Term
| % of body composed of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 calorie = ______ joules (write this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 common approaches for measuring DE or ME |
|
Definition
-total collection method
-indicator method |
|
|
Term
| 2 common approaches for measuring energy/nutrient digestibility |
|
Definition
-Total collection method
-Indicator method |
|
|
Term
| 2 common indigestible markers |
|
Definition
-Chromic oxide
-Acid insoluble ash |
|
|
Term
| 2 common methods for amino acid digestibility in poultry |
|
Definition
-ileal AA digestibility by way of slaughter
-Cecectomized roosters |
|
|
Term
| 2 fatty acid sources for formation of chicken fat |
|
Definition
-dietary FA
-FA synthesis in liver |
|
|
Term
| 2 important enzymes for converting D-Methionine to L-Methionine |
|
Definition
AAO = Amino Acid Oxidase
AT = Aminotransferase |
|
|
Term
| 2 indicators used for determining apparent ileal amino acid digestibility |
|
Definition
-chromium oxide
-titanium oxide |
|
|
Term
| 2 methods to measure heat production for NE |
|
Definition
-direct calorimetry
-indirect calorimetry |
|
|
Term
| 3 important factors in amino acid nutrition |
|
Definition
-amount
-digestibility
-balance |
|
|
Term
| 3 important values we need to consider in amino acid nutrition |
|
Definition
-Total AA amount
-AA Digestibility
-AA balance |
|
|
Term
| AMEn calculation for poultry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids present above the requirement for ______ are catabolized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids present above the requirement for protein synthesis are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals eat to satisfy... |
|
Definition
| their energy requirements |
|
|
Term
| Animals requires at least ______ minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apparent Ileal amino acid digestibility (IAAD) is used for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apparent digestibilities undervalue feed ingredients with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic concept of dietary energy. |
|
Definition
| Since animals eat for energy, we must have a method of measuring feed energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of energy and its metabolism by animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crude Protein = 28% (as-fed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crude Protein = 38-40% (as-fed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cats require high levels of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Citrulline can completely replace ______ in cat diets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Citrulline can completely replace arginine in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains right side amino group |
|
|
Term
| Dietary protein is generally defined by... |
|
Definition
| the amount of crude protein (nitrogen X 6.25) present |
|
|
Term
| Digestible energy represents... |
|
Definition
| the total potential chemical energy available to the animal following the digestion and absorption of the feed |
|
|
Term
| Essential or indispensable amino acids |
|
Definition
-Must be provided in the diet
-Animal cannot produce them, or cannot
synthesize them in sufficient quantities to
meet the animal’s needs |
|
|
Term
| Feeding raw soybeans to animals can lead to... |
|
Definition
| significant depressions in performance |
|
|
Term
| Free AA split in the intestinal cells by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total potential chemical energy in a feedstuff |
|
|
Term
| How do we account for the factors that influence protein digestibility? |
|
Definition
| Introduce the concept of ileal digestibility of protein/amino acids |
|
|
Term
| If cystine is not in the diet in sufficient quantities to meet the animal’s needs it will be produced from ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important for newborns to suckle within ______ after birth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individual members of fatty acid series vary in GE content according to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no; energy comes from nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains left side amino group |
|
|
Term
| Methionine can be replaced/spared by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Net energy is lower than ME for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonessential or dispensable |
|
Definition
-Generally need not be in the diet because
there is adequate tissue synthesis BUT
enough nitrogen must be provided with diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds between
AA in the stomach, result to larger polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| Phylalanine can be replaced/spared by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not give a totally accurate picture of energy value as perceived by the animal |
|
|
Term
| Protein must be provided in the diet to allow... |
|
Definition
| normal growth and other productive activities |
|
|
Term
| Proteins contain ______ nitrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relationship between feed intake, AME, and TME (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of protein retained varies according to... |
|
Definition
-the nature of the diet
-the age of the bird |
|
|
Term
| The energy of urine is present in... |
|
Definition
| nitrogen-containing substances such as urea, hippuric acid, creatinine and allantoin and also in some non-nitrogenous compounds such as gluconates and citric acid |
|
|
Term
| The primary determinant of GE content of an organic substance |
|
Definition
| its degree of oxidation, as expressed in the ratio of carbon plus hydrogen to oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What are the building blocks of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the issues with DDGS? |
|
Definition
-Digestibility
-Mycotoxins
-Nutrient composition? |
|
|
Term
| Why are there differences in GE values of feedstuffs? |
|
Definition
| because each ingredient contains different amounts of carbs, proteins, and fats |
|
|
Term
| Why do we use 6.25 to calculate crude protein % from N%? |
|
Definition
| Because protein is about 16% N (100% / 16% = 6.25) |
|
|
Term
| ______ can be replaced by cystine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ can be replaced by tyrosine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ can completely replace arginine in cat diets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ require high levels of taurine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a bird that doesn't retain N |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a feed ingredient with low protein value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a plant that contains protease inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of protease inhibitor found in soybean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absorbed amino acids are used for... |
|
Definition
-protein synthesis
-energy
-Synthesis of non-protein nitrogen containing compounds |
|
|
Term
| active form of Cholecalciferol(vitamin D3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantages of Digestible AA based feed formulation |
|
Definition
-Making more balanced diets
-Minimizing N excretion
-Reducing ammonia emission |
|
|
Term
| advantages of direct calorimetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the building blocks of proteins |
|
|
Term
| amino acids are commonly grouped based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of dietary vitamins required |
|
Definition
| small amounts required in diets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals for which gaseous losses are a major route of energy loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals for which gaseous losses are a minor route of energy loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals need energy for... |
|
Definition
-Maintenance of body tissues and function
-Production |
|
|
Term
| animals that need more energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anti-nutritive factor that interferes with protein/AA absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Derived from energy excreted |
|
|
Term
| are individual amino acids selectively stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are water soluble vitamins stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are you better off usind DE or ME? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benefits of blood meal and spray-dried plasma |
|
Definition
-Source of antibodies for young animals
-Gut immune status |
|
|
Term
| bodily functions that require Na |
|
Definition
| Na involved in osmotic pressure, intestinal absorption etc. |
|
|
Term
| calcium content of meat meal and meat & bone meal |
|
Definition
| Depending on source, can be high in calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius (from 14.5 to 15.5°C) |
|
|
Term
| can fat soluble vitamins be stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can water soluble vitamins be stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chicken fat cell always needs... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chickens that often have negative N balance |
|
Definition
-rooster
-laying hen
-chicken losing weight |
|
|
Term
| chickens that often have positive N balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| choline is an important vitamin for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collagen is a major component of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composition of DDGS (Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles) |
|
Definition
| Depends on source grain (Corn vs. Wheat) |
|
|
Term
| composition of body of an animal on DM basis |
|
Definition
-57% Protein
-29% Fat
-14% Ash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| criteria for indigestible markers to measure nutrient digestibility |
|
Definition
-Chemically easily to analyze for
-Non-absorbable
-Non-essential
-Non-toxic
-Completely inert (indigestible)
-Regularly and completely voided in feces &
-Uniformly mixed with the feed and feces
-Enrichment of the marker occurs as nutrients are absorbed |
|
|
Term
| depiction of amino acid in a chain of amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of enzymes converting methionine between D and L forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how the pancreatic enzymes help break down polypeptides (might wanna draw this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of protein and amino acid digestion and metabolism (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of protein getting cleaved by pepsin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of protein getting denatured by low pH in stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the Maillard rxn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the absorption of proteins (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the general structure of an amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the partitioning of energy (draw this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the process of transamination (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of what's inside a bomb calorimeter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dietary crude protein vs. amino acid need |
|
Definition
| the higher the dietary CP, the higher the AA need |
|
|
Term
| difference between AME and AMEn |
|
Definition
| AMEn corrects for nitrogen retention |
|
|
Term
| difference between apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and true ileal AA digestibility |
|
Definition
| apparent doesn’t account for endogenous loss, but true does |
|
|
Term
| differences in nutrients, energy, and crude protein between corn grain and corn DDGS (Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles) (draw this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| digestibility issues with DDGS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| digestion steps in small intestine |
|
Definition
-Pancreas: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
-Act to reduce large AA polymers to tri & dipeptides
-Tri & dipeptides actively transported across the small intestine wall.
-Free AA split in the intestinal cells by dipeptidases |
|
|
Term
| digestion steps in stomach |
|
Definition
-Denatured in the stomach by acidic environment (HCL)
-Pepsin starts to cleave peptide bonds between AA in the stomach, result to larger polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct measure of heat transfer from an animal |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of apparent ME |
|
Definition
| makes no attempt to correct for “endogenous” contributions to nutrient secretions |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of the indicator method |
|
Definition
| Requires additional analyses (for indicator) |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of the total collection method |
|
Definition
| Tendency to Overestimate Feed Intake and Underestimate Fecal Output due to feed still being in gut |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of direct calorimetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distribution of protein in the body (might wanna refer back to slide 3 and draw this) |
|
Definition
-Muscle 33%
-Bone-cartilage 20%
-Skin 10%
-63% Structural elements
-Body fluids and other tissues 37% |
|
|
Term
| do ruminants need high quality protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do ruminants require water soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does DE reflect total energy available for production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the heat increment reflect the total heat produced by the animal? |
|
Definition
| no, but it is a contributor |
|
|
Term
| does the indicator method require total manure collection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drawback of ruminants being fed an unsat fat diet |
|
Definition
| some cuts of meat being too droopy |
|
|
Term
| effects of intake on digestibility are greatest with... |
|
Definition
| components that are more slowly digested, such as NSP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins secreted along the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| endogenous proteins/amino acids can mix with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy content of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy content of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy in feedstuffs is measured using... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy system used for poultry |
|
Definition
| -AMEn system
-Limited use of TMEn |
|
|
Term
| even thought chickens only use the L form of amino acids, you can give them a mixture of L and D forms because... |
|
Definition
| they have enzymes that can convert D to L |
|
|
Term
| example of supplemental protein concentrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of endogenous animal acid |
|
Definition
-Enzymes
-Intestinal cell “debris”
-Immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Naturally occurring in feed sources (ie: glutamate)
-Synthetic sources |
|
|
Term
| examples of intact protein |
|
Definition
| Zein in corn and casein in milk |
|
|
Term
| examples of non-protein N |
|
Definition
| urea, uric acid, ammonium |
|
|
Term
| excess amino acids are used for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors affecting net energy values |
|
Definition
-Net energy is lower than ME for high protein ingredients
-Less difference between net energy and ME for high fat ingredients and high starch ingredients
-basically, the higher the heat increment, the more heat produced and the less net energy available to the animal |
|
|
Term
| factors affecting protein/amino acid digestibility |
|
Definition
-level of intake
-nutrient composition
-excessive heating
-presence of antinutritive factors |
|
|
Term
| factors to consider when measuring AMEn |
|
Definition
Animal needs to consume the ingredient
-Palatability
-Presence of anti-nutritive factors |
|
|
Term
| fat soluble vitamins are absorbed along with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fecal energy accounts for... |
|
Definition
| energy found in indigestible material |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredient that produces the least heat |
|
Definition
| fat (heat increment: 1.05 kcal/g product) |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredient that produces the most heat |
|
Definition
| protein (heat increment: 8.72 kcal/g product) |
|
|
Term
| feed intake vs. endogenous losses |
|
Definition
| Lower feed intake has higher endogenous losses |
|
|
Term
| for ruminants, you can supplement up to one third of the amino acid requirements using... |
|
Definition
non protein nitrogen
(NPN) |
|
|
Term
| form of amino acids used in body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms of N in feed ingredients |
|
Definition
-intact protein
-free AA
-non-protein N |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulation of body processes -Ca needed for nerve impulses, blood coagulation, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In rumen need Cobalt to synthesize Vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
| function of Co in ruminants |
|
Definition
| they need Cobalt to synthesize Vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in osmotic pressure, intestinal absorption etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| needed for proper functioning of the B vitamins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In rumen need S present to synthesize sulfur containing amino acids |
|
|
Term
| function of S in ruminants |
|
Definition
| they need S present to synthesize sulfur containing amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin, reproduction, bone growth |
|
|
Term
| function of vitamin E in the body |
|
Definition
| Potent antioxidant for membrane lipids |
|
|
Term
| gross energy can be measured by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gross energy is traditionally measured by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gross energy values of common nutrients (write this!) |
|
Definition
-glucose: 3728 Kcal/kg
-starch: 4230 Kcal/kg
-cellulose: 4183 Kcal/kg
-casein: 5856 Kcal/kg
-butterfat: 9202 Kcal/kg
-fat (oil): 9321 Kcal/kg |
|
|
Term
| have to continually provide fat soluble or water soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of heat (kcal) released due to digestion and metabolism of the feed ingredient |
|
|
Term
| heat increment for carbohydrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heat increment for protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heat increments (kcal/g) for protein, carbohydrate, and fat (write this!) |
|
Definition
-Protein = 8.72
-Carbohydrate = 3.92
-Fat = 1.05 |
|
|
Term
| how Apparent Ileal amino acid digestibility (IAAD) is measured |
|
Definition
Ileal “digesta” collected at the end of the ileum
-Reflects those amino acids that have bypassed the primary sites of amino acid absorption
--Not metabolically available to the animal as indispensable amino acids |
|
|
Term
| how Ca gets absorbed into the duodenum and jejunum |
|
Definition
| both active (ca-binding protein) & passive |
|
|
Term
| how Chemical composition of feed ingredient influences digestibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Greater quantity of food eaten affects digestibility |
|
Definition
-Increase in “rate of passage” of digesta
-Reduced time in contact with digestive enzymes and absorptive surfaces of cells
-Reduction in digestibility |
|
|
Term
| how amino acids get absorbed in the small intestine |
|
Definition
| Tri & dipeptides actively transported across the small intestine wall. |
|
|
Term
| how chickens are slaughtered for digesta collection |
|
Definition
-cervical dislocation
-Carbon dioxide
-lethal injection |
|
|
Term
| how degree of oxidation is expressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how digesta is collected from cecectomized roosters |
|
Definition
| Collect excreta for 48hr after force-feeding test ingredients. |
|
|
Term
| how energy is measured in a bomb calorimeter |
|
Definition
| 1. Sample combusted in an O2 Atmosphere
2. Heat released to surrounding water
3. Monitor the increase in water temperature |
|
|
Term
| how energy/nutrient digestibility is measured in the total collection method |
|
Definition
-Animals adapted to test diet
-Measure total gross energy intake
-Measure total fecal output |
|
|
Term
| how evaporation is measured in direct calorimetry |
|
Definition
| Measured as difference in water content of air entering and leaving calorimeter |
|
|
Term
| how excessive heating affects protein digestibility |
|
Definition
Maillard reaction products
-binds lysine making it unavailable |
|
|
Term
| how fat soluble vitamins are absorbed |
|
Definition
| Absorbed along with fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| how feed processing affects digestibility |
|
Definition
-Fineness of grinding
-Heat treatment |
|
|
Term
| how gross energy in a feedstuff is measured |
|
Definition
| by completely burning the feed in an oxygen environment and determining the amount of heat released |
|
|
Term
| how level of intake affects protein digestibility |
|
Definition
| % digestibility decreases as intake increases |
|
|
Term
| how many amino acids are found in nature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many amino acids are of significance in nutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how microbes can synthesize protein |
|
Definition
| they can synthesize N into microbial protein |
|
|
Term
| how nitrogen retention/growth responds to increase in amino acid intake |
|
Definition
| increases, then plateaus at requirement |
|
|
Term
| how nutrient composition affects protein digestibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how plasma amino acids respond to increase in amino acid intake |
|
Definition
| plateau, then increase at requirement |
|
|
Term
| how plasma urea/uric acid responds to increase in amino acid intake |
|
Definition
| decreases, then plateaus at requirement |
|
|
Term
| how protein is used for maintenance of body tissue |
|
Definition
| Replace proteins that are being constantly turned |
|
|
Term
| how protein is used for protein accretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how protein is used for protein accretion |
|
Definition
growth of new tissue, such as...
-Muscle (meat)
-Fetal tissue (pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| how protein is used for protein secretion |
|
Definition
-Milk protein
-Egg protein |
|
|
Term
| how proteins are broken down after being denatured |
|
Definition
Pepsin starts to cleave peptide bonds between
AA in the stomach, result to larger polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| how ration composition influences digestibility |
|
Definition
| Negative factors associated with one feedstuff ingredient may reduce digestibility of others in the diet |
|
|
Term
| how synthesis of essential amino acids occurs in ruminants |
|
Definition
| Microorganisms in the rumen can manufacture all the essential amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| how synthetic amino acids are used in animal nutrition |
|
Definition
| Added in micro-quantities to meet requirements for indispensable amino acids |
|
|
Term
| how to account for the heat increment when measuring ME (write this!) |
|
Definition
| Net Energy (NE) = ME –Heat Increment |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate % digestibility (write this!) |
|
Definition
| % Digestibility = ((Intake - Output)/Intake) x 100% |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate % digestibility based on digesta (might wanna write this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate % digestibility using the indicator method (write this!) |
|
Definition
[image]
or
DE (kcal/kg) = GE (feed; kcal/kg) x % digestibility |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate AMEn (write this!) |
|
Definition
| AMEn = Energy in the diet - (Excreta energy + 8.22 x nitrogen retained) |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate crude protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate digestible energy (DE) (write this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate digestible energy based on % digestibility (write this!) |
|
Definition
| DE (kcal/kg) = GE(feed; kcal/kg) x % Digestibility |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate metabolizable energy (ME) (write this!) |
|
Definition
| Metabolizable energy = digestable energy - energy in urine |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate net energy (NE) (write this!) |
|
Definition
| Net energy = metabolizable energy - heat |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate total heat production (write this!) |
|
Definition
| Total heat production = Heat increment (HI) + Heat produced to maintain body temperature |
|
|
Term
| how urine and feces are in the bird |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how vitamin C is produced in most farm animals |
|
Definition
| synthesized from glucose in most of farm animals |
|
|
Term
| if a feedstuff, energy comes from... |
|
Definition
-carbs, such as glucose
-proteins, i.e., amino acids
-fats |
|
|
Term
| importance of energy in the diet |
|
Definition
| Energy used as the cornerstone for all other nutrients in the diet |
|
|
Term
| importance of proteins to life |
|
Definition
All cells synthesize proteins for part or all of their life cycle!
No protein no LIFE |
|
|
Term
| indicator method of measuring metabolizeable energy uses... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estimate Heat Production using the “Brower Equation” |
|
|
Term
| ingredients for which net energy is lower than ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ingredients for which there's less difference between net energy and ME |
|
Definition
-High fat ingredients
-High starch ingredients |
|
|
Term
| is all gross energy available to the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is excess AA used for muscle accretion? |
|
Definition
no
it's catabolized for energy and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-digestibility
-mycotoxins
-nutrient composition? |
|
|
Term
| issues with synthetic amino acids |
|
Definition
-Price
-Digestibility/Availability |
|
|
Term
| lots of microbial activity in this part of the digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lysine content vs. CP content |
|
Definition
| if you increase lysine, you also increase CP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in the body at levels > 100 ppm & usually expressed as a % of the ration |
|
|
Term
| main energy system used in poultry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metabolic pathway that involves choline (draw this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metabolizable energy (ME) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| methionine hydroxy analogue |
|
Definition
| same as methionine, but w/o amino groups |
|
|
Term
| method for ME that is controversial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the end product of rumen fermentation of
dietary protein and NPN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minerals are divided into macro and micro based on... |
|
Definition
| relative amounts required by the animal |
|
|
Term
| mycotoxin issues with DDGS |
|
Definition
| Concentration of all non-fermentable components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| net energy for maintenance (NEm) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| net energy for maintenance (NEm) is used for... |
|
Definition
-Thermoregulation
-Transport
-Etc... |
|
|
Term
| net energy for production (NEp) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| net energy for production (NEp) is used for... |
|
Definition
Lactation
Gestation
Growth of muscle, bone, fat
Egg production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production and maintenance |
|
|
Term
| nutrient composition issues with DDGS |
|
Definition
-How stable is it?
-What factors influence the composition? |
|
|
Term
| organ that synthesizes FA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of an animal with highest concentration of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of small intestine where Ca gets absorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| partition of net energy (write this!) |
|
Definition
| NE = NEp+ NEm
NEp= Net energy available for production
NEm= Net energy needed for maintenance of cellular integrity and processes |
|
|
Term
| partitioning of energy (draw this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| preferred SI unit for heat energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary source of dietary protein in the feed industry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pros and cons of indirect calorimetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein intake vs. endogenous ileal protein |
|
Definition
| With low protein intakes, a greater proportion of the ileal protein is endogenous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Maintenance of body tissues
-Protein accretion
-Protein secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
At a given level of energy intake, the amount of protein needed to meet the demands for...
-Maintenance of body tissues
-Protein accretion
-Protein secretion |
|
|
Term
| protein that produces mucous to lubricate intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein that's a major component of skin and acts as connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteolytic enzymes produced by the intestinal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas to digest proteins |
|
Definition
-trypsin
-chymotrypsin
-carboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
| proteolytic enzymes produced by the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quality of protein/amino acids in DDGS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ratio of Ca to P in the bones |
|
Definition
Ca occurs in a ratio of 2:1 with P in
bones |
|
|
Term
| relationship between heat increment, heat produced, and net energy available to the animal |
|
Definition
| the higher the heat increment, the more heat produced and the less net energy available to the animal |
|
|
Term
| sequence of protein digestion and absorption in ruminants (might wanna draw this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sequence pf protein digestion and absorption in non-ruminants (might wanna write this!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fails to account for the feed-dependent energy losses in urine and gases
-Fails to register the differences in the heats of digestion of various feedstuffs
-Takes no account of the important distinctions between the efficiencies of utilization of digested sugars, AA and VFA as energy generators |
|
|
Term
| so,e reasons why the TME method is controversial |
|
Definition
Short feeding intervals
-48 hours vs. 5 days
Requires force-feeding of roosters
-Welfare concerns
While values exist for many feeds, the method is losing favor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Thiamine
-niacin
-biotin
-folate
-riboflavin
-pantothenic acid
-pyridoxine
-cobalamin |
|
|
Term
| some amino acids that can be introduced into an animal's diet by way of synthetic amino acids |
|
Definition
-Lysine
-Methionine
-Threonine
-etc... |
|
|
Term
| some animal protein sources |
|
Definition
-milk proteins
-meat meal, meat & bone meal
-blood meal, spray-dried plasma
-fish meal |
|
|
Term
| some animals that can absorb intact proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some approaches to determining amino acid requirement |
|
Definition
-Nitrogen Balance
-Plasma Urea/uric acid
-Plasma Amino Acids
-Growth |
|
|
Term
| some body processes Ca is needed for |
|
Definition
-nerve impulses
-blood coagulation
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some details about DDGS (Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles) |
|
Definition
-Co-product of the ethanol production process
-$150-160/tonne |
|
|
Term
| some elements found in proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some energy that is absorbed but not available to the animal |
|
Definition
-Energy associated with gaseous losses
-Urinary energy |
|
|
Term
| some enzymes secreted in the digestive tract |
|
Definition
-Saliva (amylase)
-Gastric secretions (pepsin)
-Pancreatic secretions (trypsin, chymotrypsin) |
|
|
Term
| some essential (indispensable) amino acids |
|
Definition
-Arginine
-Histidine
-Isoleucine
-Leucine
-Lysine
-Methionine
-Phenylananine
-Threonine
-Tryptophan
-Valine |
|
|
Term
| some examples of endogenous amino acids (Proteins secreted along the digestive tract) |
|
Definition
-enzymes
-intestinal cell "debris"
-immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| some examples of intestinal cell "debris" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some examples of oil seed meals |
|
Definition
-Soybean
-Canola
-Flax
-hemp
-peanut
-sunflower
-safflower
-cottonseed |
|
|
Term
| some examples of pulse crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some factors influencing digestibility |
|
Definition
-Chemical composition of feed ingredient
-Ration composition
-Feed processing
-Level of intake |
|
|
Term
| some factors that influence protein digestibility (write this!) |
|
Definition
-level of intake
-nutrient composition
-excessive heating
-presence of antinutritive factors |
|
|
Term
| some fat soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Phylloquinone
-menadione
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some functions of Zn in the body |
|
Definition
-insulin
-reproduction
-bone growth
-important cofactor for certain enzymes |
|
|
Term
| some functions of minerals in the body |
|
Definition
-structural role
-Regulation of body processes |
|
|
Term
| some functions of proteins |
|
Definition
-osmotic balance
-biological buffers (acid-base balance)
-structural elements
-lubrication
-immune system
-hormones
-enzymes
-carriers
-receptors |
|
|
Term
| some functions of vitamin A |
|
Definition
-Vision
-regulation of gene expression
-stimulates bone cells
-interacts with immune cells |
|
|
Term
| some gaseous losses of energy that can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some index compounds that can be used in the indicator method |
|
Definition
1. Chromic oxide
2. Acid insoluble ash
3. Dysprosium
4. Rare earth metals
5. Titanium dioxide |
|
|
Term
| some info about chromic oxide as a marker int he indicator method |
|
Definition
-Good pellet contains higher fat
-Chromic oxide can’t be absorbed, so exact amount shows up in poop |
|
|
Term
| some insensible heat losses in direct calorimetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some issues of digestibility/availability with synthetic amino acids |
|
Definition
-Form (parent vs. analogue)
-Racemic mixtures
--D vs. L form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some markers that can be used in the indicator method |
|
Definition
-Chromic oxide
-Titanium oxide
-Acid insoluble ash |
|
|
Term
| some methods for digesta collection used for swine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some methods of digesta collection used for poultry |
|
Definition
-slaughter
-cecectomized roosters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some molecules that can be used for energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some new tissue that is generated by protein accreation |
|
Definition
-Muscle (meat)
-Fetal tissue (pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| some non-essential (dispensable) amino acids |
|
Definition
-Alanine
-Aspargine
-Aspartic acid
-Cystine
-Glutamic acid
-Glutamine
-Glycine
-Proline
-Serine
-Tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| some non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds that are synthesized using amino acids |
|
Definition
-urea
-uric acid
-creatine
-creatinine |
|
|
Term
| some nutrients that can be isolated using lab equipment |
|
Definition
-proteins
-lipids
-minerals
-vitamins |
|
|
Term
| some options for fat sources |
|
Definition
-tallow
-poultry fat
-lard
-restaurant grease |
|
|
Term
| some options for oil sources |
|
Definition
-Vegetable or plant oil sources
-Marine oils
-Palm oil and coconut oil
-Animal-Vegetable Blends |
|
|
Term
| some parts of the body where proteins function as structural elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some primary protein concentrates |
|
Definition
-Oil seed meals
-Pulse crops
-animal proteins |
|
|
Term
| some protein-containing substances in body fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some sensible heat losses in direct calorimetry |
|
Definition
-Radiation
-Conduction
-Convection |
|
|
Term
| some sources of milk proteins |
|
Definition
-Skim milk powder
-casein
-whey proteins |
|
|
Term
| some sources of protein often used in the feed industry |
|
Definition
-Cereal grain proteins
-Supplemental protein concentrates |
|
|
Term
| some substitution techniques we can use for the AMEn method |
|
Definition
| -Standard test diet
-Blend of test diet + ingredient of consideration
-Determine AMEn (or DE) by difference methods
-Best to use highest substitution rates as possible |
|
|
Term
| some things about dissecting a chicken for digesta analysis |
|
Definition
-Simple procedure
-Costly; many animals to get enough digesta
-High animal-animal variation
-Shifting of digesta within the GIT |
|
|
Term
| some things net energy is used for production |
|
Definition
-Lactation
-Gestation
-Growth of muscle, bone, fat
-Egg production |
|
|
Term
| some things that are analyzed for when digesta is analyzed |
|
Definition
-DM
-Amino acids
-Chromic oxide |
|
|
Term
| some types of synthetic lysine that can be added to an animal's diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of synthetic methionine that can be added to an animal's diet |
|
Definition
-DL-methionine
-L-methionine
-Methionine hydroxy analogue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Tocopherols
-tocotrienols
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some units of heat energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some vitamins that have antioxidant properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some water soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
-B vitamins
-choline
-citamin C |
|
|
Term
| some water soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways absorbed amino acids are used for energy |
|
Definition
| -Amino acid catabolism
-ATP + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| some ways absorbed amino acids are used for protein synthesis |
|
Definition
-Replacement of body protein stores
-Maintenance
-Synthesis of new tissues |
|
|
Term
| some ways digesta samples are prepared for analysis |
|
Definition
-pooled
-freeze-dried
-ground |
|
|
Term
| some ways energy is used for growth or net deposition of new tissue |
|
Definition
-Muscle
-fat
-bone
-hair
-etc... |
|
|
Term
| some ways energy is used for maintenance of body tissues and function |
|
Definition
-Protein synthesis and degradation
-Urea synthesis
-Maintain body temperature
-Ion exchange
-Transporters
-Muscular activity |
|
|
Term
| some ways energy is used for production |
|
Definition
-Growth or net deposition of new tissue
-Gestation and lactation
-Egg production |
|
|
Term
| some ways gross energy is lost in feces |
|
Definition
-Non-digested feedstuffs
-Non-starch polysaccharides
-Proteins & starches bound to non-starch polysaccharides and lignin |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function as biological buffers (acid-base balance) |
|
Definition
-Proteins can accept and donate hydrogen ions
i.e.: plasma proteins and hemoglobin
-Help maintain blood and cell pH |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function as carriers |
|
Definition
-Hemoglobin
-Transporters, such as glucose transporters |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function as enzymes |
|
Definition
-Pancreatic lipase
-Lactase |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function as hormones |
|
Definition
-Insulin
-glucagon
-growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function as receptors |
|
Definition
-Recognition of hormones
-Relay messages |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function as structural elements |
|
Definition
-Contractile proteins of muscle (actin and myosin)
-Connective tissue (collagen) |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function in lubrication |
|
Definition
-Mucoproteins (mucous) (intestinal lining produces mucous)
-Lubricates and protects gastric lining, joints |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function in osmotic balance |
|
Definition
-Plasma proteins exert osmotic pressure
-Draws water out of interstitial spaces and
cells |
|
|
Term
| some ways proteins function in the immune system |
|
Definition
-Immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes
-Synthesized in response to antigens produced
by foreign cells |
|
|
Term
| some ways to measure heat production |
|
Definition
-Direct Calorimetry
-Indirect Calorimetry |
|
|
Term
| some “endogenous” contributions to nutrient secretions |
|
Definition
-intestinal cells
-bile
-pancreatic juice
-etc… |
|
|
Term
| something P is needed for |
|
Definition
| proper functioning of the B vitamins |
|
|
Term
| something that Na helps with in the blood |
|
Definition
| helps maintain blood viscosity |
|
|
Term
| something that may affect results when colecting digestia from poultry |
|
Definition
| shifting of digestia within the GIT |
|
|
Term
| something to watch out for when using the indicator method |
|
Definition
| Watch out for recycling due to coprophagy |
|
|
Term
| sources of amino acids in feces |
|
Definition
-residual dietary amino acids
-microbially-derived amino acids
-endogenous amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specific role of vitamin A |
|
Definition
-vision
-Health of epithelial cells
-Immunity
-regulation of gene expression |
|
|
Term
| specific role of vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specific role of vitamin D3 |
|
Definition
| Regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
|
|
Term
| specific role of vitamin E |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specific role of vitamin K |
|
Definition
-Facilitate calcium binding to proteins
-important in blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of biotin deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of niacin deficiency |
|
Definition
-Pellagra
-poor feathering
-large hock joint |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of riboflavin deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of thiamin deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of vitamin A deficiency |
|
Definition
-Night-blindness
-Infection
-Weak offspring
-fatty liver |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of vitamin D deficiency |
|
Definition
-Bone disorders
-Rickets, osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of vitamin E deficiency |
|
Definition
-Encephalomalacia (a neurological disorder)
-White muscle disease
-“Stiff lamb disease” |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of vitamin K deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pure sources of crystalline amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a high sulfur AA non-protein |
|
|
Term
| technique used for Apparent Ileal amino acid digestibility (IAAD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 classes of vitamins |
|
Definition
-Fat soluble
-Water-soluble |
|
|
Term
| the Ca-binding protein that helps in active transport of Ca in the duodenum and jejunum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of macrominerals in the body |
|
Definition
| > 100 ppm & usually expressed as a % of the ration |
|
|
Term
| the amount of markers in the indicator method |
|
Definition
| Usually incorporated in the diet at 0.1 to 0.5% |
|
|
Term
| the amount of microminerals in the body |
|
Definition
| Usually present in the body at levels < 100 ppm & typically expressed as ppm in the diet |
|
|
Term
| the building blocks of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the classifications of amino acids |
|
Definition
-Essential or indispensable
-Nonessential or dispensable |
|
|
Term
| the contractile proteins of muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference between AME and TME |
|
Definition
AME makes no attempt to correct for “endogenous” contributions to nutrient secretions, such as intestinal cells, bile, pancreatic juice, etc…
TME accounts for endogenous losses |
|
|
Term
| the dominant energy system for poultry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the end product of rumen fermentation of
dietary protein and NPN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enzymes involved in transamination |
|
Definition
| Aminotransferase/Transaminase |
|
|
Term
| the groups minerals are divided into |
|
Definition
-macrominerals
-microminerals (aka trace elements) |
|
|
Term
| the main molecule used for energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major Ca and P storage in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major concern for measuring fecal amino acid digestibility |
|
Definition
Fecal amino acids represent a combination of
-residual dietary amino acids
-microbially-derived amino acids
-endogenous amino acids |
|
|
Term
| the major dietary sources of energy |
|
Definition
-Cereals and cereal by-products
-Fats and oils
-Other sources |
|
|
Term
| the major protein source in the small intestine of ruminants |
|
Definition
| microbes that can synthesize N into microbial protein |
|
|
Term
| the most expensive feed ingredient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of the digestive system samples of digestia are collected from to account for protein digestibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parts of an amino acid |
|
Definition
-Amino, carboxyl groups & H-present in all
-Distinct R group, exception glycine (H) |
|
|
Term
| the system of energy measurement for swine in Europe is based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the system of energy measurement for swine in N. America is based on... |
|
Definition
ME values of dietary ingredients
However, ME largely calculated from DE (DE x 0.96) |
|
|
Term
| the theory behind the indicator method |
|
Definition
-While nutrient (energy) is absorbed, the marker remains in the digestive tract
-Enrichment of the marker occurs as nutrients are absorbed |
|
|
Term
| the type of protein found in meat and bone meal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the “Brower Equation” (might wanna write this!) |
|
Definition
| HP = 16.18VO2+ 5.16 VC02–5.90N –2.42 CH4
HP = Heat production (kJ)
VO2= oxygen consumption (litres)
VCO2= carbon dioxide production (litres)
N = urinary nitrogen excretion (g)
CH4= methane production (litres) |
|
|
Term
| things that can be analyzed for nutrient content |
|
Definition
-feedstuffs
-animal tissues
-other items |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps maintain metabolism; important for thyroid |
|
|
Term
| to measure NE, we need to... |
|
Definition
| measure heat production associated with “Heat Increment” |
|
|
Term
| to recognize the deficiencies of grain as a source of protein, you need to... |
|
Definition
| Identify the limiting amino acids for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-accounts for endogenous losses
-said to be a more accurate reflection of ME value of a feed ingredient |
|
|
Term
| total collection method has a tendency to... |
|
Definition
-Overestimate Feed Intake
-Underestimate Fecal Output due to feed still being in gut |
|
|
Term
| two things that can happen to dietary methionine |
|
Definition
-be converted to cystine
-used to meet methionine frequirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-non-polar (hydrophobic)
-polar, uncharged (hydrophilic)
-charged |
|
|
Term
| values of digestible energy are determined by... |
|
Definition
-digestibility studies
-prediction equations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin C is synthesized from ______ in most of farm animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin E is a potent antioxidant for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential organic compounds that are not a source of energy or usable for protein |
|
|
Term
| vitamins are classified based on... |
|
Definition
| solubility properties (fat-soluble and water-soluble) |
|
|
Term
| vitamins are required for... |
|
Definition
| normal body metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins |
|
|
Term
| waste products that result in energy loss by way of urinary energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps with pH of body fluids and stomach secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can happen to endogenous proteins/amino acids? |
|
Definition
| they can be digested or reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| what cooking soybean meal does to the trypsin inhibitor |
|
Definition
-denatured at high temperatures
-roasting of soybean meal removes trypsin inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| what differentiates amino acids from each other? |
|
Definition
the side chains
different amino acids have different side chains |
|
|
Term
| what does a chicken store in its fat cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the energy do after it's liberated from ATP? |
|
Definition
-drives chemical reactions
-produces heat |
|
|
Term
| what happens to GE protein that is not utilized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to excess amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Amino acids present above the requirement for protein synthesis are catabolized |
|
|
Term
| what happens to proteins in the stomach? |
|
Definition
they get denatured in the stomach by acidic
environment (HCl) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the amount of growth performance if a broiler diet contains all the amino acids in the required amounts except lysine? |
|
Definition
| lower growth and performance |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the amount of muscle growth if a broiler diet contains all the amino acids in the required amounts except lysine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the amount of plasma amino acids if a broiler diet contains all the amino acids in the required amounts except lysine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the amount of plasma uric acid if a broiler diet contains all the amino acids in the required amounts except lysine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the amount of urinary nitrogen excretion if a broiler diet contains all the amino acids in the required amounts except lysine? |
|
Definition
| higher urinary nitrogen excretion |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the immunoglobulin in colostrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when you have all the amino acids present in the required amounts? |
|
Definition
| you get the maximal rate of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what hyappens to micfrobial protein in ruminants after it is syntnhesized by microbes? |
|
Definition
| it moves down to the small intestine and is digested as in the monogastric |
|
|
Term
| what is the remedy for a broiler diet that has all the amino acids in required amounts except for lysine? |
|
Definition
| supplementation with synthetic lysine |
|
|
Term
| what permits the total collection of urine and feces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase do to digest proteins |
|
Definition
| Act to reduce large AA polymers to tri & dipeptides |
|
|
Term
| what to do with the lysine and methionine levels as the animals grow |
|
Definition
| reduce the levels of methionine and lysine |
|
|
Term
| what too much fat does to poultry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamins are needed for |
|
Definition
| Required for normal body metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| what you want to do with AA and CP when formulating a diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's more accurate? total ME or apparent ME? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chymotrypsinogen
procarboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
| when determining AA requirements, N balance is very similar to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does active transport of Ca take over? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when organic molecules are oxidized |
|
|
Term
| when glutamine is essential |
|
Definition
| essential during gut illness, normal metabolism of the pancreas & liver |
|
|
Term
| when nonessential amino acids become essential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when proline is essential |
|
Definition
| essential for laying hens |
|
|
Term
| when there is little advantage to using digestible amino acid values for feed formulation. |
|
Definition
| If diets are composed of highly digestible ingredients (Corn and SBM), there is little advantage to using digestible amino acid values for feed formulation. |
|
|
Term
| when you have a negative N balance,... |
|
Definition
| N input (Feed N) ˂ N output (Excreta N); AMEn will be greater than AME |
|
|
Term
| when you have a positive N balance,... |
|
Definition
| N input (Feed N) ˃ N output (Excreta N); AMEn will be less than AME |
|
|
Term
| when you want to give an animal high level of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where heat is produced in the animal |
|
Definition
| regions with the most active metabolism such as the gut and the liver |
|
|
Term
| where most of the Ca and P are found in the body |
|
Definition
99 % of body
Ca and 80 % of body P are found in skeleton &
teeth |
|
|
Term
| where the energy is stored in ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of Ca absorption happens more often in the duodenum and jejunum? active or passive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of animal changes fatty acid composition? ruminants or non-ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of animal doesn't change fatty acid composition? ruminants or non-ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why AA balance is important |
|
Definition
| because imbalance reduces performance |
|
|
Term
| why AME can be undervalued compared to TME when feed intake is very low |
|
Definition
| because lower feed intake has higher endogenous losses |
|
|
Term
| why AME varies with feed intake |
|
Definition
| because of endogenous losses |
|
|
Term
| why TME is independent of feed intake |
|
Definition
| because it accounts for endogenous losses |
|
|
Term
| why carbohydrates have about the same GE |
|
Definition
| because they have similar ratios of C + H to O |
|
|
Term
| why cereal grains are often used as a source of dietary protein in the feed industry |
|
Definition
| because of the use of grains to supply dietary energy |
|
|
Term
| why chickens need more arginine than mammals |
|
Definition
| because of uric acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| why chromic oxide is a good marker for the indicator method |
|
Definition
| Chromic oxide can’t be absorbed, so exact amount shows up in poop |
|
|
Term
| why crude protein is called crude |
|
Definition
| because there's N in other molecules |
|
|
Term
| why do ruminants generally not require water soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
| because microbes produce them |
|
|
Term
| why do we need methionine and total sulfur amino acid requirement for animal, but not cysteine requirement, when we make diet formulations? |
|
Definition
| Because methionine can be converted to cysteine, but not vice-versa. They both contain S. |
|
|
Term
| why do we need to remove the ceca from the roosters in order to collect their digestia? |
|
Definition
-microbial fermentation and such
-microbial digestion of AA |
|
|
Term
| why do we normally provide Ca and available P at a ratio of 2:1 in the broiler diets? |
|
Definition
| because Ca occurs in a ratio of 2:1 with P in bones |
|
|
Term
| why higher protein diets have lower net energy |
|
Definition
| because protein produces most heat |
|
|
Term
| why is apparent ileal acid digestibility called "apparent"? |
|
Definition
| because it doesn't account for endogenous losses |
|
|
Term
| why is the digestia collected from a pig's ileum green? |
|
Definition
| because of chromium oxide |
|
|
Term
| why it's important for newborn mammals to be able to absorb intact proteins |
|
Definition
| Important for utilization of antibodies in colostrum. |
|
|
Term
| why laying hens need more fat in abdomen than broilers do |
|
Definition
| some abdominal fat needed for egg production, considering that the yolk uses fat from liver |
|
|
Term
| why lysine is sensitive to Maillard reaction during heating |
|
Definition
| because of a higher number of free amino groups |
|
|
Term
| why mammals don't need much argenine in their diet |
|
Definition
| because of the urea cycle |
|
|
Term
| why newborn mammals can absorb intact proteins |
|
Definition
| because their small intestine is permeable to proteins, e.g. immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| why not all gross energy in a feedstuff is available to the animal |
|
Definition
| because there's considerable gross energy lost in the feces |
|
|
Term
| why proteins have higher GE content than CHO |
|
Definition
| because they contain additional oxidizable elements (N, S) |
|
|
Term
| why ruminants don't need very much dietary vitamins |
|
Definition
| because microbes make vitamins |
|
|
Term
| why samples of digestia collected from ileum are used to account for factors influencing protein digestibility |
|
Definition
| because feces are not effective for this due to ceca |
|
|
Term
| why the amount of protein retained varies according to the nature of the diet and the age of the bird |
|
Definition
| because a bird that is retaining nitrogen (growing chick) will excrete less nitrogen (N) vs. one that isn’t (laying hen) |
|
|
Term
| why triglycerides have higher GE than carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| because triglycerides have relatively less oxygen |
|
|
Term
| why we must have a method of measuring feed energy |
|
Definition
| because animals eat for energy |
|
|
Term
| why you have to continually provide water soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
| because they're not stored |
|
|
Term
| why you might need a large sample size when collecting digestia from poultry |
|
Definition
| because of high variation between animals |
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|
