical pathway by which calcitrol is regulated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcification necrosis of the kidney |
|
Definition
| Ca accumulation in the kidney |
|
|
Term
| composition of bones affected by Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
| less chondrocyte, more matrix |
|
|
Term
| concentration of Mg in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition associated with increased urinary excretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| considerations for organic vs. inorganic forms of trace elements |
|
Definition
-Increased bioavailability(?)
-Increased cost |
|
|
Term
| control of Ca and P is related to... |
|
Definition
| endocrine & nutritional factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control is key!!! Plasma calcium is under tight regulation! |
|
|
Term
| current issues with trace elements in feedstuffs |
|
Definition
-bioavailability
-Trace elements as growth promotants
-Environmental impacts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Na and K in nerve impulses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Vit B12 (this shows the importance of Co) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of goiter in chicken |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the DNA molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the Na-K pump |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the composition of cartiledge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the difference between cortical bone and medullary bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the effect of hyperphosphatemia on bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of where the Ca goes in a laying hen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of where the P goes in a laying hen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| details about Mg metabolism |
|
Definition
-Absorbed independent of vitamin D
-Amount absorbed depend on dietary intake, 55-60%
-Urinary excretion account for 95% of losses of absorbed Mg
-Hyperparathyroidism associated with increase urinary excretion |
|
|
Term
| distribution of Ca in the body |
|
Definition
-99% in bones and teeth
-1% in soft tissues |
|
|
Term
| distribution of Ca in the plasma |
|
Definition
-45% in ionized form (physiologically active form)
-45% bound to proteins (predominantly albumin)
-10% complexed with anions (citrate, sulfate, phosphate) |
|
|
Term
| distribution of Mg in the body |
|
Definition
-50% in bones
-40% in soft tissues
-10% in blood |
|
|
Term
| distribution of P in the body |
|
Definition
-80% in bones and teeth
-20% in soft tissues |
|
|
Term
| distribution of electrolytes in the body |
|
Definition
-K, >90% ICF, Muscle and nerve cells, other cells and tissues
-Na, >90% ECF, plasma & interstitial fluids
-Cl, 85% in the ECF |
|
|
Term
| do poultry need Mn supplements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| syndrome in swine that has something to do having to use Ca in bone for milk |
|
|
Term
| effect of P deficiency in pigs |
|
Definition
| decreases in daily gain and bone strength |
|
|
Term
| effects of Ca and P deficiency on bone development in broilers |
|
Definition
-decreased body weight gain
-decreased feed intake
-decreased bone mineral density
-decreased bone mineral content
-decreased bone area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Values outside of these challenge ability of animal to maintain acid-base balance (electrolyte imbalance) |
|
|
Term
| electrolytes are important in regulating... |
|
Definition
-Water balance (osmotic pressure) in ECF (Extracellular fluid) & ICF (Intracellular fluid)
-Acid : base balance |
|
|
Term
| example of why S is important for ruminants |
|
Definition
| Wool growth in sheep –high S demand |
|
|
Term
| fluid that tends to have high K c'tration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid that tends to have high Na c'tration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of B in the body |
|
Definition
| normal bone metabolism & Ca transport across cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| function of Ca in muscle movement |
|
Definition
| Ca causes muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| function of Mg in muscle movement |
|
Definition
| Mg causes muscle relaxation |
|
|
Term
| function of Mg with polymerase |
|
Definition
| polymerase requires Mg as a cofactor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Acts to digest phytate in the digestive tract
•Increases bioavailability of phosphorus from plant sources |
|
|
Term
| function of shell in terms of Mg |
|
Definition
| The shell acts as a magnesium reservoir for the growing embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of thyroid gland tissues in a effort to compensate for low thyroxin |
|
|
Term
| high levels of P cause... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horse meat very dark due to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Ca occurs in the body in the body |
|
Definition
•Hydroxyapatite
•Free Calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a complex chemical structure containing Co in a chelated form |
|
|
Term
| how Cu deficiency induces anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Cu deficiency reduces bone strength |
|
Definition
-causes defects and fragility in bone
-reduces collagen crosslinks |
|
|
Term
| how Mg alloy bullet prevent grass tetany |
|
Definition
| gets lodged in the reticulo-rumen & releases Mg continuously as they dissolve |
|
|
Term
| how Mg can be supplemented |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how P functions as second messengers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how P functions in high energy phosphate bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how P functions in phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how P has to be extracted from phytate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Hydroxyapatite
•Phospholipids
•Second messengers
•High energy phosphate bonds |
|
|
Term
| how Zn deficiency influences bone development |
|
Definition
| Zn deficiency influences chondrocyte differentiation in growth plate |
|
|
Term
| how free Ca functions in blood clotting |
|
Definition
| Calcium binding critical to initiation of blood clotting cascade |
|
|
Term
| how free Ca functions in muscle contractions |
|
Definition
| Excitability of nerve & muscle |
|
|
Term
| how much S does a ruminant need? |
|
Definition
| Dietary level of 0.2 to 0.3% adequate for ruminants depending on N source: True protein vs. NPN |
|
|
Term
| how phytase makes phytate P available |
|
Definition
| basically cleaves it off of the phytate molecule |
|
|
Term
| how phytase produced by fungal & bacteria organisms is gathered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how phytate reduces P availability |
|
Definition
| Resistant to digestion by mammalian enzymes |
|
|
Term
| how production affects Ca requirements |
|
Definition
•Increased during lactation
•Increased during egg production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Na is pumped out and K is pumped in |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate overall electrolyte balance for poultry and swine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| industry standard for phytase activity |
|
Definition
| 500 FTU/kg reduce available P content in the diet by 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg |
|
|
Term
| is P needed for egg shells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| issues with environmental impacts of trace elements |
|
Definition
-Manure application --> trace element loads
-Toxicity |
|
|
Term
| issues with trace elements as growth promotants |
|
Definition
-Copper & Zinc in poultry & swine rations
-Potential for “value-added” opportunities
-Selenium-enriched animal products |
|
|
Term
| latest addition to the list of trace elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low phytate corn and SBM good for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lysyl oxidase activity vs. dietary Cu intake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-MgO
-MgSO4
high bioavailability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major mediators for Ca and P regulation |
|
Definition
| •Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from parathyroid glands
•Calcitoninfrom thyroid gland
•Calcitriol(active form of vitamin D3: 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol) |
|
|
Term
| medullary bone functions in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major component of cartiledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on guidelines except for one nutrient being deficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increased serum Ca
-decreased serum Phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increased serum Ca
-increased serum phosphate |
|
|
Term
| number of known trace elements in terms of poultry nutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way blood Ca is increased |
|
Definition
| PTH and active form of vitamin D work together to increase blood Ca levels |
|
|
Term
| optimum value for electrolytes in poultry |
|
Definition
| 250 mEq/kg of diet for poultry (mEq= milliequvalent) |
|
|
Term
| optimum value for electrolytes in swine |
|
Definition
| 200-250 mEq/kg of diet for poultry (mEq= milliequvalent) |
|
|
Term
| organic Ca provides more Ca thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone formation decreases and bone resorption increases |
|
|
Term
| osteoperosis in laying hens |
|
Definition
| Osteoporosis in laying hens is defined as a decrease in the amount of fully mineralized structural bone, leading to increased fragility and susceptibility to fracture. |
|
|
Term
| other roles of Co in nutrition |
|
Definition
-No systemic metabolic role
-absorption in the GIT very poor |
|
|
Term
| overview of Ca-Phosphate regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phytase is produced by... |
|
Definition
| fungal & bacteria organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Storage form of phosphorus in plants, including cereals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on guidelines; perfect diet |
|
|
Term
| prior to discussing micronutrients, the focus for amino acids has been on... |
|
Definition
•Dietary protein
•Microbial protein
•Non-protein nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| prior to discussing micronutrients, the focus for energy has been on... |
|
Definition
•Fat, Carbohydrate, Volatile Fatty Acids
•Protein |
|
|
Term
| ratio of Ca to P between newborns and adults among species |
|
Definition
| The ratio of Ca : P ratio of both newborn and adults are remarkably similar among species |
|
|
Term
| ratio of Ca to P in the entire body |
|
Definition
| Ca : P exists in 1.7:1 ratio in the whole body |
|
|
Term
| relationship between amounts of phytate P and inorganic P in a feedstuff |
|
Definition
| seems to be inversely related |
|
|
Term
| relationship between dietary inorganic P and bone strength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between dietary phytase and bone strength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relative abundance of Mg in bones |
|
Definition
3rd most abundant mineral in bone
Ca 37%
P 18%
Mg 0.5-0.7% |
|
|
Term
| requirements of Ca and P are closely related to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Controls Fe metabolism
-Independently a constituent of many enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Constituent of:
-Several metallo-proteins: hemoglobin, cytochromes, myoglobin
-Enzymes: catalase, peroxidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only known function: constituent of thyroxin & other thyroid active compounds (hormones) in the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Growth plate cartilage formation
-Cofactor for enzyme involved in synthesis of glycosaminoglycans & glycoproteins
-Mn plays an important role in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans, major components of cartilage extracellular matrix.
-Mn is a cofactor for glycosyltransferase, which is critical for the formation of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulphate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Component of gluthanioneperoxidase, catabolism of peroxides arising from tissue lipid oxidation
-Normal pancreatic function (pancreatic fibrosis)
-Can replace Vit. E functionally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Carbonic anhydrase
-caboxypeptidases A and B
-dehydragenases
-alkaline phosphatase
-ribonuclease
-DNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Required as constituent of Vit B12
-Essential for ruminants for the microbial synthesis of Vit B12
-important for GNG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depresses Vit B12 Synthesis a consequence of which are the Vit B12 deficiency signs (disastrous). |
|
|
Term
| soft tissues that contain Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soft tissues that contain Mg |
|
Definition
-cells
-liver
-kidney
-skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| soft tissues that contain P |
|
Definition
-serum
-lipids
-RNA
-muscles
-etc... |
|
|
Term
| some anions Ca in the plasma can complex with |
|
Definition
-citrate
-sulfate
-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| some considerations for micronutrients |
|
Definition
•How much do the main energy and protein concentrates contribute to the micronutrient content of the diet?
•How bioavailable to the animal is the micronutrient in the main ingredients?
•If additional sources are required, what do we use? |
|
|
Term
| some considerations to make for additional sources of micronutrients |
|
Definition
-availability
-price
-bioavailability
-stability
-species differences
-re-utilization
-etc... |
|
|
Term
| some deficiency symptoms of Mg deficiency in chickens |
|
Definition
-Calcification and necrosis of the kidney
-Hyperirritability
-High K, Ca & P aggravate Mg deficiency through depressed GIT absorption
-Growth retardation
-Coma
-High mortality |
|
|
Term
| some deficiency symptoms of Mg deficiency in pigs |
|
Definition
-weak and crooked legs
-hyperirritability
-muscular twitching
-reluctance to stand
-tetany
-death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some enzymes activated by Mg |
|
Definition
-Pyruvate decarboxylase
-Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
-Peptidases
-Pyruvate kinase
-creatine kinase, actin, Na,K-ATPase, and the calcium pump (muscle) |
|
|
Term
| some fat soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some forms of Mn supplementation for poultry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Retinol
-Retinylpalmitate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Cholecalciferol
•Ergocalciferol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Alpha-tocopherol
•Alpha-tocotrienol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Menadione
•Phylloquinone
•Menaquinone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Normal skeletal development
-Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, ATP production
-Activation of enzymes |
|
|
Term
| some functions of free Ca |
|
Definition
-Muscle contraction
-Blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| some good sources of vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some important organs for Ca-phosphate regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Calcium
•Phosphorus
•Magnesium
•Sodium
•Chloride
•Potassium
•Sulphur |
|
|
Term
| some natural sources of electrolytes |
|
Definition
-corn
-wheat
-barley
-SBM
-canola meal
-alfalfa
-Timothy hay |
|
|
Term
| some other details about avian osteoperosis |
|
Definition
•30% of hens housed in batteries suffer at least one broken bone during their lifetime (Gregory et al., 1990; Whitehead and Fleming, 2000).
•The pain associated with such extreme physical damage can be severe (Knowles and Wilkins, 1998).
•Skeletal problems related to structural bone loss significantly affect egg production and shell quality in laying hens (Parkinson and Cransberg, 2002). |
|
|
Term
| some other ways to improve P availability |
|
Definition
•Low-phytate corn, soybean, barley etc.
•Transgenic pigs expressing phytase in the saliva or intestines
•Transgenic crops expressing phytase(Corn phytase)
•Refining P requirements for animals |
|
|
Term
| some progressive signs of grass tetany in grassland ruminants |
|
Definition
(1) grazing away from the herd
(2) irritability
(3) muscular twitching in the flank
(4) wide-eyed and staring
(5) muscular in-coordination
(6) staggering
(7) collapse
(8) head thrown back
(9) coma
(10) death |
|
|
Term
| some reproductive problems associated with I deficiency |
|
Definition
-Resorbed fetuses
-abortions
-stillbirths
-irregular or suppressed estrus
-decreased libido
-poor semen quality |
|
|
Term
| some signs of Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
-Growth retardation
-reduced feed intake
-Anorexia
-Poor reproductive performance
-Impaired cell replication
-Poor feathering in chicken
-Impaired bone development
-Parakeratosisin swine |
|
|
Term
| some signs of sub-optimal I |
|
Definition
-Reduced growth & gonadalactivity
-Dry skin & brittle hair
-Reproductive problems
-Lambs, pigs & calves born by I-deficient dams may be hairless with dry, thick skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Diet
-Sulfated forms of minerals
-Water |
|
|
Term
| some sources of bacterial enzymes to break down phytate |
|
Definition
•Rumen microflora
•Exogenous enzymes
•Transgenic pigs |
|
|
Term
| some strategies to maintain good skeletal integrity and prevent osteoporosis |
|
Definition
-Well-balance diets (Ca & P, VitD, and proteins)
-Maximize dietary calcium utilization and minimize Ca mobilization from bone.
-Particle size: oyster shell and limestone
-Higher Ca level and organic Ca
-Vitamin D levels
-Increase physical activity of laying hens: enriched cage, aviary and floor systems
-Optimize skeletal integrity and Ca reserves for egg production in pullet growing period |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of I deficiency in lambs |
|
Definition
-Hairlessness
-Thick & wrinkled skin
-Marked enlargement of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of Mg toxicity |
|
Definition
-Depressed feed intake
-diarrhea
-reflex losses
-cardiorespiratory depression |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of parakeratosis, which is the result of Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
-typical lesions
-deep crusty lesions |
|
|
Term
| some things that can happen as a result of Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) |
|
Definition
-big head disease in horses
-simian bone disease in monkeys
-twisted snout in pigs |
|
|
Term
| some things that can happen if an animal has symptoms of Ca and/or P |
|
Definition
-rickets
-osteoporosis
-lameness
-spontaneous bone fracture
-downer in sows after parturition
-milk fever
-cage layer fatigue
-Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH)
-big head disease in horses
-simian bone disease in monkeys
-twisted snout in pigs |
|
|
Term
| some things that can happen when there's an electrolyte imbalance |
|
Definition
-Poor growth & appetite
-Impaired health status (e.g. leg abnormalities in poultry)
-Response to thermal stress (Thin eggshell)
-Increased incidences of milk fever & grass tetanyin cattle
-Impaired nutrient metabolism (AA, minerals & vitamins) |
|
|
Term
| some things that hyperparathyroidism can cause |
|
Definition
-big head disease in horses
-distorted snout in pigs
-some bone being replaced with fibrous connective tissue (happens in monkeys with SNH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Cobalt
•Copper
•Iodine
•Iron
•Manganese
•Selenium
•Zinc |
|
|
Term
| some ultra trace elements |
|
Definition
-Nickel
-Molybdenum
-Vanadium
-Chromium
-etc... |
|
|
Term
| some variables that are influenced by phytase |
|
Definition
-feed intake
-bone strength
-gross performance |
|
|
Term
| some water soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
| •Biotin
•Choline
•Folate
•Niacin
•Pantothenic Acid
•Riboflavin
•Thiamin
•Vitamin B6
•Vitamin B12
•BC |
|
|
Term
| some ways Se can replace vitamin E functionally |
|
Definition
-Preventing nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) in lambs, poultry, calves & pigs
-Preventing exudativediathesis (ED) in poultry
-Preventing liver necrosis in rats and pigs |
|
|
Term
| some ways to manage grass tetany in cattle |
|
Definition
-Avoid grazing cattle on new grass until it is 4 to 6 inches tall because magnesium is less available in very immature plants.
-Feed legume hay or graze mixed legume-grass pastures since legumes are higher in magnesium than grasses.
-Feed magnesium supplements |
|
|
Term
| some ways to prevent grass tetany |
|
Definition
-Provide mineral mixes (e.g. 50;50 MgO: salt)
-Dusting MgO on lush pasture
-Administering Mg alloy bullet orally |
|
|
Term
| something that can be a sign of Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that happens in grassland ruminants suffering from grass tetany |
|
Definition
| Hypomagnesimia(low blood Mg) |
|
|
Term
| something you might want to do to a laying hen's diet before she starts laying eggs |
|
Definition
| maximize Ca, P, and mineral content of diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sulphuramino acids (Non-ruminants)
-Organic and inorganic S compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| astonishing and surprising |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goiter, which is enlargement of thyroid gland tissues in a effort to compensate for low thyroxin |
|
|
Term
| symptom of high levels of thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
| excessive metabolism -oxidizing body tissues |
|
|
Term
| symptom of low levels of thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
Poor growth rate and productivity
can also be linked to tiredness |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Cu deficiency |
|
Definition
-decrease Fe absorption, mobilization from tissues
-induces Anemia
-Hair depigmentation, Cu cofactor (Tyrosinase), Tyr to melanine e.g. Hereford cattle, yellow hair vs. red, Holstein red vs. black
-Aortic rupture: Cu involved in collagen synthesis
-Reduce bone strength
-Anemia via low Fe absorption |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Mn deficiency in chickens |
|
Definition
-Perosis(slipped tendon)
-Reduced growth |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Zn deficiency in chickens |
|
Definition
-Poor feathering
-Growth retardation
-Short legs
-Dermatitis of feet |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of extreme salt deficiency in cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of hyperphosphatemia |
|
Definition
•Excessive bone resorption(remember Ca: P) known as fibrous osteodystrophy, may results in lameness & spontaneous bone fracture
•Suffocating pigs due to ribs collapse |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of hypophosphotemia |
|
Definition
-enlarged joints
-crooked hind legs |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of rickets in chickens |
|
Definition
-rubbery beak
-flexible leg bone |
|
|
Term
| table of feedstuffs that are sources of Ca and/or P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ionized form of Ca is important for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most limiting nutrient that regulate aquatic plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the physiologically active form of Ca in the plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the transport medium for Ca and P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this causes decreased PTH secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this causes increased PTH secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this has to be considered in diet formulation for trace elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormones are important for... |
|
Definition
| regulation of cellular metabolism |
|
|
Term
| to determine AA requirements, first check... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elements needed in smaller amounts than trace elements |
|
|
Term
| unit phytase activity is expressed in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what a high Ca:P ratio can do |
|
Definition
| High ratio can reduce P absorption |
|
|
Term
| what a low Ca:P ratio can do |
|
Definition
| Low ratio can reduce Ca absorption |
|
|
Term
| what happens in exudative diathesis? |
|
Definition
| capillary walls become abnormally permeable and leak fluid and red blood cells. This fluid typically accumulates along the ventrum of the bird. |
|
|
Term
| what happens when homeostatic mechanisms that regulate Ca and P fail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when there's poor water balance in an animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what laying hens have been gtenetically selected for |
|
Definition
-small body weight
-early egg production
-high egg production |
|
|
Term
| what trace elements generally function as |
|
Definition
| activators of enzyme systems or as components of organic compounds & as such required in small quantities |
|
|
Term
| what's higher in Mg? legumes or grasses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is the egg shell formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when plasma and urinary P ;eve;s are highest in laying hens |
|
Definition
| night time, 14-22 hours after oviposition |
|
|
Term
| when the hen needs more Ca |
|
Definition
| during egg shell formation |
|
|
Term
| where does the embryo get Mg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the energy for the Ns-K pump come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where most of the Mg in eggs is |
|
Definition
| 75% of it is in the shell |
|
|
Term
| where the Ca used to make an egg shell comes from |
|
Definition
-60% from dietary Ca
-40% from Ca stored in bone |
|
|
Term
| where the P goes in the egg |
|
Definition
| egg content, such as white and yolk |
|
|
Term
| which is more expensive? P or Ca? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Cu is important for bone formation |
|
Definition
because it is essential for collagen synthesis in the bone. Collagen is very important for bone strength and skeletal integrity.
Cu helps enzyme make crosslinks between strands of collagen |
|
|
Term
| why Mg deficiency is rare in chickens |
|
Definition
| because Mg is sufficient in plant and animal feed ingredients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disrupting chondrocyte differentiation in growth plate
Zn important for long bone growth |
|
|
Term
| why acid : base balance is important in living things |
|
Definition
| Enzymes and cells need a constant pH in order to function optimally |
|
|
Term
| why breeding gilts and sows need more Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why don't monogastrics break down P as effectively as ruminants? |
|
Definition
| because monogastrics don't have the enzymes to break down the P |
|
|
Term
| why improving P availability is advantageous |
|
Definition
| because it saves on inorganic P usage & reduces P pollution |
|
|
Term
| why is P a very active area of research? |
|
Definition
•Pollution
•World P reserves are quickly depleting & not renewable |
|
|
Term
| why poultry have high Mn requirements |
|
Definition
| Poultry high Mn rqmts implicated by high Ca rqmt |
|
|
Term
| distribution of Ca in the body |
|
Definition
99% bone
1% soft tissue (plasma) |
|
|
Term
| distribution of P in the body |
|
Definition
80% bone
20% soft tissue (serum, lipids, RNA, muscles) |
|
|
Term
| how Ca and P occur in the bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ratio of Ca and P in the bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| roles of Ca in the body (be able to name 3) |
|
Definition
-Hydroxyapatite
-Free plasma
-Muscle contraction
-Blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| roles of P in the body (be able to name 3) |
|
Definition
-Hydroxyapatite
-Phospholipids
-Second messengers (cAMP)
-High energy phosphate bonds (ATP and GTP) |
|
|
Term
| 3 hormones regulating Ca and P homeostasis |
|
Definition
-PTH
-Calcitriol
-Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| 3 benefits of utilizing low phytate grains or phytase enzyme supplementation |
|
Definition
-Decrease addition of inorganic phosphate into the diet
-Decrease Phosphorus pollution
-Bone health |
|
|
Term
| the most important consideration for enzyme companies to maximize the benefit of dietary enzyme supplementation in broiler diets |
|
Definition
| thermal stability; verified |
|
|
Term
| how the body increases blood Ca when blood Ca is low |
|
Definition
PTH is released from the parathyroid and stimulates...
-Renal reabsorption of Ca
-Release of Ca from the bone
-Synthesis of Calcitriol |
|
|
Term
| When the body is low in Ca PTH is released from the parathyroid and stimulates... |
|
Definition
-Renal reabsorption of Ca
-Release of Ca from the bone
-Synthesis of Calcitriol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates absorption of Ca in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increased serum Ca
-decreased serum phosphate |
|
|
Term
| role of PTH in the kidney |
|
Definition
-Stimulates renal reabsorption of calcium
-Inhibits renal reabsorption of phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Stimulates bone resorption
-Inhibits bone formation and mineralization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Low serum calcium, increased PTH
-High serum calcium, decreased PTH |
|
|
Term
| PTH stimulates synthesis of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcitriol is the active form of Vit. D3: 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol |
|
|
Term
| role of calcitriol (active form of Vit. D3) in the intestine |
|
Definition
| Stimulates GI absorption of both calcium and phosphate |
|
|
Term
| role of calcitriol (active form of Vit. D3) in the kidneys |
|
Definition
| Stimulates renal reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate |
|
|
Term
| role of calcitriol (active form of Vit. D3) in the bones |
|
Definition
| Stimulates bone resorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increased serum calcium
-increased serum phosphate |
|
|
Term
| 3 bone disorders related to inadequate dietary supplementation of Ca and P |
|
Definition
-Rickets
-Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism (SNH)
-Osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| 3 major causes of osteoporosis in laying hens |
|
Definition
-Reduced physical activity
-Genetic selection
-Sup-optimal bone growth during egg production |
|
|
Term
| strategies to reduce a risk of osteoporosis in laying hens (be able to name 3) |
|
Definition
-Well-balance diets (Ca & P, VitD, and proteins)
-Maximize dietary calcium utilization and minimize Ca mobilization from bone.
-Particle size: oyster shell and limestone
-Higher Ca level and organic Ca
-Vitamin D levels
-Increase physical activity of laying hens: enriched cage, aviary and floor systems
-Optimize skeletal integrity and Ca reserves for egg production in pullet growing period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cereal grains, such as...
-Alfalfa
-Timothy Hay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50% bones
40% soft tissues
10% blood |
|
|
Term
| concentration of Mg in the bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soft tissues Mg can be found in |
|
Definition
-cells
-liver
-kidney
-skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| some good sources of Ca and P |
|
Definition
-dicalcium phosphate
-defluorinated phosphate |
|
|
Term
| distribution of Ca in soft tissue (plasma) |
|
Definition
-45% in ionized form (physiologically active form)
-45% bound to proteins (predominantly albumin)
-10% complexed with anions (citrate, sulfate, phosphate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Normal skeletal development
-Oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria for ATP production.
-Enzyme activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Hyperirritability
-Increased mortality
-Ca, P, and K aggravation through depressed GIT absorption |
|
|
Term
| 3 major electrolytes in poultry diets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is electrolyte balance in the body important? |
|
Definition
Important in regulating...
-Water balance (osmotic pressure)
-Acid to base balance |
|
|
Term
| the major electrolyte in extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major electrolyte in intracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how electrolytes concentration in intracellular and extracellular fluid is regulated |
|
Definition
By way of the Na-K pump
-Na pumped out of the cell and K pumped into the cell
-The energy for this comes from hydrolysis of ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Na pumped out of the cell and K pumped into the cell
-The energy for this comes from hydrolysis of ATP |
|
|
Term
| the optimum electrolyte value in poultry diet (meq/kg of diet) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate # of equivalents |
|
Definition
| # of equivalents = number of moles * valence |
|
|
Term
| What will happen if poultry diets have electrolyte imbalance? |
|
Definition
-Poor growth & appetite
-Impaired health status (leg abnormalities in poultry)
-Response to thermal stress (thin eggshell)
-Increased incidences of milk fever and grass tetany in cattle
-Impaired nutrient metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Why is sulfur needed in the diets? |
|
Definition
-Synthesis of Sulfur amino acids (meth, cyst) and vitamins (biotin & thiamin) via microbes
-Synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| S is needed for synthesis of... |
|
Definition
-Sulfur amino acids (meth, cyst)
-vitamins (biotin & thiamin) via microbes
-collagen
-mucopolysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| 3 sources of S in animal nutrition |
|
Definition
-Diet
-Sulfated forms of minerals
-Water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sulfur amino acids (non-ruminants)
-Organic and inorganic sulfur compounds |
|
|
Term
| Why does the body need I? |
|
Definition
Only known function: constituent of thyroxin & other thyroid active compounds (hormones) in the thyroid gland
-Hormones important for regulation of cellular metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Goiter
-Reduced growth and gonadal activity
-Dry skin and brittle hair
-Reproductive problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constituent of numerous metalloenzymes |
|
|
Term
| metalloenzymes Zn is a part of |
|
Definition
-Carbonic anhydrase
-Caboxypeptidases A and B
-Dehydragenases
-Alkaline phosphatase
-Ribonuclease
-DNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| signs of Zn deficiency in chickens |
|
Definition
-Growth retardation
-Anorexia
-Poor reproductive performance
-Impaired cell replication
-Poor feathering in chicken
-Impaired bone development due to disruption of chondrocyte differentiation in growth plate |
|
|
Term
| Why do Zn deficient chickens have short long bones? |
|
Definition
| because of disruption of chondrocyte differentiation in growth plate |
|
|
Term
| Why don't Zn deficient embryos have have limbs? |
|
Definition
| because of disruption of chondrocyte differentiation in growth plate; verified |
|
|
Term
| How does Mn deficiency cause perosis in chicken? |
|
Definition
-Mn deficiency causes various bone abnormalities during embryonic and post-embryonic development.
-Mn deficiency affects epiphyseal growth plate cartilage for normal endochdrial bone growth.
-Mn plays an important role in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans, major components of cartilage extracellular matrix
-Mn is a cofactor for glycosyltransferase, which is critical for the formation of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sufate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Constituent of:
-Several metallo-proteins: hemoglobin, cytochromes, myoglobin
-Enzymes: catalase, peroxidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Hair depigmentation
-Aortic rupture
-Reduce bone strength
-Anemia via low Fe absorption |
|
|
Term
| how Cu deficiency causes aorta rupture or reduced bone strength |
|
Definition
-Cu involved in collagen systhesis
-Cu deficiency causes defects and fragility in bone and reduces collagen crosslinks
-Cu is a cofactor of lysyl oxidase, which is involved in the formation of collagen crosslinks in bone.
-Cu deficiency reduces the function and activity of osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| how Cu deficiency causes depigmentation |
|
Definition
| Cu is a cofactor of tyronsinase |
|
|
Term
| how Cu deficiency causes aortic rupture |
|
Definition
| Cu involved in collagen systhesis by being a cofactor of lysyl oxidase, which is involved in the formation of collagen crosslinks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Component of gluthanione peroxidase, catabolism of peroxides arising from tissue lipid oxidation
-Normal pancreatic function (pancreatic fibrosis)
-Can replace Vit. E functionally |
|
|
Term
| Which mineral deficiency causes perosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral deficiency causes parakeratosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral deficiency causes goiter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Alcohol (Retinol)
-Aldehyde (Retinal)
-Acid (Retinoic Acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Normal night vision
-Gene transcription
-Normal bone growth
-Normal epithelial cell lining |
|
|
Term
| signs of vitamin A deficiency |
|
Definition
-Night blindness
-Diarrhea
-Loss of appetite
-Poor hair and feathers
-Loss of lens
-Opacity of cornea
-Xerosis of membranes
-Decreased growth |
|
|
Term
| difference between Vit D2 and D3 |
|
Definition
| -Vitamin D2 is used in plants as ergosterol
-Vitamin D3 is used in animals as cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D2 is used in ______ as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D3 is used in ______ as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metabolic functions of Vit D |
|
Definition
-Intestinal Ca + P absorption
-Renal absorption of Ca + P
-Bone metabolism
-Muscle growth
-Immune system functionality |
|
|
Term
| net effect of Calcitriol on serum Ca and P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of vitamin D deficiency (general) |
|
Definition
-Reduced growth
-Loss of appetite |
|
|
Term
| signs of vitamin D deficiency (muscle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of vitamin D deficiency (skeletal) |
|
Definition
-Lack of mineralization
-Deformation
-Swollen joints
-Delayed tooth eruption
-Bone pain
-Tender and rubbery bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Alpha tocopherol
-Beta tocopherol
-Gamma tocopherol |
|
|
Term
| 2 major functions of Vitamin E |
|
Definition
-Biological free radical scavenger (antioxidant)
-Protein metabolism |
|
|
Term
| 3 Vit E deficiency disorders |
|
Definition
-Encephalomalacia (softening and loss of brain tissue after injury)
-Exudative diathesis (ED)
-Muscular lesions (myopathies) |
|
|
Term
| how Vitamin E deficiency symptoms can be prevented without Vitamin E supplementation |
|
Definition
-using Se
-using synthetic antioxidants
-sometimes S amino acids
verified, but make sure you know which approach prevents which problem |
|
|
Term
| factors affecting Vit E requirement |
|
Definition
-PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in diet
-Se levels in diet
-Sulfur amino acids
-Riboflavin levels in diets |
|
|
Term
| Cysteine is essential for synthesis of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Riboflavin needed for synthesis of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Phylloquinone
-Menaquinone
-Menadione |
|
|
Term
| 2 major functions of Vit K |
|
Definition
-blood clotting
-bone formation |
|
|
Term
| how VitK increases Ca accumulation in bones |
|
Definition
Bone mineralization via post-translational modification of bone matrix proteins.
-Gamma-carboxylglutamates(Gla) in bone matrix Glaproteins (Osteocalcin)
-1,25 vitDstimulates the formation of osteocalcinin bone
-Vitamin K carboxylates osteocalcinin the bone |
|
|
Term
| sweet clover disease (bleeding disease) in ruminants |
|
Definition
| Disease where dicumarol from moldy/spoiled sweet clover hay makes the liver unable to produce prothrombin, thus increasing hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Which mineral or vitamin is a co-factor for Gamma glutamycarboxylase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral or vitamin is a co-factor for Glycosyltransferase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral or vitamin is a co-factor for Glutathione peroxidase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral or vitamin is a co-factor for Tyrosinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
