Term
| % composition of water in an adult animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 anti-nutrient factors in rapeseed (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
-High fiber
-High levels of glucosinolate and Erucic acid |
|
|
Term
| 2 mechanisms by which active glucose transport occurs |
|
Definition
| -sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT)
-Na+-independent glucose transporters (GLUTs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 70% of the DM of forages is made of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves the passage of digested nutrients from the GI tract into the blood where they are distributed throughout the body. |
|
|
Term
| Acetate Metabolism in ruminants |
|
Definition
CH3-COOH
ask Dr. Kim for clarification |
|
|
Term
| Amounts & proportion of nutrients in an animal's diet depends on |
|
Definition
-type of GIT
-age
-level & type of productivity
-dietary constituents available
-other factors |
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic nature of the ______ provide H Biohydrogenation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic nature of the rumen provide ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-nutrient factor in peanut meal (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
| aflatoxins in moldy peanut meal |
|
|
Term
| Anti-nutrient factor in sorghum/milo (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-nutrient factor in sunflower meal (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At best an animal requires about ______ nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile acids and phospholipids from the liver mix with the digesta in the duodenum to... |
|
Definition
| emulsify the fat to increase the surface area available for enzyme attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat makes the carbohydrate brown; during heating, sugar and amino acid bind together, reducing amino acid digestibility, especially lysine |
|
|
Term
| Building blocks of polysaccharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH
ask Dr. Kim for clarification |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates and fat are used for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular demand for glucose in non-ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular demand for glucose in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the portion of a sample that can be extracted by diethyl ether |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DM% increases with protein content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves a series of processes within the GI tract by which feeds are broken down in particle size and finally made soluble for absorption (mechanical and enzymatic steps). |
|
|
Term
| Digestion and absorption of lipids in ruminants differs from that of monogastrics due to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestive enzymes elaborated by... |
|
Definition
A) Host e.g. saliva, pancreatic and intestinal mucosa sacharidases
B) Host GIT microflora e. g. reticulo-rumen or hindgut. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of long chain fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| Ether extract is mainly... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of rumen inert fats |
|
Definition
-calcium salts of fatty acids
-prilled fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Extent of glucose absorption from gut in non-ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extent of glucose absorption from gut in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting palatability/toxicity of water |
|
Definition
-Salts
-Pathogenic microorganisms
-Agricultural & industrial pollutants |
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids containing double bonds can occur as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feed ingredients by % NFE (carbohydrate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feed ingredients by % use in broiler finishers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feed ingredients by % use in broiler growers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feed ingredients by % use in broiler starters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feed ingredients by % use in laying hens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any material made into/used as feed. |
|
|
Term
| Goals of animal production |
|
Definition
-Production of items that humans like/need to use or consume
-Maximize efficiency
-Provide adequate return on investment to producers
-Minimize impact to environment
-Good animal care (well-being) |
|
|
Term
| How can we produce high DHA omega-3 eggs? |
|
Definition
| By increasing the levels of Omega-3 fatty acids in the hen’s diet, such as by feeding more fish oil, hemp seed, and flax seed |
|
|
Term
| Importance of GNG (precursors) in non-ruminants |
|
Definition
| less important (glycerol, AA) |
|
|
Term
| Importance of GNG (precursors) in ruminants |
|
Definition
| very important (propionate, glycerol, AA) |
|
|
Term
| Linoleic acid (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
| C18:2 (18 C, 2 double bonds) |
|
|
Term
| Linolenic acid (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
| C18:3 (18 C, 3 double bonds) |
|
|
Term
| Macronutrients vs. micronutrients |
|
Definition
| matter of degree, but macronutrients are required in larger quantities (%) vs. mg/kg quantities |
|
|
Term
| Main energy source for monogastric animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major monosaccharides in nutrition |
|
Definition
-Glucose
-Galactose
-Fructose |
|
|
Term
| Major structural component of cell wall in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maltotriose contains ______ glucoses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yolk stalk; this is where the yolk sack was attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sum of all biochemical changes that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and to build new body tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Methionine can be converted to ______, but not vice versa (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 sugar unit, with 3-7 C atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-starch polysaccharide |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) represents... |
|
Definition
| the soluble carbohydrates such as starches and sugars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any chemical element or compound in a diet that is required for reproduction, growth, lactation, & maintaining the life process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sum of all processes by which an animal takes in and utilizes food substances (Digestion, absorption, and metabolism). |
|
|
Term
| Nutritional science seeks to... |
|
Definition
| understand the processes involved in the conversion of animal feeds to animal products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary substrate for fat synthesis in non-ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary substrate for fat synthesis in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CH3-CH2-COOH
ask Dr. Kim for clarification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a partitioning of compounds in a feed into six categories based on the chemical properties of the compounds. The six categories are: moisture. ash. crude protein (or Kjeldahl protein). crude lipid. crude fiber. nitrogen-free extracts (digestible carbohydrates). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roles of animal nutrition on animal production, animal welfare, and environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ruminants consumes primarily ______ fatty acids as part of plants ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
polyunsaturated
triglycerides
glycolipids |
|
|
Term
| Some disaccharides absorbed and hydrolyzed in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-maintenance of body tissues and processes
-the support of growth
-the support of fetal growth
-the support of lactation |
|
|
Term
| Some types of disaccharides |
|
Definition
-Lactose “milk sugar”
-Sucrose “Table sugar”
-Maltose “Malt sugar” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methionine and cystine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The animal obtains its water from... (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-drinking water
-water present in the food
-water formed by the oxidation of hydrogen containing organic nutrients
-that liberated from metabolic reactions such as condensation of amino acids to peptides |
|
|
Term
| Three stages of digestion in monogastrics |
|
Definition
-Salivary and pancreatic amylase
-Luminal digestion (small intestines)
-Intestinal wall digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VFA can be absorbed in the ______ for energy in the swine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VFA can be absorbed in the large intestine for ______ in the swine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two limiting amino acids in typical poultry diets? |
|
Definition
| Lysine and methionine (verify with Dr. Kim) |
|
|
Term
| What is available phosphorus in feed ingredients? |
|
Definition
| Phosphorus that is not bound to phytate |
|
|
Term
| What is phytate-phosphorus in feed ingredients? |
|
Definition
| The phosphorus bound to phytate |
|
|
Term
| What is the major difference between starch and cellulose? |
|
Definition
-In starch, all the glucose repeat units are oriented in the same direction.
-In cellulose, each successive glucose unit is rotated 180 degrees around the axis of the polymer backbone chain, relative to the last repeat unit.
-Poultry lack the enzymes needed to digest cellulose |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid is low in corn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are high in sunflower meal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are low in peanut meal? |
|
Definition
-Lysine
-Methionine
-Threonine |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are low in sorghum (milo)? |
|
Definition
-Lysine
-TSAA (methionine and cystine) |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are low in soybean meal? |
|
Definition
| Methionine & cystine (TSAA) |
|
|
Term
| Why is the availability (%) of phosphorus in grains very low? |
|
Definition
| Because of the amount of phosphorus bound to phytate |
|
|
Term
| Within the liver of ruminants, proprionate serves as a major substrate for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are used for energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ can be absorbed in the large intestine for energy in the swine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ can be absorbed in the large intestine for energy in the swine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ can be converted to cystine, but not vice versa (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ nature of the rumen provide H Biohydrogenation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______% of the DM of forages is made of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______, especially ceca, important for reducing pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a form of fat hydrogenation can lead to other than saturated fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a landmark to separate the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a source of unsaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| add this to prevent oxidation of unsat fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantages of bypass fats in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poisonous carcinogens that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains |
|
|
Term
| amount of cereal grains taken up by carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of volatile fatty acids you want in a ruminant's diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has α−1-6 branches, this branching makes it more easily digested than amylose |
|
|
Term
| amylopectin content of dent corn |
|
Definition
| 75% amylopectin + 25% amylose |
|
|
Term
| amylopectin content of waxy corn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long chain of glucose units linked α−1-4 to other glucose units |
|
|
Term
| an animal's water requirements are affected by... |
|
Definition
-diet composition
-environment
-physiological status
-species |
|
|
Term
| an anti-nutrient factor in canola meal (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an important compound made by liver for fat digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an important storage carbohydrate in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another role of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| Osmotic pressure regulation (bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| anti-nutrient factor in barley (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
| beta-glucan (non-starch polysaccharides), which causes pasted vents and wet litter |
|
|
Term
| anti-nutrient factor in millet (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anti-nutrient factors with full-fat soybeans (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
Trypsin inhibitor
Non-starch polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| are lignins carbiohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basic unit of fats and oil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta-glucose is anti-nutritive in... (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats that pass thru the rumen unaltered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one Celsius degree |
|
|
Term
| carbohydrate composition of animals |
|
Definition
| <1% of animal BW (glucose, glycogen) |
|
|
Term
| chemical rxn by which glycosidic bonds form |
|
Definition
| R-OH + HO-R' --> R-O-R' + H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H's on same side of double bond
[image] |
|
|
Term
| components of dry matter in food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
12% moisture
12% CP
5% CF
2% ether extract (fat)
67% NFE (carbohydrate)
2% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of canola meal |
|
Definition
7% moisture
37% CP
14% CF
7% ether extract (fat)
28% NFE (carbohydrate)
7% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of cellulose (homoglycan) |
|
Definition
| Many glucose units linked together with a β 1-4 linkage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
11% moisture
9% CP
2% CF
4% ether extract (fat)
73% NFE (carbohydrate)
1% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of corn gluten meal |
|
Definition
9% moisture
59% CP
4% CF
2% ether extract (fat)
22% NFE (carbohydrate)
4% ash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-67% water
-12% protein
-0% carbohydrates
-10% lipids
-11% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of feather meal |
|
Definition
9% moisture
82% CP
0% CF
2% ether extract (fat)
0% NFE (carbohydrate)
7% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of full fat soybeans |
|
Definition
10% moisture
37% CP
5% CF
18% ether extract (fat)
24% NFE (carbohydrate)
6% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of hemicellulose |
|
Definition
| contains mix of pentose and hexose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-70% water
-23% protein
-0% carbohydrates
-6% lipids
-1% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of meat and bone meal |
|
Definition
6% moisture
51% CP
2% CF
9% ether extract (fat)
3% NFE (carbohydrate)
29% ash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-88% water
-3% protein
-5% carbohydrates
-3% lipids
-1% ash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
9% moisture
15% CP
3% CF
4% ether extract (fat)
66% NFE (carbohydrate)
3% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of peanut meal |
|
Definition
8% moisture
47% CP
13% CF
1% ether extract (fat)
26% NFE (carbohydrate)
5% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of sorghum/milo |
|
Definition
12% moisture
10% CP
2% CF
3% ether extract (fat)
71% NFE (carbohydrate)
2% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of soybean meal |
|
Definition
10% moisture
49% CP
3% CF
1% ether extract (fat)
31% NFE (carbohydrate)
6% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of sunflower meal |
|
Definition
7% moisture
46% CP
11% CF
3% ether extract (fat)
25% NFE (carbohydrate)
8% ash |
|
|
Term
| composition of the fatty acids in the hay fed to ruminants |
|
Definition
| 58 % of them are 18 carbon unsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10% moisture
11% CP
2% CF
2% ether extract (fat)
73% NFE (carbohydrate)
2% ash |
|
|
Term
| corn gluten meal is what's left over after removing... |
|
Definition
| the starch, oil, germ, and bran |
|
|
Term
| corn is the primary feed ingredient for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basically indigestible carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| depiction of a villus (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of active glucose transport by Na+-independent glucose transporters (GLUTs) (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of active glucose transport by sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT) (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of carbohydrate digestion in monogastric animals (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of carbohydrate digestion in the intestines (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the difference between α & β hexose rings (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the digestion of lipids in monogastric animals (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| details about active transport |
|
Definition
transport against concentration gradient
involved carrier protein and Na pump
e.g. glucose, amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose linked to galactose (β 1-4)
Digested by lactase enzyme in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| details about passive carbohydrate absorption |
|
Definition
| follow osmotic gradient- e.g. water, electrolyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose linked to fructose (α 1-2)
Can cause calves to scour as their sucrase enzyme is not secreted in sufficient quantity |
|
|
Term
| dietary factors that affect water requirements |
|
Definition
A) Dry matter (DM) intake
B) Amount of water in feed
C) Protein quantity & quality (greater urine output)
D) Fat intake
E) Salt-diarrhea, urine, tissue dehydration |
|
|
Term
| dietary requirement of linoleic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between linoleic acid and linolenic acid |
|
Definition
Linoleic acid = C18:2 (18 C, 2 double bonds)
Linolenic acid = C18:3 (18 C, 3 double bonds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of bypass fats in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| double bonds in unsat fats are subject to... |
|
Definition
| hydrogenation and oxidation |
|
|
Term
| energy density for carbohydrates (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy density for lipids (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme found in the saliva of the chicken |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme supplementation used with barley |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme that helps break down polysacs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty acids that can't be synthesized by the animal and therefore must be supplied in the diet. |
|
|
Term
| example of lipid important for the brain |
|
Definition
| DHA, which is a major lipid component of brain development |
|
|
Term
| examples of essential fatty acids |
|
Definition
-Linoleic acid
-linolenic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fate of free saturated fatty acids in ruminants |
|
Definition
| they exit to small intestines for absorption |
|
|
Term
| fate of free unsaturated fatty acids in ruminants |
|
Definition
| Bacterial biohydrogenation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chain of 2+ carbon atoms with a carboxyl group on the end; this carboxyl group attaches to the glycerol backbone |
|
|
Term
| fatty acids are classified based on... |
|
Definition
-length of C chain
-number of double bonds
-essentiality in the diet |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredient that causes pasted vents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredient that contains lots of beta-glucan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients by % ash |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients by % ether extract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients by % moisture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients by ME (kcal/kg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients for which beta-glucan is a major problem (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients for which glucanase is used as a supplementary enzyme (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients high in TSAA (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients high in argenine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients high in cystine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients high in methionine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients high in phytate (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients high in tryptophan (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients low in TSAA (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-soybean meal (SBM)
-sorghum/milo |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients low in argenine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients low in cystine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-soybean meal (SBM)
-sorghum/milo |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients low in methionine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-soybean meal (SBM)
-sorghum/milo
-full fat soybeans
-peanut meal
-feather meal |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients low in threonine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients low in tryptophan (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-corn gluten meal
-feather meal |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients that are a good source of minerals (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients that cause high intestinal viscosity (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients that cause wet litter (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients that contain high NSP (non-starch polysaccharides: Xylan and arabinoxylan) (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients that contain non-starch polysaccharides (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-wheat
-barley
-full-fat soybeans |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients that contain raffinose and stachyrose (NSP) (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients that contain trypsin inhibitor |
|
Definition
-soybean meal (SBM)
-full fat soybeans |
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients that contain yellow pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed ingredients with high fiber (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-canola meal
-sunflower meal |
|
|
Term
| fermentation of carbohydrate in ruminants happens by way of... |
|
Definition
| microbes that secrete enzymes |
|
|
Term
| for absorption to occur, poly, tri and disaccharides must be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty acids liberated from fats by bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form microfibrils that give plant cell walls rigid support |
|
|
Term
| function of non-starch polysacs |
|
Definition
| Provide structural support to plant tissues |
|
|
Term
| function of propionate in ruminants |
|
Definition
| Within the liver, proprionate serves as a major substrate for gluconeogenesis, which is absolutely critical to the ruminant because almost no glucose reaches the small intestine for absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| storage organ; there are microbial activities. |
|
|
Term
| function of the esophagus |
|
Definition
| Produces mucus: a lubricating action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mechanical digestion: Grinding
-The site for gastric proteolysis. |
|
|
Term
| functions of water in an animal |
|
Definition
-Metabolism
-Body temperature control e. g. evaporative cooling |
|
|
Term
| general formula of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general structure of fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
new glucose production
this is essentially a continuous process in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| backbone of glycerol based fat and oil lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bonds between a sugar and another sugar or some other compound |
|
|
Term
| how activity affects water requirements |
|
Definition
| nervous vs. inactive animal |
|
|
Term
| how aflatoxins in moldy peanut meal can be managed |
|
Definition
| by using aflatoxin binder |
|
|
Term
| how age affects water requirements |
|
Definition
| young more per unit BW than adults |
|
|
Term
| how beta-glucose is anti-nutritive (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
Reduces nutrient digestion and absorption
Reduce the absorption of fat and other nutrients from the digestive tract
basically, this makes the animal not get as much out of the food it eats |
|
|
Term
| how cell walls affect nutrient digestion and absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how glycosidic bonds form |
|
Definition
| The anomeric OH group and a OH group of another sugar or some other compound can join together, splitting out water to form a glycosidic bond. |
|
|
Term
| how gut fermentation improves gut health |
|
Definition
-Increase VFA production
-Increase beneficial bacteria growth
(Lactobacillus and bifidobacterum)
-Lower gut pH
-VFA can be absorbed in the large intestine for energy in the swine.
-Maintain good gut microbial balance
-Maintain good gut immune system
-Suppress pathogen growth |
|
|
Term
| how hydrogenation happens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long the egg is in the infundibulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long the egg is in the isthmus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long the egg is in the magnum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long the egg is in the uterus or shell gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many salivary glands does a chicken have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how species affects water requirements |
|
Definition
A) Ability to conserve e.g. cattle vs. sheep
B) Birds require less than mammals |
|
|
Term
| how tannin reduces birds’ performance and growth (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
It binds to protein and reduces utilization of dietary proteins
basically interferes with protein absorption
in essence, it intercepts proteins |
|
|
Term
| how the presence of a double bond affects the structure of fatty acids |
|
Definition
| creates cis and trans forms |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate NFE (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
| NFE = 100 - (%water + %CP + %CF + %Ash + %EE) |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate crude protein (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how volatile fatty acids are absorbed in ruminants |
|
Definition
| Absorbed across the wall of the rumen |
|
|
Term
| how water intoxication can occur in calves |
|
Definition
-Death can occur from the sudden consumption of water after a period of deprivation
-Kidney’s slow adaptation to sudden high load |
|
|
Term
| how water is vaporized from animal |
|
Definition
| from lungs and dissipation through skin |
|
|
Term
| importance of Meckel’s diverticulum |
|
Definition
| it is a landmark to separate the jejunum and ileum |
|
|
Term
| importance of starch for monogastric animals |
|
Definition
| Main energy source for monogastric animals |
|
|
Term
| important role of essential fatty acids |
|
Definition
| Integral part of cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| in monogastric animals, fat enters the ______ as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ruminants, ______ is almost completely removed from portal blood by the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ruminants, ______ remove all three fatty acids from the glycerol molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ruminants, acetate is used as... |
|
Definition
-Energy source (ATP generation)
-Substrate (Acetyl CoA) for fatty acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| in ruminants, all carbohydrates are fermented in the ______ to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ruminants, propionate is ______ by the liver |
|
Definition
| almost completely removed from portal blood |
|
|
Term
| in ruminants, propionate is almost completely removed from portal blood by the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the duodenum, this gets mixed with the fats and other digesta |
|
Definition
| bile acids and phospholipids from the liver |
|
|
Term
| informational functions of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
cell surface of eukaryotes:
-molecular recognition
-cell-cell communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the upper portion of the funnel |
|
|
Term
| intestinal enzyme for dextrin |
|
Definition
| amylase (verify with Dr. Kim) |
|
|
Term
| intestinal enzyme for lactose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intestinal enzyme for maltose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intestinal enzyme for sucrose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is gut fermentation important for non-ruminants? |
|
Definition
| yes; hindgut fermentation is important for their gut health |
|
|
Term
| large intestine, especially ______, important for reducing pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large intestine, especially ceca, important for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-C18:2 (18 C, 2 double bonds)
-n-6 (n-6 means omega-6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-C18:3 (18 C, 3 double bonds)
-n-3 (n-3 means omega-3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low, except for oil seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic (ether, hexane) substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycolipids such as galactolips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic (ether, hexane) substances |
|
|
Term
| main functions of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| They function mainly as energy or fuel stores as well as intermediary metabolites in the body of most mammals. They also form structural components of both plants and animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major problem with barley (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| milk contains some trans fat because... |
|
Definition
| some bacteria changes it to trans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most nutrients absorbed in this part of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) |
|
Definition
| Polysaccharides other than starches found in food |
|
|
Term
| non-starch polysacs are found in association with... |
|
Definition
| a class of polymer compounds called Lignins (Not carbohydrates) |
|
|
Term
| nutritional functions of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C18:1 (18 C, 1 double bond) |
|
|
Term
| one critical role of glucosamine in animals |
|
Definition
| it's a major part of cartiledge; good for joints |
|
|
Term
| organisms that use chitin in their cell walls |
|
Definition
-arthropods
-fungi
-green algae |
|
|
Term
| palability of water is affected by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants that contain high lipid content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary energy substrate in non-ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary energy substrate in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problem with sunflower meal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problems that can be caused by rapeseed |
|
Definition
Hemorrhagic liver in layers
Small egg size
Leg problems in broilers
Reduced feed intake
Reduced growth rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high levels of glucosinolate (bigger issue) and erucic acid, which cause:
Hemorrhagic liver in layers
Small egg size
Leg problems in broilers
Reduced feed intake
Reduced growth rate |
|
|
Term
| relationship between dietary alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) and amount of ALA and DHA in egg yolk |
|
Definition
| positively correlated, a lot more so with ALA than with DHA |
|
|
Term
| relationship between microencapsulated fish oil intake and fatty acid in egg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulation of release of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important storage carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
| rule of thumb for salt content regarding water quality |
|
Definition
| <1% total dissolved salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| since poultry and swine can't really digest phytate, this is added to their diets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small intestine important for... |
|
Definition
| nutrient digestion and absorption |
|
|
Term
| some Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) |
|
Definition
-Acetic
-Propionic
-Butyric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some anti-nutrient factors in soft wheat (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
High NSP (non-starch polysaccharides: Xylan and arabinoxylan)
High intestinal viscosity
Wet litter |
|
|
Term
| some anti-oxidants that can be added to prevent oxidation of unsat fatty acids |
|
Definition
-vitamin E
-Ethoxyquin (Santoquin)
-butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
-butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) |
|
|
Term
| some common saturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
| -Myristic: CH3(CH2)12COOH
-Palmitic: CH3(CH2)14COOH
-Stearic: CH3(CH2)16COOH |
|
|
Term
| some common unsaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
-oleic acid
-linoleic acid
-linolenic acid |
|
|
Term
| some details about amylopectin |
|
Definition
Linear chain of α-D-glucose joined by α-(1->4) glycosidic linkages
Every 24-30 residues there exists an α-(1->6) glycosidic linkage -> confers branching |
|
|
Term
| some details about amylose |
|
Definition
Linear chain of α-D-glucose joined by α -(1->4) glycosidic linkages
Stack to form tigthly packed granules which is insoluble and hard to digest
Most plants contain about 20-25% amylose.but some, like pea starch have 60% amylose and certain species of maize starch have 80% amylose |
|
|
Term
| some details about barley |
|
Definition
The potential ingredient for energy
Widely grown throughout the world, particularly the cooler areas (Canada and Europe)
Better amino acid profile than corn or wheat, but lower energy
Major problem: digestibility
No yellow pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls) |
|
|
Term
| some details about beta-glucans |
|
Definition
Anti-nutritive in chicks & piglets
Viscous.
Reduces nutrient digestion and absorption
Reduce the absorption of fat and other nutrients from the digestive tract
Glucanase enzyme often added |
|
|
Term
| some details about canola meal |
|
Definition
Good ingredient for protein
Well balanced amino acid profile, but low energy level
Good for poultry and other animals, especially laying hens
An offspring of rapeseed
Canola is the name for improved varieties of rapeseed |
|
|
Term
| some details about cellulose (homoglycan) |
|
Definition
Major structural component of cell wall
Many glucose units linked together with a β 1-4 linkage.
Has a straight, ribbon like shape that allows for lots of H-bonding within and between chains. This keeps the bonds well hidden from enzymes.
Plus mammals do not secrete an enzyme capable of breaking the β−1- 4 bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excellent feeding properties and high digestibility
Low in lysine
High in methionine and cystine (TSAA)
Pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls)
High in phytate, which means low P availability |
|
|
Term
| some details about corn gluten meal |
|
Definition
Good ingredient for protein and energy
A byproduct of corn: after removing the starch, oil, germ, and bran
High in methionine
Low in lysine, argenine, and tryptophan
Corn gluten meal, corn, and soybean meal can be an excellent diet for broilers |
|
|
Term
| some details about feather meal |
|
Definition
Good ingredient for protein
Hydrolyzed poultry feather meal is made from clean, undecomposed feathers
The feathers are processed under steam pressure
Low in lysine and methionine
High in TSAA, mostly cystine
Amino acid availability is low |
|
|
Term
| some details about full-fat soybeans |
|
Definition
Good ingredient for protein and energy
Fair amino acid balance
Low in methionine |
|
|
Term
| some details about hemicellulose |
|
Definition
More branching
More complex
Generally more easily digested |
|
|
Term
| some details about lignin |
|
Definition
Not a carbohydrate
Always present in combination with cellulose and hemicellulose
Highly insoluble and biologically unavailable
Reduces availability of cellulose and hemicellulose for microbial use
Plants become more lignified as they age |
|
|
Term
| some details about meat and bone meal |
|
Definition
Good ingredient for protein
Good source of protein and minerals
In great demand by the pet food industry |
|
|
Term
| some details about millet |
|
Definition
Good ingredient for energy
Widely grown in Africa and northern India (suitable to dry climates)
Higher in protein, but lower in energy than corn
Low in lysine
No yellow pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls)
Protein and amino acid levels vary among millet varieties |
|
|
Term
| some details about peanut meal |
|
Definition
Good ingredient for protein and energy
Low in lysine, methionine, and threonine
Peanut meal and corn can be good diet for poultry, but need synthetic lysine, methionine, and threonine |
|
|
Term
| some details about pentosan |
|
Definition
| Pentosan are also another group of polysaccharides found in association with cellulose in many woody plants and they produce pentoses on hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| some details about phytate |
|
Definition
Storage form of P in plants, including cereals
Resistant to digestion by mammalian enzymes |
|
|
Term
| some details about sorghum/milo |
|
Definition
This is an excellent ingredient for energy
Used for feed, food, beverage, and syrup
Excellent feeding properties and high digestibility
Low in lysine
Low in TSAA (Met and Cys)
Complements soybean meal very well, but Met and Lys supplementation is needed
Anti-nutrient factor: tannin |
|
|
Term
| some details about soybean meal |
|
Definition
Excellent feeding properties and high digestibility
Low in methionine and cystine (TSAA)
Anti-nutritional factor: trypsin inhibitor; destroyed by heat
Overheating lowers AA digestibility (browning carbohydrate: lysine)
Beta-mannans digested by dietary enzyme (beta-mannanase)
Browning carbohydrate: heat makes the carbohydrate brown; during heating, sugar and amino acid bind together, reducing amino acid digestibility, especially lysine
Raffinose and stachyrose (NSP)
High in lysine |
|
|
Term
| some details about starch |
|
Definition
Important storage carbohydrate in plants
Main energy source for monogastric animals |
|
|
Term
| some details about sunflower meal |
|
Definition
Good ingredient for protein
Problem: high fiber (This is a problem because the fiber that makes the cell wall makes the enzymes unable to get into the cell and extract nutrients, thus inhibiting nutrient absorption)
A good source for vegetable protein
High in argenine and tryptophan
High fiber contents: enzyme supplementation improves nutrient digestibility |
|
|
Term
| some details about the digestion of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
Only monosaccharides can be absorbed in the GIT
Amylase help break down polysacs
The ultimate cellular energy fuel
For absorption to occur poly, tri and disaccharides must be hydrolyzed by:
Digestive enzymes elaborated by:
A) Host e.g. saliva, pancreatic and intestinal mucosa sacharidases
B) Host GIT microflora e. g. reticulo-rumen or hindgut. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Good ingredient for energy
Higher in protein and lower in energy than corn
Soft wheats for poultry
Hard wheats for bread and pasta production
The starch digestibility is variable for young birds
Low in lysine |
|
|
Term
| some digestive disorders in ruminants associated with VFA's |
|
Definition
-Digestive disturbances
-Diarrhea
-Reduced feed intake |
|
|
Term
| some effects of biohydrogenation |
|
Definition
-Key sink for rumen H, less methane
-Reduces negative potential for PUFA on fiber digestion |
|
|
Term
| some effects of water restriction |
|
Definition
-Decreased feed intake
-Decreased performance
-Dehydration
-Death |
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that affect water requirements |
|
Definition
A) Temperature
B) Humidity: High or low?
C) Design, accessibility & cleanness of waterer
D) Location of water e.g. range animals |
|
|
Term
| some examples of eicosanoids |
|
Definition
-Arachidonic acid (AA)
-Eicosapentaenoicacid (EPA)
-DocosapentaenoicAcid (DPA)
-Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) |
|
|
Term
| some feed ingredients high in lysine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some feed ingredients low in lysine (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-corn
-sorghum/milo
-wheat
-millet
-peanut meal
-corn gluten meal
-feather meal |
|
|
Term
| some feed ingredients that are good for energy (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-corn
-sorghum/milo
-wheat
-barley
-millet
-full fat soybeans
-peanut meal
-corn gluten meal |
|
|
Term
| some feed ingredients that are good sources of protein (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-soybean meal (SBM)
-full fat soybeans
-canola meal
-peanut meal
-corn gluten meal
-sunflower meal
-feather meal
-meat & bone meal |
|
|
Term
| some feed ingredients that contain tannins (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some feed ingredients with excellent feeding properties and high digestibility (WRITE THIS!) |
|
Definition
-corn
-soybean meal (SBM)
-sorghum/milo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: store energy
2: structural elements
3: body metabolism |
|
|
Term
| some functions of lipids in body metabolism |
|
Definition
-Immunity
-Inflammation
-blood clot
-vasodilation
-reproduction |
|
|
Term
| some functions of water in animals |
|
Definition
-solvent
-transport medium
-diluent
-intermediary metabolic reactions
-control of body temperature |
|
|
Term
| some macronutrients (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
-Water
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Protein |
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
-Vitamins
-Minerals
-Trace elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hemicellulose
-beta-glucan |
|
|
Term
| some physiological factors that affect water requirements |
|
Definition
A) Lactating
B) Pregnant
C) Activity: nervous vs. inactive animal
D) Age: young more per unit BW than adults |
|
|
Term
| some potential problems with meat and bone meal |
|
Definition
-Uniformity
-microbial contamination |
|
|
Term
| some salts that affect water palatability/toxicity |
|
Definition
-nitrates/nitrites
-fluoride
-heavy metals
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some simple glycerol based lipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some sources of water for an animal (WRITE THIS) |
|
Definition
1) Drinking water
2) Feed (5-90% moisture content)
3) Metabolic water (from beta-oxidation)
4) Water liberated from metabolic reactions such as condensation of amino acids to peptides. |
|
|
Term
| some structural functions of lipids |
|
Definition
-bilayer cell membrane
-brain
-part of nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| some things animals require nutritionally |
|
Definition
-A source of N in form of essential AA
-Fat in form of essential FA
-Essential mineral elements
-Fat & water soluble vitamins
-A source of energy (fat, carbohydrates, protein) |
|
|
Term
| some things that are included in the crude fiber portion |
|
Definition
-cellulose
-hemi-cellulose
-some of the lignin which are of low digestibility |
|
|
Term
| some things that can happen as a result of essential fatty acid deficiencies |
|
Definition
-Scaly skin
-tail necrosis
-slow growth
-reproductive failure
-poor feathering in chicks |
|
|
Term
| some things the pancreas helps digest |
|
Definition
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins |
|
|
Term
| some types of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of carbohydrates that are found in animal connective tissue |
|
Definition
-D-galactosamine
-glucosamine |
|
|
Term
| some types of non-starch polysacs |
|
Definition
-Cellulose
-hemicelluloses
-beta-glucans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Starch
-Non-starch polysacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Monosacs
-Disacs
-Oligosacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low erucic acid
Low glucosinolates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High lysine
High oil
Waxy corn for starch production
Low phytase
High phytase |
|
|
Term
| some varieties of corn gluten meal |
|
Definition
| 41% protein variety; high ash and fiber, low in energy |
|
|
Term
| some varieties of feather meal |
|
Definition
From broilers
From hens
From turkeys |
|
|
Term
| some varieties of full-fat soybeans |
|
Definition
Herbicide resistant
High phytase
Low phytase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-proso millet
-pearl millet |
|
|
Term
| some varieties of peanut meal |
|
Definition
| Several varieties for human consumption |
|
|
Term
| some varieties of sorghum |
|
Definition
-White sorghum (low in tannins)
-White
-Yellow
-Orange
-Pink
-Red
-Bronze |
|
|
Term
| some varieties of soybean meal |
|
Definition
-Low phytase
-High phytase
-Dehull (48% CP)
-Hull (44% CP)
-Herbicide resistant varieties |
|
|
Term
| some varieties of sunflower meal |
|
Definition
| Several varieties for oil production, snack food, and bird seed markets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-High phytase
-Low phytase |
|
|
Term
| some ways bacterial enzymes can be used to break down phytate |
|
Definition
-Rumen microflora
-Exogenous enzymes
-Transgenic pigs |
|
|
Term
| some ways water functions in metabolism |
|
Definition
-Solvent properties e.g. cytoplasm
-Transport medium e.g. digesta, body solutes-blood, elimination of body wastes via urine
-Diluent
-Hydrolysis and oxidation |
|
|
Term
| some ways water is lost from an animal |
|
Definition
-urine
-feces
-vaporization |
|
|
Term
| something that easily happens to polyunsat fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sorghum/milo complements ______ very well, but Met and Lys supplementation is needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sorghum/milo complements soybean meal very well, but ______ supplementation is needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sources of alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sources of preformed EPA/DHA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soybean meal is the primary ingredient for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structural functions of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
-Chitin
-Structural component of nucleotides
-Plant and bacterial cell walls
-Animal connective tissue |
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Definition
| Has a straight, ribbon like shape that allows for lots of H-bonding within and between chains. This keeps the bonds well hidden from enzymes. |
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| substance that can extract fat |
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Definition
| organic substances, such as ether and hexane |
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Definition
| hindgut; capsule it so it will make it |
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| the 2 fractions of carbohydrates |
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Definition
-Crude Fiber
-Nitrogen Free Extract |
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Term
| the 6 categories from proximate analysis |
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Definition
-Moisture
-Ash (Minerals)
-Nitrogen/Protein
-Ether Extract (Fat)
-Crude Fiber (indigestible carbohydrates)
-Nitrogen Free Extract (digestible carbohydrates) |
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Definition
the biggest follicle on the ovary
it is the next follicle to rupture releasing the ovum or yolk to be taken up by the infundibulum |
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Term
| the advantage of canola meal over rapeseed |
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Definition
| low erucic acid (<2%) and glucosinolates (<30 μmol/g) |
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| the advantage tannin confers for sorghum |
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Definition
| Sorghum containing tannins can prevent damage from wild birds. |
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| the amount of energy provided by volatile fatty acids to the ruminant |
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Definition
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| the biggest follicle on the ovary |
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Definition
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| the bonds between C atoms in fatty acids |
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Definition
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| the chemical rxn that produces carbohydrates |
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Definition
| nH2O + nCO2 --> (CH2O)n + nO2
water + carbon dioxide --> carbohydrate + oxygen |
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| the constituents of dietary fiber |
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Definition
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| the fatty acids that are volatile (low boiling point) |
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Definition
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| the first place prebiotics are fermented |
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Definition
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| the next follicle to rupture |
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| the number of tastebuds on a chicken's tounge |
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Definition
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| the only carbohydrates that can be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract |
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Definition
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| the only essential fatty acid for which a dietary requirement has been demonstrated |
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Definition
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Term
| the pancreatic enzyme used for carbohydrate digestion |
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Definition
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| the pancreatic enzyme used for lipid digestion |
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Definition
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| the pancreatic enzymes used for protein digestion |
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Definition
-protease
-trypsin
-chymotrypsin
-carboxypeptidase |
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Term
| the part of the fatty acid that attaches to the glycerol backbone |
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Definition
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| the primary feed ingredient for energy |
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Definition
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| the primary ingredient for protein |
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Definition
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| the problem of cell walls preventing nutrient digestion and absorption can be mitigated by... |
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Definition
| grinding and giving animal enzymes |
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Term
| the process of digestion of carbohydrates in ruminants (DRAW THIS!) |
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Definition
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| the proenzyme that gets activated into pepsin |
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Definition
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| the protein digesting enzyme |
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Definition
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| the proventriculus contains... |
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Definition
| hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin |
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Term
| the reproductive tract of the laying hen |
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Definition
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| the sections of the small intestine |
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Definition
1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum |
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Term
| the simplest type of carbohydrate |
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Definition
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Term
| the three stages of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics |
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Definition
1: Salivary and pancreatic amylase
2: Luminal digestion (small intestines)
3: Intestinal wall digestion |
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Term
| the true stomach in chickens |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of carbohydrates used in plant and bacterial cell walls |
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Definition
| Non starch polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicellulose |
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Term
| the type of fatty acids that tend to predominate in beef and milk |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of wheat used for poultry |
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Definition
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| the yellow pigments in chicken feed |
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Definition
| carotenoids and xanthophylls |
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Term
| this enzyme is often added to help with beta glucans |
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Definition
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Term
| this improves nutrient digestibility |
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Definition
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Definition
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| three feed ingredients containing high levels of omega-3 fatty acids |
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Definition
-Fish oil
-Hemp seed
-Flax seed |
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Definition
H's on opposite sides of double bond
[image] |
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Definition
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| true or false: feather meal is high in TSAA but low in lysine (WRITE THIS) |
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Definition
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| true or false: limestone is a good source of Ca and P |
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Definition
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| type of enzyme supplementation used with wheat |
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Definition
| xylanase (helps improve digestion and absorption) |
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Term
| type of metabolic rxn that provides water to animal |
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Definition
| condensation of amino acids to peptides |
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Term
| types of carbohydrate absorption |
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Definition
-passive (gravitating towards e'librium)
-active |
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Term
| types of fatty acids based on essentiality in the diet |
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Definition
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Term
| types of fatty acids based on length of C chain |
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Definition
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| types of fatty acids based on number of double bonds |
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Definition
-unsaturated
-monousaturated
-polysaturated |
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| types of inorganic matter in food |
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Definition
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| types of minerals (major minerals) (WRITE THIS) |
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Definition
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Term
| types of organic matter in food |
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Definition
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Nucleic acids
-Organic acids
-Vitamins |
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| types of trace elements (minor minerals) (WRITE THIS) |
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Definition
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Definition
| feed additive, which gives good gut health |
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| vaporization of water from animal depends on... |
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Definition
| temperature, humidity etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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| volatile fatty acid (VFA) |
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Definition
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| water deprivation can decrease... |
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Definition
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Definition
| at least salt, bitter and acid solutions |
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Term
| what active transport might be used for |
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Definition
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Term
| what aflatoxins in moldy peanut meal do to chickens |
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Definition
| affect growth and liver function |
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Term
| what bile is used for in fat digestion |
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Definition
| It emulsifies fat to increase the surface area available for enzyme attack. |
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Term
| what bypass fats in ruminants cause in meat and milk |
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Definition
| they increase unsaturated in milk and meat |
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Term
| what bypass fats in ruminants cause in the small intestine |
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Definition
| they can increase amount of unsaturated fatty acids absorbed from small intestine |
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Term
| what gut fermentation does for VFA production |
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Definition
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Term
| what gut fermentation does for gut bacteria |
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Definition
Increase beneficial bacteria growth
(Lactobacillus and bifidobacterum) |
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| what gut fermentation does for pH |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the infundibulum? |
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Definition
| the upper portion of the funnel. Fertilization occurs. |
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Term
| what happens in the isthmus? |
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Definition
| shell membranes are formed. |
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Term
| what happens in the magnum? |
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Definition
| the egg white (albumen) is formed. |
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Term
| what happens in the uterus or shell gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to butyrate in ruminants? |
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Definition
| it is oxidized in many tissues for energy production |
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Term
| what happens to the glycerol molecule in ruminants? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to the omega-3's in chickens? |
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Definition
| they all get absorbed and some get sent to the egg |
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Term
| what happens to the unsat fats in the hay by the time it exits the the rumen? |
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Definition
| most of the 18 carbon chain fatty acids are saturated |
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Term
| what high fiber does to digestion |
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Definition
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Term
| what is NFE (Nitrogen free extract)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what overheating does to full-fat soybeans |
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Definition
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Term
| what oxidation of double bonds in unsat fatty acids leads to |
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Definition
-Formation of free radicals
-Leads to off-tasting compounds and smells & affects palatability of a feed, can be toxic
-Rancidity |
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Term
| what passive transport might be used to absorb |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| what ruminants use volatile fatty acids for |
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Definition
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Term
| what the browning effect causes in full-fat soybeans |
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Definition
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Term
| what the major monosacs Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose have in common |
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Definition
1. Water soluble
2. Backbone = linear (unbranched) chain of C atoms, connected by single bonds
3. 1 C atom a carbonyl , the others with -OH groups |
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Definition
| maltose and oligosaccharides |
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Definition
| maltase, dextrinase, and glucoamylase |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| where fermentation of carbohydrates happens in horses, pigs, chickens (non-ruminants) (WRITE THIS) |
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Definition
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Term
| where fermentation of carbohydrates happens in ruminants (WRITE THIS) |
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Definition
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Term
| where fertilization occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| where hindgut fermentation occurs in swine and poultry |
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Definition
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Term
| where pentose is found in living things |
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Definition
| is a constituent of RNA and is a component of several vitamins and coenzymes |
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Term
| where the pH tends to be the lowest in the avian digestive tract |
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Definition
| between the gizzard and duodenum |
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Term
| where the starch in ruminants may be digested and why |
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Definition
| small intestine because there is no saliva amylase in the ruminants, but ample pancreatic amylase to digest this starch |
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Term
| which animals are more tolerant of volatile fatty acids (VFA's)? monogastrics or ruminants? |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which feed ingredient is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| which has higher melting point? longer chain or shorter chain fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| which has higher melting point? sat or unsat fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| which is dominant in nature? the cis or trans form of fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| why bacteria doesn't grow in jam |
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Definition
| carbohydrates causing osmotic pressure regulation (bacteria) |
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Term
| why beef and milk contain mostly sat fat |
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Definition
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Term
| why fat from ruminants solidifies quickly at room temp |
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Definition
| because microbes convert polyunsat fat to sat fat |
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Term
| why feed ingredients are compared on a dry matter basis |
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Definition
| because increases in moisture content will decrease the overall nutritional value of a feed |
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Term
| why gluconeogenesis (GNG) is absolutely critical to the ruminant |
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Definition
| because almost no glucose reaches the small intestine for absorption |
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Term
| why high fiber is a problem in terms of nutrition |
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Definition
| because the fiber that makes the cell wall makes the enzymes unable to get into the cell and extract nutrients, thus inhibiting nutrient absorption |
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Term
| why mammals don't digest cellulose on their own |
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Definition
| becsuse they do not secrete an enzyme capable of breaking the β−1- 4 bond |
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Term
| why moldy peanut meal is bad for chickens |
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Definition
| because it contains aflatoxins |
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Term
| why pentosans are antinutritive (WRITE THIS) |
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Definition
| because they affect the viscosity properties of the feed during digestion and reduces the absorption of fat and other nutrients from the digestive tract |
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Term
| why phytate lowers P availability |
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Definition
| P tightly binds to phytate |
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Term
| why ruminants have lower blood glucose fluctuation |
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Definition
-they eat more constantly than non-ruminants
-they continuously produce VFA
-they have continuous flow of digestia
-Continuous gluconeogenesis (GNG) |
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Term
| why some "bypassed" starch may escape to the small intestine in the ruminants |
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Definition
| because there is no saliva amylase in the ruminants |
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Term
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Definition
| because it's mostly sat fat |
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Term
| why tannins are an anti-nutrient factor (WRITE THIS!) |
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Definition
| Tannins interfere with nutrient absorption |
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Term
| why the % of corn in a broiler chicken's diet increases with age |
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Definition
| because of the need for energy to sustain the mass they already built |
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Term
| why there's no dietary requirement for linolenic acid |
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Definition
| because thare's already plenty of it from corn and soybean |
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Term
| why unsat fats in ruminants go thru bacterial biohydrogenation |
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Definition
| because unsat fatty acids are toxic to fiber degrading bacteria |
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Term
| β-Glucans (beta-glucans) are polysaccharides of ______ monomers linked by ______ bonds. |
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Definition
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