Term
| the purpose of the digestive system |
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Definition
-breakdown of food
-absorption of nutrients
-excretion of undigested material |
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Term
| depiction of the avian digestive tract compared with the human digestive tract |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the avian digestive tract |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 7?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 8?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 9?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 7?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 8?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 9?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 10?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 11?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the act of bringing food into the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they pick up feed with their beaks, mix it with saliva and then raise their heads and extend their neck, thereupon allowing the feed to progress downward by gravity and negative pressure in the esophagus. The tongue plays an important role in moving the food particles toward the esophagus. |
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Term
| the lack of this prevents a bird from swallowing like humans do |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is beak trimming used in broiler breeders? |
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Definition
| Beak trimming is a preventive measure to reduce damage caused by injurious pecking such as cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking, and thereby improve livability. Broiler breeding stock may be trimmed to prevent damage during mating. |
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Term
| what are the advantages of beak trimming? |
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Definition
-reduced feather pecking
-reduced cannibalism
-better feather condition
-less fearfulness
-less nervousness
-less chronic stress
-decreased mortality |
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Term
| what are the disadvantages of beak trimming? |
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Definition
| beak trimming takes off that tip |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionarily, traits that have disappeared phenotypically, but do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA |
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Term
| What recent atavistic discovery in birds demonstrates that they are direct descendants of dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| having the genes for dinosaur-like teeth and hands |
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Term
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Definition
| an expansion of the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what may be the selective pressure for the crop in birds |
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Definition
| function as food storage when food supply is limited |
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Term
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Definition
| a secretion in the crop produced by birds such as pigeons and doves when crop epithelial cells fill with lipid due to stimulation by the hormone prolactin |
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Term
| when is crop milk produced? |
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Definition
| Crop milk is regurgitated and fed to the young |
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Term
| function of the proventriculus |
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Definition
| The proventriculus is a small organ through which ingested feed passes rapidly. The fluid secreted by the proventriculus is very similar to those in the stomach of non-ruminant mammals, containing both pepsinogen and HCl. Very little churning and mixing of feed occurs in this organ. Two types of glands predominate in the proventriculus (glandular stomach) : (1) simple mucosal glands that secrete mucus and (2) compound submucosal glands that secrete mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanical action of mixing and grinding the feed |
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Term
| the function of HCl and Pepsinogen |
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Definition
| HCl lowers the pH to enable pepsinogen to turn into pepsin, which is an active protease at low pH |
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Term
| Why is pepsinogen dependent on HCl? |
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Definition
| HCl helps turn pepsinogen into pepsin, which is an active protease that works at low pH |
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Term
| What is the koilin layer in the gizzard and what purpose does it serve? |
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Definition
| secreted layer of mucus to protect the gizzard from the HCl |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
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Term
| amylase, maltase, and sucrase |
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Definition
| some enzymes that break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides |
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Term
| the order of the different segments of the small intestines |
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Definition
| Duodenum --> Jejunum --> Ileum |
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Term
| What is the anatomical demarcation between the jejunum and ileum? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is Meckel’s diverticulum a remnant of? |
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Definition
| it’s where the yolk sac was attached during embryonic development |
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Term
| What three anatomical arrangements allow for increased surface area in the small intestines to increase nutrient absorption? |
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Definition
-circular folds
-villi
-microvilli |
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Term
| Difference between microvilli and villi |
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Definition
| villi protrude into the lumen (inside) of the intestine and microvilli are cytoplasmic extensions off of the epithelial membrane of the villi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protrude into the lumen (inside) of the intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic extensions off of the epithelial membrane of the villi |
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Term
| Why is the pancreas vital for digestion? |
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Definition
| the enzymes it secretes help with digestion; Pancreatic enzymes take over protein digestion in small intestine by hydrolyzing polypeptides into shorter oligopeptides |
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Term
| what does the pancreas secrete that helps with digestion? |
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Definition
| Pancreatic Exocrine Secretions, which are
-lipase
-amylase
-proteolytic enzymes
-NaHCO3 |
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Term
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Definition
| digests starch and glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| the 3 main proteases are trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase |
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Term
| the role of NaHCO3 secreted by the pancreas |
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Definition
| this brings the pH up and neutralizes it |
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Term
| why trypsin is a vital protease needed for digestion |
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Definition
| When activated, trypsinogen becomes trypsin and trypsin in turn can activate two other pancreatic zymogens (procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen). Trypsin then converts procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase. Trypsin helps with hydrolysis and breaking peptide bonds. |
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Term
| Why might raw soybean be a problem in poultry feed? |
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Definition
| because raw soybean contains a protein that is a trypsin inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive form of an enzyme that becomes activated at the site of digestion |
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Term
| the process of protein digestion |
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Definition
1: pancreas releases trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into small intestine
2: trypsinogen gets activated into trypsin by enterokinase
3: trypsin converts procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen into carboxylase and chymotrypsin, respectively
4: Pancreatic enzymes take over protein digestion in small intestine by hydrolyzing polypeptides into shorter oligopeptides.
5: Brush border enzymes finish task, producing free amino acids that are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells
-Enterocytes use sodium-dependent amino acid cotransporters move amino acids into epithelial cells (co-transporter means they bring them both in)
-Facilitated diffusion moves amino acids out into bloodstream |
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Term
| Why would low sodium lead to a decrease in amino acid and monosaccharide absorption? |
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Definition
| because they are both absorbed through a Na dependent active transport mechanism |
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Term
| When can antibiotics be used in poultry? |
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Definition
| when under authority from a vet |
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Term
| How were they once used (but no longer)? |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of pancreatic enzymes in small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| carboxypeptidase and chymptrypsin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal balance |
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Term
| how can probiotics be used in poultry? |
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Definition
| stimulating the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
Mode of action in broilers:
-Outcompete or exclude pathogenic bacteria
-Alter metabolism by increasing digestive enzyme activity
-Improve feed efficiency, Decreased ammonia production
-Stimulate the Immune system; helps immune system be more on guard |
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Term
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Definition
| non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating growth and/or activity of beneficial GI microbes |
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Term
| how can prebiotics be used in poultry |
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Definition
| providing a substrate for beneficial bacteria (lactobaccili) |
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Term
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Definition
how they may work:
-supplying nutrients to beneficial microbes
-tricking pathogenic bacteria into attaching to the oligosaccharide rather than to the -intestinal mucosa
-Lower the gut pH through lactic acid production
-Inhibit/prevent colonization of pathogens
-Modifying metabolic activity of normal intestinal flora
-Stimulation of the immune system. |
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Term
| What is a measurement that involves the GI tract that can be made to test the effectiveness of prebiotics? |
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Definition
| Because the oligosaccharide is non-digestible, the microbes that are attached will travel along the GIT with the ingesta, and are excreted from the bird along with other undigested food. |
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Term
| What poultry company is currently taking a public stand against the “no antibiotics ever” movement? |
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Definition
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